Study Of Animal Behaviour Research Articles

Individual marking of soft-bodied subtidal invertebrates in situ - A novel staining technique applied to the giant plumose anemone Metridium farcimen (Tilesius, 1809).

The ability to recognize individuals and track growth over time is crucial to population dynamics research as well as studies of animal behavior. Invertebrates are particularly difficult to track as they often molt, have regenerative capabilities, or lack hard parts to attach markers. We tested, in laboratory and field studies, a new way of marking sea anemones (order Actiniaria) by injection of three vital stains (i.e., neutral red, methylene blue, and fluorescein). Neutral red and methylene blue did not affect growth or survival, but fluorescein was lethal at high concentrations. Marked individuals could be identified up to seven months after injection with neutral red, six weeks with methylene blue, and three days with low concentrations of fluorescein. Neutral red could be used for long-term monitoring of growth and survival in the field, and in combination with methylene blue could be used to mark individuals in distinguishable patterns for short-term studies such as examining predator-prey interactions, movement of individuals, and recruitment survival.

Animal-borne behaviour classification for sheep (Dohne Merino) and Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum and Diceros bicornis)

BackgroundThe ability to study animal behaviour is important in many fields of science, including biology, behavioural ecology and conservation. Behavioural information is usually obtained by attaching an electronic tag to the animal and later retrieving it to download the measured data. We present an animal-borne behaviour classification system, which captures and automatically classifies three-dimensional accelerometer data in real time. All computations occur on specially designed biotelemetry tags while attached to the animal. This allows the probable behaviour to be transmitted continuously, thereby providing an enhanced level of detail and immediacy.ResultsThe performance of the animal-borne automatic behaviour classification system is presented for sheep and rhinoceros. For sheep, a classification accuracy of 82.40% is achieved among five behavioural classes (standing, walking, grazing, running and lying down). For rhinoceros, an accuracy of 96.10% is achieved among three behavioural classes (standing, walking and lying down). The estimated behaviour was established approximately every 5.3 s for sheep and 6.5 s for rhinoceros.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that accurate on-animal real-time behaviour classification is possible by successful design, implementation and deployed on sheep and rhinoceros. Since the bandwidth required to transmit the behaviour class is lower than that which would be required to transmit the accelerometer measurements themselves, this system is better suited to low-power and error-prone data communication channels that may be expected in the animals habitat.

NeoAnalysis: a Python-based toolbox for quick electrophysiological data processing and analysis

BackgroundIn a typical electrophysiological experiment, especially one that includes studying animal behavior, the data collected normally contain spikes, local field potentials, behavioral responses and other associated data. In order to obtain informative results, the data must be analyzed simultaneously with the experimental settings. However, most open-source toolboxes currently available for data analysis were developed to handle only a portion of the data and did not take into account the sorting of experimental conditions. Additionally, these toolboxes require that the input data be in a specific format, which can be inconvenient to users. Therefore, the development of a highly integrated toolbox that can process multiple types of data regardless of input data format and perform basic analysis for general electrophysiological experiments is incredibly useful.ResultsHere, we report the development of a Python based open-source toolbox, referred to as NeoAnalysis, to be used for quick electrophysiological data processing and analysis. The toolbox can import data from different data acquisition systems regardless of their formats and automatically combine different types of data into a single file with a standardized format. In cases where additional spike sorting is needed, NeoAnalysis provides a module to perform efficient offline sorting with a user-friendly interface. Then, NeoAnalysis can perform regular analog signal processing, spike train, and local field potentials analysis, behavioral response (e.g. saccade) detection and extraction, with several options available for data plotting and statistics. Particularly, it can automatically generate sorted results without requiring users to manually sort data beforehand. In addition, NeoAnalysis can organize all of the relevant data into an informative table on a trial-by-trial basis for data visualization. Finally, NeoAnalysis supports analysis at the population level.ConclusionsWith the multitude of general-purpose functions provided by NeoAnalysis, users can easily obtain publication-quality figures without writing complex codes. NeoAnalysis is a powerful and valuable toolbox for users doing electrophysiological experiments.

The Development of Sociobiology in Relation to Animal Behavior Studies, 1946-1975.

