Study Of Gender Differences Research Articles

To study gender differences in athlete identity among intercollegiate level athletes

Athlete Identity is an important determinant of athletic sports performance. The aim of the study was to assess gender differences in intercollegiate athletes on the Athlete Identity. The sample comprised of 250 college’s athletes both male and female athletes competing at the collegiate, State and National level in various sports. The sample representing different sports disciplines the sample were administered the Athlete Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). The results of the sample were analyzed using SPSS. The findings suggest that differences exist male and female athletes on Athlete Identity. The Education years of the college program the athletes are in do not reveal any significant differences between male and female athletes on their Athlete Identity. The results yield important information for coaches and trainers sportspersons.

Analyzing Gender Differences in the FIRST® Robotics Challenge by FIRST® Robotics

Technological innovation has grown over the years, so there has been a greater demand for the STEM workforce. Thus, many initiatives have been taken to meet this demand. One of these many initiatives is robotics. Over the years, many robotics leagues have been created, the most notable being FIRST Robotics and Vex Robotics. While these initiatives are implemented to bring change, marginalized groups like women have been known to be undermined in the activity. This paper aims to address this issue by studying gender differences, specifically in the FIRST Robotics Challenge (FRC) by FIRST robotics. The study was conducted through online surveys taken by participants of FRC that utilized both quantitative and qualitative data. This data was analyzed to discover how males felt about aspects of the activity versus females. This study finds that females have had a net negative experience within FIRST as they faced less encouragement, more discrimination, comments doubting ability, etc., compared to their male counterparts. With this understanding, more effort should be taken to retain and encourage the future involvement of females in robotics. Future research is needed to address this issue in other male-dominated activities to allow society to meet demands in the STEM workforce and provide equal opportunity to those entering the field. 

The Influence of User Experience on Consumption Intention: A Study of Smart Home Appliances in China

Smart appliances will become the direction of home development in future. However, smart appliances still have some problems in user experience. This study determines the dimensions of the smart appliances scale from two fields of industrial design and marketing management, divides them into five dimensions: sensory experience, performance experience, interactive experience, emotional experience, and associative experience, and discusses the relationship between these five dimensions and user consumption intention. At the same time, it studies gender differences in the relationship between the five dimensions of user experience and consumption intention. The data was collected through a questionnaire from 378 Chinese smart home appliance consumers. Using SPSS and the AMOS-SEM method to analyze the data, the results show that user sensory experience, performance experience, interactive experience, emotional experience, and associative experience have a significant positive influence on the consumption intention of smart appliances. It is further found that there are no gender differences between user experience and consumption intention. This study also proposes four strategies for marketing smart home appliances in China.

From Exception to Exceptional: How Gender and Tenure Impact Sponsor Effectiveness

The critical role that referrals play in the hiring process, particularly for candidates contending with negative stereotypes and biases, is well documented. However, how those stereotypes and biases impact sponsors, and the effectiveness of the referrals that they provide, is not well understood. Drawing on evidence of reversals of gender bias, we explore the impact of sponsors’ gender and tenure on the effectiveness of their referrals in the context of U.S. Supreme Court law clerk hiring decisions. This is an appropriate setting because success in the application process for these elite early career positions is contingent on having a strong recommendation from a judge with which the candidate has previously worked, making it ideal to study gender differences in the effectiveness of referrals. Analyses show candidates recommended by male sponsors are more likely to be hired compared to those recommended by female sponsors overall, but this dynamic is also dependent on the sponsor’s tenure and the candidate’s gender. For female sponsors, higher levels of tenure are associated with better hiring outcomes for their female candidates only. All other gender combinations do not benefit from sponsor seniority. Possible mechanisms, limitations, and implications for future research directions are discussed.

