Study Of Japanese Women Research Articles

Niraparib in Japanese patients with heavily pretreated, homologous recombination-deficient ovarian cancer: final results of a multicenter phase 2 study.

To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of niraparib in Japanese women with heavily pretreated ovarian cancer. This was the follow-up analysis of a phase 2, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study in Japanese women with homologous recombination-deficient, platinum-sensitive, relapsed, high-grade serous epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who had completed 3-4 lines of chemotherapy and were poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor naïve. Participants received niraparib (starting dose, 300 mg) once daily in continuous 28-day cycles until objective disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or consent withdrawal. The primary endpoint was confirmed objective response rate (ORR), as assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Safety evaluations included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). 20 patients were enrolled in the study and included in both efficacy and safety analyses. Median total study duration was 759.5 days. Median dose intensity was 201.3 mg/day. Confirmed ORR was 60.0% (90% confidence interval [CI]=39.4-78.3); 2 patients had complete response and 10 patients had partial response. Median duration of response was 9.9 months (95% CI=3.9-26.9) and the disease control rate was 90.0% (95% CI=68.3-98.8). The most common TEAEs were anemia (n=15), nausea (n=12), and decreased platelet count (n=11). TEAEs leading to study drug dose reduction, interruption, or discontinuation were reported in 16 (80.0%), 15 (75.0%), and 2 patients (10.0%), respectively. The long-term efficacy and safety profile of niraparib was consistent with previous findings in the equivalent population in non-Japanese patients. No new safety signals were identified. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03759600.

Typology of Pregnant Women’s Bonding Emotions towards Their Foetus: A Study of Japanese Women in the First Trimester

Typology of Pregnant Women’s Bonding Emotions towards Their Foetus: A Study of Japanese Women in the First Trimester

Niraparib in Japanese patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: final results of a multicenter phase 2 study.

This study evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of niraparib in Japanese patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer. This was a follow-up analysis of a phase 2, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study in Japanese women with platinum-sensitive, relapsed ovarian cancer. Participants received niraparib (starting dose 300 mg) once daily in continuous 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was the incidence of Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia-related events (defined as the overall incidence of the MedDRA Preferred Terms "thrombocytopenia" and "platelet count decreased") occurring in the 30 days after initial administration of niraparib, and secondary endpoints included evaluation of treatment-emergent adverse events and progression-free survival. Nineteen patients (median age, 62 years; median body weight, 53.9 kg) were enrolled. As previously reported, the incidence of Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia-related events during the first 30 days of treatment was 31.6%. At data cutoff, median (range) treatment exposure was 504.0 (56-1,054) days and mean ± standard deviation dose intensity was 154.4±77.5 mg/day. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were nausea (n=14, 73.7%), decreased platelet count (n=12, 63.2%), decreased neutrophil count (n=11, 57.9%), anemia, vomiting, and decreased appetite (all n=9, 47.4%). One patient was diagnosed with treatment-related leukemia, which resulted in death. Median (95% confidence interval) progression-free survival was 18.0 (5.6-26.7) months. Overall, the safety profile of niraparib was considered manageable in this study population of Japanese patients with platinum-sensitive, relapsed ovarian cancer and was consistent with that observed in studies of non-Japanese patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03759587.

The Study of Japanese Women in the Facial Treatment Advertisement: A Semiotics Perspective of Pierce’s Theory

This study aims to reveal the beauty standards of Japanese women in the Facial Treatment Essence SK II advertisement and to describe the slogan “Rasakan kekuatan PITERA untuk kulit tampak sebening kristal” in the Facial Treatment Essence SK II advertisement so that it can influence consumers. Meanwhile, the beauty of cosmetic users is always physically visible, even the model to introduce this product is Imma, a virtual model girl created by CGI (Computer-generated Imagery). Some of the advantages in this product are visualized by Imma, namely bright and glowing white skin. Imma has become an icon for this product because the advantages that it offers are all seen in Imma, and the standard of beauty described by Japan and the way to be beautiful like this virtual model girl is to apply the Facial Treatment Essence SK II product. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze data which maps which include icons, indexes and symbols. The result of this research indicates that the Japanese beauty standards shown by this ad are like Imma and to have skin like her, the right skincare is Facial Treatment Essence SK II and according to its slogan, "Feel the power of PITERA for crystal clear skin".

Effect of gestational weight gain on preeclampsia among underweight women: A single tertiary referral center study in Japanese women.