This paper aims at bridging a gap between the history of American animal behavior studies and the history of sociobiology. In the post-war period, ecology, comparative psychology and ethology were all investigating animal societies, using different approaches ranging from fieldwork to laboratory studies. We argue that this disunity in "practices of place" (Kohler, Robert E. Landscapes & Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002) explains the attempts of dialogue between those three fields and early calls for unity through "sociobiology" by J. Paul Scott. In turn, tensions between the naturalist tradition and the rising reductionist approach in biology provide an original background for a history of Edward Wilson's own version of sociobiology, much beyond the William Hamilton's papers (Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-16, 17-52, 1964) usually considered as its key antecedent. Naturalists were in a defensive position in the geography of the fields studying animal behavior, and in reaction were a driving force behind the various projects of synthesis called "sociobiology".

Responses of Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) to Predator Calls and Their Modulation by Coat Color

Abstract In mammals, expression of certain melanocortin receptor ligands is correlated with both dark pigmentation and increased stress resistance and higher levels of aggression. Though many studies of captive and laboratory animals have explored this pleiotropic interaction, relatively few studies of animal behavior have occurred in free-living wild animals. This playback study focused on the antipredator behavior differences between melanistic and gray morphs of eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Hiram, Ohio. Vigilance, tail flagging, freezing, and escape behaviors were recorded in response to digital playback of an American robin call, a chickadee call, a car alarm, a buzzer, or one of two different red-tailed hawk calls. All squirrels exhibited increased antipredator behavior after hearing increasingly threatening stimuli. Consistent with prior findings in other species with color polymorphism, gray morphs were more likely to escape after hearing a threatening call. A growing body of ev...

Symbolic dynamics of animal interaction

Since its introduction nearly two decades ago, transfer entropy has contributed to an improved understanding of cause-and-effect relationships in coupled dynamical systems from raw time series. In the context of animal behavior, transfer entropy might help explain the determinants of leadership in social groups and elucidate escape response to predator attacks. Despite its promise, the potential of transfer entropy in animal behavior is yet to be fully tested, and a number of technical challenges in information theory and statistics remain open. Here, we examine an alternative approach to the computation of transfer entropy based on symbolic dynamics. In this context, a symbol is associated with a specific locomotory bout across two or more consecutive time instants, such as reversing the swimming direction. Symbols encapsulate salient locomotory patterns and the associated permutation transfer entropy quantifies the ability to predict the patterns of an individual given those of another individual. We demonstrate this framework on an existing dataset on fish, for which we have knowledge of the underlying cause-and-effect relationship between the focal subject and the stimulus. Symbolic dynamics offers an intuitive and robust approach to study animal behavior, which could enable the inference of causal relationship from noisy experimental observations of limited duration.

Understanding animal social structure: exponential random graph models in animal behaviour research

The social environment is a pervasive influence on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of animal populations. Recently, social network analysis has provided an increasingly powerful and diverse toolset to enable animal behaviour researchers to quantify the social environment of animals and the impact that it has on ecological and evolutionary processes. However, there is considerable scope for improving these methods further. We outline an approach specifically designed to model the formation of network links, exponential random graph models (ERGMs), which have great potential for modelling animal social structure. ERGMs are generative models that treat network topology as a response variable. This makes them ideal for answering questions related directly to how and why social associations or interactions occur, from the modelling of population level transmission, through within-group behavioural dynamics to social evolutionary processes. We discuss how ERGMs have been used to study animal behaviour previously, and how recent developments in the ERGM framework can increase the scope of their use further. We also highlight the strengths and weaknesses of this approach relative to more conventional methods, and provide some guidance on the situations and research areas in which they can be used appropriately. ERGMs have the potential to be an important part of an animal behaviour researcher's toolkit and fully integrating them into the field should enhance our ability to understand what shapes animal social interactions, and identify the underlying processes that lead to the social structure of animal populations.

Salamander Antipredator Defenses: A Field Exercise to Engage Students in Ecosystem Dynamics

The addition of field experimentation to the theory of behavioral biology and ecosystem science creates a significant critical thinking link for students at all levels. First-hand observations of the responses of salamanders in the field permit students to see how organisms behave in their natural habitat. This exercise introduces students to the study of animal behavior, specifically the antipredator responses of salamanders. The students form hypotheses regarding the behavior of salamanders in their natural environment and then record responses of individual salamanders, compile data, interpret data, and draw conclusions about the behavior of salamanders in response to natural stressors.