Translation and Psychometric properties of Children Behavior Questionnaire-Very short form: Gender differences on Temperament

Objective:
 1- To translate the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire-very short (CBQ) form in Urdu language and to establish its psychometric properties.
 2- To study gender differences on subscales of CBQ.
 Material and Methods: The study was conducted with 279 mothers (working and non-working) and their children (3-7 years) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. CBQ-very short form was translated into Urdu language as per standard procedure1. Translated scale was given to mothers and available fathers to rate their children on temperament. To establish cross language validation 13 mothers were given both original English CBQ-very short form and translated version with the gap of two months. To study gender differences on three dimensions of temperament between boys and girls (boys = 138, girls = 141) one way ANOVA was run.
 Results: Results indicated high Cronbach’s alpha reliability α = .80 (total) and .61to .81 for its subscales, high to satisfactory cross language validation (test retest reliability) r =.64* to .86** (p < .05 & .01), and high inter-rater reliability between fathers and mothers r = .38* to .82** (p < .05 & .01). The item total correlations of subscales were also satisfactory. Finding showed that Urdu version of CBQ is highly reliable and valid to be used with Pakistani Children (3-8 years). In addition we found significant gender differences on effortful control, girls being high on effortful control as compared to boys.
 Conclusion: The study revealed CBQ-very short form- Urdu version as reliable and consistent measure of children’s temperament (3-7years) in Pakistani culture. Findings also support earlier evidence that girls show higher score on effortful control as compared to their counterparts.
 

Mobile Ecological Tracking of mood as a predictor for resilience among male and female Israeli combatants

IntroductionBackground: Mental resilience refers to the capacity to overcome the negative effects of setbacks and associated stress on performance. In the face of stressors, lack of mental resilience may even cause psychopathology, such as depression. While all combatants are exposed to stressors, female combatants face additional challenges compared with their male counterparts. Resilience is often measured using retrospective self-reports, which do not consider ecological fluctuations across situations and environments. A mobile ecological momentary monitoring allowed us to study gender differences in factors contributing to resilience.ObjectivesObjective: We aimed to characterize gender differences in resilience trajectory in combatants using ecological momentary assessments (EMA).MethodsMethods: 156 Combatants (98F, 58M) completed mood EMA daily for two weeks using a mobile app. In addition, resilience, QOL and mental health questionnaires were administered three times in four weeks. Stepwise regression models were used to predict resilience after 2-4 weeks.ResultsResults: Female combatants reported higher levels of anxiety and lower resilience, self efficacy and QOL, as well as higher mood variability over time (t(149)=4.9, p<.0001). In addition, while for females, baseline anxiety, self-efficacy and mood EMA all contributed to resilience prediction (37% of variance explained), baseline anxiety was the sole predictor for males (explaining 28% of variance).ConclusionsConclusion: Gender differences in resilience were found in combatants who participate in the same occupation. These results emphasize the importance of considering the inclusion smartphone-delivered EMA tools in QOL models.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Gender Differences in Risk-Taking Investment Strategies in Defined Contribution Plans

We study gender differences in risk-taking investment strategies in Defined Contribution (DC) Plans with the help of data from the US Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). By DC plans, we refer not only to employer-sponsored plans such as 401(k)s and 403(b)s, but also to Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and Roth and Keogh accounts. We suggest our own split of the SCF DC plans into risk-free and risky ones, and we build risky shares of total DC plans. We compare the risky shares of females and males in two different settings. In the first setting, we work with two samples of single people, and in the second setting we work with an extended SCF sample. In both settings, we conclude that there are no significant differences in the risky shares of total DC plans between (single) women and (single) men but that there are significant gender differences in risky IRAs and 401(k)s between (single) women and (single) men. We conclude with policy implications.

School climate-related determinants of physical activity among high school girls and boys.

In the United States, physical activity (PA) among adolescents is declining; 75% of high school students do not meet daily PA guidelines. Low rates of PA are more prevalent among high school girls. Schools provide an optimal environment to target and promote PA. However, school climate has not yet been studied for its importance in promoting PA among high school students, particularly girls. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the Georgia Student Health Survey (GSHS) 2.0 data on perceptions of different school climate measures and self-reported weekly PA levels to study gender differences in the association of PA with school climate. Data from a total of 362,926 students (48% males and 52% females) were analyzed. For both genders, the odds of being physically active increased with a more positive report of supportive school environments, school connectedness, peer social support, school physical environments, cultural acceptance, school safety, and adult social support. Peer victimization was associated with increased odds of PA among females but lower odds for males. Results suggest that improving school climate can increase PA among adolescents. As new or existing school-based interventions and policies are considered by states and local governments, improving the school climate should be part of the overall strategy. Future research is needed on peer victimization among physically active females. This study evaluated gender differences in the association between measures of school climate and PA among high school students. School climate or policies fostering positive environments including feelings of safety, connectedness, and peer support may increase adolescent PA; addressing peer victimization and fights may reduce gender disparities in PA.