Human and Nonhuman Animals: Comparative Psychology—The Venn Diagram of Cognition and BehaviorHuman and Nonhuman Animals: Comparative Psychology—The Venn Diagram of Cognition and Behavior

The APA Handbook of Comparative Psychology is a magnum opus of the first calibre, encompassing the major areas of study of animal cognition and behaviour. Underpinning the field is an evolutionary perspective which is also the central core premise of this handbook. Comprising 80 chapters divided into nine sections, Call and his associate editors have produced a cogent and smoothly synthesised tour de force in terms of its coverage of history, theories, schools of thought and evidence. It is a truly comprehensive piece of work, drawing on contributions from across the Americas, Eurasia and Australasia, from those already eminent in their fields and those from the upcoming generation of pure and applied researchers in the field. The overall structure is logical and simple and the individual chapters provide, as applicable, an introduction to the history of the area, as well as considered discussion of the current state of knowledge, thought and evidence. The clarity of writing means that all the chapters are accessible to those who may not have an extensive background in the subject. The authors have responded to the editor’s encouragement to take a broad taxonomic approach considering evidence from terrestrial and aquatic, vertebrate and invertebrate, domestic and wild species. Combined with the editorial team’s in-text cross references to other chapters, this means this book is an enriching read, engendering cogitations of possibilities for future research both pure and applied, within and across disciplines. The fillip provided by the study of Comparative Psychology is the understanding that the study of non-human species provides can inform, and be informed by, research into the human species. The scope and content of this book makes one realise the widening opportunities for such inter and intra disciplinary thought and progression. Consequently, this text should be made available to every student on every psychology, animal behaviour or welfare focussed course. It is full of gems to which we can direct our colleagues in other areas of psychology and beyond. The real potential from collaborative and cross-disciplinary thinking that comparative psychology can engender is only just beginning to be realised. This book will do much to push it forward to the benefit of both the human and non-human species.

The Study of Animal Behavior Provides Valuable Opportunities for Original Science Fair Projects: Recommendations from The Animal Behavior Society, Education Committee

The study of Animal Behavior is critically important in understanding our living world and is a major program within the NSF. For students, animal behavior projects offer the opportunity to explore original questions in a scientifically rigorous manner. However, animal behavior projects are under-represented in science fairs and are often discouraged by teachers and judges. We give a sample of the types of questions that students could explore and we suggest appropriate judging criteria.

Signalling with physiological colours: high contrast for courtship but speed for competition

Dynamic physiological colour change allows animals to alter colours and patterns for communication, camouflage and thermoregulation. Using reflectance spectrometry and digital photography, we found that males of the Indian rock agama, Psammophilus dorsalis, can rapidly express intense colours that are different from the neutral state and specific to the social context. The distinct bands on males shifted between yellow and red (dorsal) and between orange and black (lateral) within seconds, and the resulting colour pattern was diametrically different depending on whether males were in courtship or aggressive interactions. Although males showed higher chromatic contrast when courting females, the colour change was faster during competitive encounters with other males. The nature of this social colour communication also differed across populations in anthropogenically disturbed landscapes. Compared to males from rural areas, suburban males were slower to change colour and showed duller and paler colours during staged social encounters. Consistent with other disturbance-induced shifts in phenotypic traits seen in numerous taxa, we provide the first evidence that social signalling through dynamic colour change in terrestrial vertebrates is also affected by urbanization. (C) 2017 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Validation of 2D‐animated pictures as an investigative tool in the behavioural sciences: A case study with a West African cichlid fish,Pelvicachromis pulcher

AbstractVirtual stimuli represent an increasingly popular tool in the study of animal behaviour. Modern techniques have the potential to simplify and improve traditional experiments using live stimuli. However, the increasing availability of diverse techniques is associated with problems and limitations. Although many new methods have been developed, their validation remains largely untested. In the present study, we therefore performed two experiments to test whether 2‐D animations of predators and conspecifics elicit biologically appropriate behavioural responses in male rainbow kribs,Pelvicachromis pulcher. Individual responses towards a sympatric natural fish predator,Parachanna obscura, were tested using live predators and still colour photographs, animated using PowerPoint©. Compared to control trials (empty aquarium and white computer screen, respectively), individuals decreased their activity in response to both live and animated predators. We found no difference in activity between live and animation trials. Further, we tested individual aggression (frequency of aggressive behaviours) exhibited towards live and animated conspecifics. Individual aggressive behaviours shown towards live and animated conspecifics were positively correlated. Moreover, an individual's mean distance towards the opponent was a suitable proxy for individual aggression permitting the facilitation and standardisation of an individual's aggression through the use of a tracking software compared with the more laborious, traditional manual assessment. Our results show that simple, inexpensive animation techniques have the potential to provide an easy‐to‐apply and useful technological advance in animal behaviour research.