Import competition and gender differences in labor reallocation

We study gender differences in the labor market reallocation of Peruvian workers in response to trade liberalization. The empirical strategy relies on variation in import competition across local labor markets based on their industrial composition before China entered the global market in 2001. In contrast to much of the existing literature, we find that import competition did not have persistent negative employment effects on men or led them to sort into the non-tradable or informal sectors. The adverse effects on the employment of low-educated women in the tradable sector, however, persist over time leading them to sort into the non-tradable sector or out of the labor force. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which gender occupational and industrial segregation leads to a widening of the gender gap in employment.

Leaky pipeline or glass ceiling? Empirical evidence from the German academic career ladder

ABSTRACT Women are underrepresented in leadership positions – academia is no exception. Using data on careers of doctoral graduates in Germany, we study gender differences in the decision to stay at university as a postdoctoral researcher and in the intention to become a professor. We find that gender gaps related to aiming for a professorship can be fully explained by observable characteristics other than gender. On the contrary, even after adding controls for an array of characteristics relevant to academic careers, we find female graduates to be 5.9 percentage points less likely to hold a postdoctoral position which allows them to qualify for professorship.

Gender and lawmaking in times of quotas

This article studies gender differences in lawmaking in a context of gender quotas. I use two empirical strategies to randomize the gender of legislators and text analysis to identify the topics of the legislation in the French Parliament from 2001 to 2017. Across the two Houses, I find consistent evidence that female legislators work on different topics than men. I show that they are most active on women’s issues while men seem more involved in military issues. I provide evidence that these differences partly stem from legislators’ individual interest. From a public policy perspective, the results suggest that gender quotas are likely to lead to a shift in lawmaking and a greater prevalence of women’s issues in Parliament.

Language and New Words and Phrases Related to Coronavirus Among Saudi Arabian Students: Awareness, Knowledge, and Use

This study investigates the awareness of Saudi Arabian students on the knowledge and use of new words and phrases that are related to coronavirus disease such as “self-isolation”, “self-quarantine”, “social distancing”, “confirmed cases”, “slowing down the rate” and “ahead to the curve”. These new lexes were transmitted directly to the ordinary people undertaking processes such as "wash your hands”, “stay home”, and “save lives” or words that worldly defined the disease as epidemic then pandemic with the ultimate use nowadays of vaccination. Besides, the paper aims at studying gender differences between Saudi males and females’ knowledge and use of the newly coined words and phrases. To find out how students have been affected by the disease on their knowledge and use of their language, the researchers designed a questionnaire consisting of 25 items estimating the students’ recognition of the impact of this phenomenon on language and the students’ awareness. The results reveal that the students’ awareness of knowledge and use of the new words and phrases varied as it was basically revealed in their response to the 25 items. It provides evidence that Saudi students have the ability to recognize the impact of coronavirus on their language.

Violence and sexual risk taking reported by young people at Swedish youth clinics.

BackgroundEarly identification of sexual risk taking and exposure to violence is fundamental when seeking to strengthen young people’s health. The purpose of this study was to study factors associated with sexual risk taking and ill health, as well as to study gender differences, and the associations amongst exposure to multiple forms of violence, sexual risk taking and ill health.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study based on data from 3,205 young people answering a questionnaire belonging to the Sexual health Identification Tool (SEXIT 2.0), during consultations at 12 youth clinics in Sweden. The analyses are based on descriptive statistics and nominal multiple regression analysis.ResultsMale, transgender and non-binary youths reported significantly more events of sexual risk taking and ill health compared to women. Those who reported sexual initiation before the age of 15 (OR 2.87, CI 1.81–4.56), three or more sexual partners in the past 12 months (OR 2.68, CI 1.70–4.22) and to have ever experienced an unintended pregnancy (OR 2.29, CI 1.32–3.97) were more than twice as likely to report exposure to physical, emotional and sexual violence. Transgender, non-binary youths and women were more exposed to multiple violence (OR 3.68, 13.50) compared to men.ConclusionsTransgender and non-binary youths are exposed to significantly more violence compared to women and men. Experiences of sexual risk taking and ill health demonstrated strong associations with exposure to multiple violence.

Gender-specific outcomes after percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: A nationwide readmission database analysis.

Thromboembolism-associated stroke is the most feared complication of atrial fibrillation (AF). Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (pLAAC) is indicated for stroke prevention in patients with AF who can not tolerate long-term anticoagulation. We aim to study gender differences in peri-procedural and readmissions outcomes in pLAAC patients. Using the national readmission database from January 2016 to December 2018, AF patients undergoing the pLAAC procedure were identified. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses and time-to-event Cox regression analyses to conduct the study. Propensity matching with the Greedy method was done for the accuracy of results. A total of 28 819 patients were included in our study. Among them 11 946 (41.5%) were women and 16 873 (58.6%) were men. The mean age of overall population was 76.1 ± 8.5 years, with women ~1 year older than men. The overall rate of complications was higher in women (8.6% vs. 6.6%, p < .001), primarily driven by bleeding-related complications, that is, major bleed (odds ratio [OR]: 1.32 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.69, p = .029), blood transfusion (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.06-1.97, p = .019), and cardiac tamponade (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.13-2.89, p = .014). Women had two times higher peri-procedural ischemic stroke. There was no difference in peri-procedural mortality. Women remained at 20% and 13% higher risk for readmission at 30 days and 6 months of discharge. Women had higher peri-procedural complications and were at higher risk of readmissions at 30 days and 6 months. However, there was no difference in mortality during the index hospitalization. Further studies are necessary to determine causality.

The Presence of Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue, and Burn-out Among the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Aim/Purpose: This paper aimed to explore the impact of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out among the general population during the pandemic. Background: The paper has attempted to explore compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out among the population at large, especially during the pandemic. This area has not been explored as yet. Methodology: A simple random sample of 98 males and 88 females was collected anonymously through a Google form survey. Part A collected demographic data and Part B comprised of 15 statements with 5 each for compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out, adapted from a Compassion Fatigue/Satisfaction Self-Test. ANOVA single factor was employed for the three variables of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out using a 0.05 significance level. Correlations among the variables were also analyzed. Contribution: The present paper contributes to covering the research gap of investigating the presence of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out among the population at large comprising the age group of 18 to 60+ and from different professions. Findings: The findings revealed significant differences in the levels of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burn-out in the population at large during the pandemic. Future Research: The findings can be further strengthened by extending it to a larger sample size across different nations and, specifically, studying gender differences during such adverse pandemic situations.

Import Competition and Gender Differences in Labor Reallocation

We study gender differences in the labor market reallocation of Peruvian workers in response to trade liberalization. The empirical strategy relies on variation in import competition across local labor markets based on their industrial composition before China entered the global market in 2001. We find that exposure to Chinese imports led to short-run declines in the employment share of women and men. However, the adverse employment effects are only persistent for women, leading to a reduction in their labor force participation. Lack of job market opportunities in the non-tradable sector act as a significant friction that prevents women from fully offsetting trade-induced displacements.

Gender effect on onset, prevalence and surgical treatment of cataract in patients with Myotonic Dystrophy type 1.

Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults, affecting 1:8000 individuals. It is a multi-systemic disorder involving muscle, heart, endocrine and respiratory apparatus and eye. The eye symptoms can include ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, epiphora, and early onset cataracts. Cataracts occur at a much earlier age (usually between 30 and 40) than the general population, where females are usually affected more than men. We studied gender differences in cataract prevalence and treatment age in 243 DM1 patients (134 M; 109 F), aged 18 to 70 years, who were subsequently screened at routine follow-up. For each patient, information was collected on age, sex, CTG expansion, age of cataract onset, and age at cataract surgery, when available. Seventy-three patients, 30 females and 43 males, had cataracts, at a mean age of onset of 41.14 ± 12.64 in females, and 40.36 ± 10.03 in males. Sixty-nine of them underwent cataract surgery, males at an earlier age than females (42.8 ± 9.8 years versus 47.3 ± 12.6 years) and in 52.5% of cases before the age of 40, compared to 17.2% of females. The difference was statistically significant. The assumption that females in general and those with DM1 in particular develop cataracts more frequently and earlier than males is not confirmed, at least in this study. A possible explanation for these results could be related to non-advanced age, the protective role of estrogen and the lower prevalence of smoking in the study population.