British Ornithologists’ Union Godman Salvin Prize

Pat's research has addressed an impressively broad range of questions emanating from her core interest in understanding the causes and consequences of life-history trade-offs and resulting life-history variation. She has provided ground-breaking and much needed insights into key physiological and genetic mechanisms that underlie life-history variation, and is unusual in the degree to which she has retained a clear-sighted view and commitment to injecting her research into applied ecology and conservation policy. Although Pat's studies have involved insects, amphibians, fish and mammals, birds have proved an ideal model for addressing her questions of interest, and so ornithology is her natural home. After graduating in Zoology at the University of Glasgow in 1973, Pat moved to Durham undertake a PhD on Herring Gull Larus argentatus ecology, supervised by John Coulson (awarded the Goldman Salvin Prize in 1992). She then returned to a Lectureship in Glasgow, and through the rest of her career has played a pivotal role in the development of ornithological science in Glasgow, the UK and beyond. Pat's early research continued to focus on seabird ecology, with a developing emphasis on interdisciplinary studies into issues such as disease transmission by wintering gulls. These studies continued through the 1980s, including research on emerging conservation issues that showed that seabird declines were being driven by reductions in the local availability of their sandeel prey. Those studies in Shetland illustrate a theme that has underpinned much of Pat's subsequent work, where she has successfully demonstrated fitness consequences of the varied responses that different animals have to environmental change. Building upon those field studies, in which environmental variation provided her with natural experiments, Pat identified a series of systems where experimental manipulations could be used on wild populations. This led to investigations into the constraints on maternal investment, and how maternal condition influenced egg quality, sex ratios and offspring fitness. Her interest in the longer-term consequences of variation in early condition led Pat to develop increasingly elegant experiments with laboratory species such as Zebra Finches Taeniopygia guttata. Collaborating with a diverse group of modellers, physiologists and molecular biologists, these laboratory studies have revealed how early growth conditions, relating both to nutrition and social environments, can influence a range of biological characteristics in later life. Alongside this work on captive species, she has successfully identified opportunities to explore these questions in wild populations, collaborating with colleagues such as previous Goldman Salvin medallists Mike Harris and Sarah Wanless, and further demonstrating the value of the long-term individual-based studies of seabirds on the Isle of May. Together, these studies highlight how Pat has used ornithology to address fundamental questions of broad biological interest. Yet at the same time, she retains an active research interest in avian conservation, particularly in the way that she has driven the science underpinning the Scottish Chough Study Group's major impact on current conservation strategies for this species. Pat's research has resulted in over 200 scientific papers and contributions to many books and popular science articles. Her work is highly cited, and has had an important influence across ornithology and other disciplines. Arguably, however, her greatest legacy is the enormous impact she has made as a research leader through her absolute commitment to scientific rigour and excellence, and her unquestionable integrity and commitment to fairness in society. She has contributed these attributes through her supervision and mentoring of students and early-career scientists, and her contributions to numerous bodies and panels, including the Royal Society and the Leverhulme Trust. Your career will have been directly or indirectly influenced by Pat, whether you know it or not. Pat has supervised over 40 PhD students, almost all of whom have carved successful scientific careers in roles that range from independent academics to senior conservation managers. Pat contributes to all the key programmes that now promote women in science. More critically, she has been an exceptional role model and mentor for young female scientists since the very beginning of her career, culminating in her becoming the first woman to be appointed to Glasgow's Regius Chair in Zoology. Directly and indirectly, she has undoubtedly contributed to the high numbers of women now working in ornithology within the UK. Pat's professional services have also involved extensive work within government and learned societies, where her achievements have been recognized through her appointment as President of both the International Society for Behavioural Ecology and the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. These activities have resulted in a number of awards, notably her election as a Fellow to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1997, and the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Scientific Medal in 2015. The strength and breadth of her work within ornithology now makes her an outstandingly deserving recipient of the BOU Goldman Salvin Prize.

Combined use of tri-axial accelerometers and GPS reveals the flexible foraging strategy of a bird in relation to weather conditions.

Tri-axial accelerometry has proved to be a useful technique to study animal behavior with little direct observation, and also an effective way to measure energy expenditure, allowing a refreshing revisit to optimal foraging theory. This theory predicts that individuals should gain the most energy for the lowest cost in terms of time and energy when foraging, in order to maximize their fitness. However, during a foraging trip, central-place foragers could face different trade-offs during the commuting and searching parts of the trip, influencing behavioral decisions. Using the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) as an example we study the time and energy costs of different behaviors during the commuting and searching parts of a foraging trip. Lesser kestrels are small insectivorous falcons that behave as central-place foragers during the breeding season. They can commute by adopting either time-saving flapping flights or energy-saving soaring-gliding flights, and capture prey by using either time-saving active hovering flights or energy-saving perch-hunting. We tracked 6 lesser kestrels using GPS and tri-axial accelerometers during the breeding season. Our results indicate that males devoted more time and energy to flight behaviors than females in agreement with being the sex responsible for food provisioning to the nest. During the commuting flights, kestrels replaced flapping with soaring-gliding flights as solar radiation increased and thermal updrafts got stronger. In the searching part, they replaced perch-hunting with hovering as wind speed increased and they experienced a stronger lift. But also, they increased the use of hovering as air temperature increased, which has a positive influence on the activity level of the preferred prey (large grasshoppers). Kestrels maintained a constant energy expenditure per foraging trip, although flight and hunting strategies changed dramatically with weather conditions, suggesting a fixed energy budget per trip to which they adjusted their commuting and searching strategies in response to weather conditions.

On-Bird Sound Recordings: Automatic Acoustic Recognition of Activities and Contexts

We introduce a novel approach to studying animal behavior and the context in which it occurs, through the use of microphone backpacks carried on the backs of individual free-flying birds. These sensors are increasingly used by animal behavior researchers to study individual vocalizations of freely behaving animals, even in the field. However, such devices may record more than an animal's vocal behavior, and have the potential to be used for investigating specific activities movement and context background within which vocalizations occur. To facilitate this approach, we investigate the automatic annotation of such recordings through two different sound scene analysis paradigms: A scene-classification method using feature learning, and an event-detection method using probabilistic latent component analysis. We analyze recordings made with Eurasian jackdaws Corvus monedula in both captive and field settings. Results are comparable with the state of the art in sound scene analysis; we find that the current recognition quality level enables scalable automatic annotation of audio logger data, given partial annotation, but also find that individual differences between animals and/or their backpacks limit the generalization from one individual to another. we consider the interrelation of “scenes” and “events” in this particular task, and issues of temporal resolution.

Grooming decisions under structural despotism: the impact of social rank and bystanders among wild male chimpanzees

Understanding the evolution of cooperation remains a central concern in studies of animal behaviour, with fundamental issues being how individuals avoid being cheated, or ‘short-changed’, and how partners are chosen. Economic decisions made during social interactions should depend upon the availability of potential partners nearby, as these bystanders generate temptations to defect from the current partner. The influence of bystanders is highlighted in two theoretical approaches, biological markets theory and parcelling, both economic models of behaviour. Here, we tested predictions of these models using the grooming behaviour of wild male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, living under strong structural despotism, where grooming is exchanged both for agonistic support and for itself, and so we provide the first investigation of both presence and value of bystanders on chimpanzees' grooming decisions. We found that male chimpanzees took into account the relative value (rank) of bystanders compared to that of their current partner, with this more important than bystander numbers. High-ranking bystanders appeared to generate incentives to defect from a potentially cooperative interaction and we found that grooming effort was parcelled into discrete episodes, with smaller parcels used when a bystander outranked the current partner. The number of bystanders also generated a temptation to defect, as bidirectional (reciprocated) bouts were more likely to occur with fewer bystanders. Such bouts were more likely with smaller rank distances between groomer and recipient. We found no influence of grooming relationship on initial investment: groomers did not appear to trust that they would receive grooming in return, even from those with whom they had a history of strongly reciprocal grooming. Our findings are consistent with an economic-benefits, markets-based approach, but not a relationship model paradigm. Our work highlights the importance of considering the immediate social context (number and quality of bystanders) in studies of cooperation.

Design of a modular robotic system that mimics small fish locomotion and body movements for ethological studies

Robotic animals are nowadays developed for various types of research, such as bioinspired robotics, biomimetics, and animal behavioral studies. The design of these robots poses great challenges as ...