Competition, Subjective Feedback, and Gender Gaps in Performance

We study gender differences in the impacts of competition and subjective feedback, using an online game with pop-up texts and graphics as treatments. We define 8 groups: players see a Top 10 leaderboard or not (competitiveness), and within these, they receive no feedback, supportive feedback, rewarding feedback, or trash talk (feedback type). Based on 5191 participants, we find that competition only increases the performance of males. However, when it is combined with supportive feedback, the performance of females also increases. This points to individualized feedback as a potential tool for decreasing gender gaps in competitive settings such as STEM fields.

Gross Motor Coordination: We Have a Problem! A Study With the Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder in Youth (6-13 Years).

The main goal of our cross-sectional research was to determine the current values of gross motor coordination (GMC) of Italian boys and girls between 6 and 13 years of age. Secondary goals were to study gender differences, and the four subtests trend with ages. Results were compared with the references proposed by KTK authors and with similar searches. Anthropometric measurements and KTK data from 2,206 schoolchildren (girls: n = 1,050; boys: n = 1,156) were collected. The KTK raw score (RS) increased with the age of the subjects (r = 0.678; p < 0.001). In 11–13-year-old subjects, the increase in results is less than in younger subjects. RS showed differences by gender (F = 5.899; p = 0.015) and age (F = 269.193; p < 0.001) without interaction gender × age. Motor quotient (MQ) tended to decrease with age (r = −0.148; p < 0.001); it showed differences by gender (F = 79.228; p < 0.001), age (F = 14.217; p < 0.001), and an interaction gender × age (F = 2.249; p < 0.05). Boys showed better performance than did girls in the raw scores of three of four subtests (JS: F = 24.529; MS: F = 9.052; HH: F = 11.105). Girls show better performances than did boys in the WB (F = 14.52). Differences between genders make us believe it appropriate to maintain a differentiated standardization. RS increased with age, and it seems reasonable, therefore, to maintain a GMC age-based normalization. On the contrary, MQ tended to decrease. All this makes us speculate that today's young people accumulate less significant motor experiences over the years compared to those achieved by their peers in the 1970s. Italian data were lower than German references and Belgian results but slightly higher than the Brazilian ones. The comparison among these four searches confirmed a worrying downward trend in GMC and its characterization by geographical and sociocultural areas. Updated parameters of the KTK can provide helpful references to improve policies to support physical activity, sport, and physical education in youth.

Gender differences of the clinical aspects and complication risks of diabetes mellitus among outpatient clinic visits, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Gender differences are important in epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes in Type 2 DM, Objectives: To study gender differences of the burden of type 2 diabetes and complication risk among Saudi subjects visiting the outpatient clinics. Subjects and methods: A cross sectional study, including 2501 patients, who visited the outpatient clinics at two private general hospitals in Jeddah during the years 2018 through to 2019. All patients were examined and diagnosed by specialists. Data were collected using check list form to obtain personal characteristics and area of residence; vital signs, anthropometric measurements, clinical characteristics and outcome of the visits. Statistical analysis: SPSS version 23 (IBM), was used. Chi square, and logistic regression tests were used. OR, and 95% IC were used to describe the relationships. Level of significance was 0.05. Results: Out of all the visits to the outpatient clinics, DM constituted 5.5%. Type 2 DM was common in those aged 40 years and above, while Type 1 DM was common in those aged 18 years and younger. Males were at 1.7 times more likely to develop DM compared to females (OR 1.715; 95% CI: 1.146, 2.257, p &lt;0.009). The males with T2DM had significantly more frequent edema of the lower limbs compared to the females. Polyuria was the most common symptom, while HBA1C and FBS were the most common investigations ordered, and Biguanides and sulfonylurea and insulin were the common treatment prescribed. These were similar in both the males and females. Hypertension (22%), IHD (6%), and dyslipidemia (6%) were encountered among patients with T2DM; however, these CVDs were similar in the males and females. Conclusion: DM is a common chronic disorder, which imposes burden on the primary health care in Saudi Arabia. It is more common in males than females, however, the pattern of cardiovascular complications and health care management were similar in both genders. Key words: DM, Gender, outpatient clinics, Saudi Arabia,