Validation of scan sampling techniques for behavioural observations of pastured lambs

AbstractThe study of farm animal behaviour is a critical tool for assessing animal welfare. Collecting behavioural data with continuous sampling or short scan sampling intervals (eg every 60th second) is considered ideal as this provides the most complete and accurate dataset; however, these methods are also time and labour intensive. Longer sampling intervals provide an alternative in order to increase efficiency, but these require validation to ensure accurate estimation of the data. This study aims to validate scan sampling intervals for lambs (Ovis aries) housed on pasture. Grazing, lying, standing, drinking, locomotion, and mineral consumption were evaluated from six pens of crossbred lambs (six lambs per pen) for 15 h. Data from 1-min instantaneous scan sampling were compared with data from instantaneous scan sampling intervals of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min in two statistical tests: generalised linear mixed model and regression analysis. Using the mixed model, the percentage of time each behaviour was performed did not differ amongst sampling intervals for all behaviours except grazing, which was statistically different at 20-min intervals. Using regression analysis, lying and grazing estimations were accurate up to 20-min intervals, and standing was accurate at 10- and 20-min intervals only. Locomotion, mineral consumption, and drinking demonstrated poor associations for all tested intervals. The results from this study suggest that a 10-min instantaneous scan sampling interval will accurately estimate lying, grazing, and standing behaviour for lambs on pasture. This validation will assist with the efficiency of future data collection in lamb behaviour and welfare research.

Studying animal behavior benefits inquiry-based learning

Studying animal behavior benefits inquiry-based learning

THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF ETHOLOGY AS SCIENCE ON BEHAVIOR OF ANIMALS

The science of behavior in the search for objective laws and attempts to develop concepts that could explain normal and abnormal behavior, has gone through several stages of development - reflex, biheviorialnyy, ethological. These steps taken oppose each other, but we believe that each of them is the basis for further development.
 In Ukraine, the famous ethologist was Professor of Kharkiv University Karazin AP Krapivny. His works are devoted to interspecies relations animals and bioecological aspects zoopsychology philosophical, mathematical analysis of complex behavior of animals. Kyiv National University. Shevchenko animal behavior and regulatory mechanisms mizhtvarynnyh relations actively exploring Podobaylo AV and VA Gorobchyshyna.
 The current stage is characterized not only by the lack of a unified theory in ethology, but also the availability of interdisciplinary connections, especially with comparative psychology and neurophysiology. Modern ethology phase lasts quite a long time, and it sometimes distinguish different stages. A number of famous ethologist believe that since the mid 80s of last century ethology entered a new stage of its development - the stage of the so-called "broad ethology." It is characterized, in their opinion, no discipline regarding the consolidation of a theory of private conduct and interaction based on the existence of one ethological approach. Anthropologists, although limited to the study of primates, made a significant contribution to the development of modern science of animal behavior at all.
 An important contribution to science made by psychiatrists, specialists in social psychology, veterinary doctors and employees of zoos and sanctuaries.
 The ultimate goal of the study of animal behavior that determines the practical role of ethology, behavior management believe (L. Baskin). Theoretical bases of behavior management: the theory of hierarchical social behavior of animals exposed mechanisms ritualization (demonstrative behavior that prevents aggression), communication systems, mechanisms for organizing your social behavior. However, the right to use the patterns found for the modernization and industrial livestock farming is not possible. We have to solve many specific issues related to specific species, his reaction to domestication (domestication of animals) and welfare. It found a significant number of rather similar problems related laws and domestication synanthropization (adaptation of organisms to exist near the person), their impact on the environment and animal behavior
 The development of animal husbandry is by creating new options for interaction of organisms with new physical and biological conditions. Excluding the effect of limiting factors, one introduces animals into new ecological niches. However, we are seeing with only weak changes in norms of reaction types. In most cases we are talking about the use of the existing range of standards reactions. Changing behaviors people use natural mechanisms to ensure lability behavior: simple recombination of elements within the complex, developing new responses to stimuli. Translating animals in the new environment, every time we have to review all aspects of their integrated behavior, creating the need for adequate reaction and eliminating unsuitable to the new conditions.
 In general, we can talk about a special field of research - Applied Ethology, in front of which are the following problems:
 
 Creation of an integrated model of behavior animals in artificial environments. Development ethological aspects neoevolyutsiyi (domestication and synanthropization).
 Delimitation variability coherent behavior and its elements in species important to the economy and development of methods of purposeful formation behavior.
 Study and use patterns of behavior in vitro livestock facilities, livestock grazing and intensive industrial economy.
 
 Conclusion
 The evolution of ideas about the "mind" of animals and establishment of basic concepts of thinking (mental activity) animals and its effect was found in various areas of behavior over time. At all stages of the development of science questions the presence of mind in animals, its degree of development and role of psychology and behavior were mixed.
 The current stage of development of ethology characterized not only by the lack of a unified theory, but also the availability of connections, especially from comparative psychology and neurophysiology.
 Great contribution to the major trends of experimental and comparative approaches to the study of higher mental functions such animals have researchers like Pavlov.