To examine the effect of weight gain during pregnancy on preeclampsia among women with a prepregnancy body mass index < 18.5kg/m2 . This retrospective cohort study included 479 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies and a prepregnancy body mass index < 18.5kg/m2 , who gave birth between 2013 and 2019 at Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital. The study included 22 (18 with preeclampsia and four with gestational hypertension) and 457 patients with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, respectively. The prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and preeclampsia was 4.6% and 3.8%, respectively. With weight gain during pregnancy (continuous variable) set as a reference, multiple logistic regression revealed that excessive weight gain during pregnancy increased the risk of preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio: 1.13, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.28, p< 0.05) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.29, p< 0.05). Based on receiver operating characteristic curve analyses (area under the curve 0.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.50-0.80; p< 0.05), we determined the cutoff value of weight gain during pregnancy for the occurrence of preeclampsia among women with body mass index < 18.5kg/m2 to be 13.0kg, with sensitivity and specificity of 0.50 and 0.78, respectively. This study indicates that excessive weight gain during pregnancy increases preeclampsia risk among underweight women and provides new recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy for such women. Further research regarding the pathogenesis of preeclampsia for underweight women is warranted.

“Radiation Refugees”: The Role of Gender and Digital Communication in Japanese Women’s Transnational Evacuation after Fukushima

The study of environmental migration has shown how an attachment to land reduces the perceptions of risks, and how women often lack resources to evacuate. This qualitative study of Japanese women’s migration to Southeast Asia after the Fukushima nuclear disaster complicates the debate by showing that the post-disaster attachment to the land is disrupted by unequal gendered social relations and that digital communication among women provides a wide range of resources and emotional support to differently positioned women. This article shows how gendered social relations and digital communication play a major role in environmental migrant decision making processes in Asia.

A Study of Japanese Women’s Anxiety about Child-rearing from a Gender Perspective —The House on the Slope as an example

育儿焦虑；《坡道上的家》；育儿孤立；性别角色分工；母性

A case of adenomyosis with leiomyoma that was effectively treated with relugolix and kamishoyosan add-on therapy

BackgroundRecently, relugolix, an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist, has been considered an effective therapy for leiomyoma based on a phase 3 study in Japanese women. Leiomyoma combined with severe adenomyosis occasionally occurs in perimenopausal women; however, little information on the effectiveness of relugolix against severe adenomyosis exists.Case presentationA 49-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with acute lower abdominal pain and abnormal uterine bleeding. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple leiomyomas with diffuse adenomyosis. Left hydrosalpinx was also observed. The patient refused surgical treatment and preferred oral relugolix. Since she experienced a hot flush and headache induced by relugolix, a traditional Japanese Kampo, kamishoyosan, was added to improve the side effects of relugolix. The patient was asymptomatic at the time of this report and experienced a significant shrinkage in uterine volume. Ultimately, she avoided hysterectomy as desired.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first report of co-occurring adenomyosis and leiomyoma, which was effectively treated with relugolix. Although the management of adverse side effects, including hot flush and headache by relugolix, has recently attracted attention and controversy, relugolix add-on therapy with kamishoyosan may help treat menopausal symptoms.

Does age-dynamic movement accelerate facial age impression? Perception of age from facial movement: Studies of Japanese women.

We form impressions of others by observing their constant and dynamically-shifting facial expressions during conversation and other daily life activities. However, conventional aging research has mainly considered the changing characteristics of the skin, such as wrinkles and age-spots, within very limited states of static faces. In order to elucidate the range of aging impressions that we make in daily life, it is necessary to consider the effects of facial movement. This study investigated the effects of facial movement on age impressions. An age perception test using Japanese women as face models was employed to verify the effects of the models’ age-dependent facial movements on age impression in 112 participants (all women, aged 20–49 years) as observers. Further, the observers’ gaze was analyzed to identify the facial areas of interests during age perception. The results showed that cheek movement affects age impressions, and that the impressions increase depending on the model’s age. These findings will facilitate the development of new means of provoking a more youthful impression by approaching anti-aging from a different viewpoint of facial movement.

Influence of breast density on breast cancer risk: a case control study in Japanese women

Mammography is the standard examination for breast cancer screening of woman aged ≥ 40years. High breast density on mammography indicates that mammary gland parenchyma occupy a high percentage of the breast. The objective of this study was to investigate factors associated with breast density and the risk of high breast density for breast cancer. A multicenter case-control study was performed in 530 patients and 1043 controls. Breast density was classified as C1-C4 using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Clinical factors were obtained from questionnaires or medical records, and the influence of each factor (breast density, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), parity, presence or absence of breastfeeding history, age at menarche, age at first birth, and familial history of breast cancer) on breast cancer risk in all patients was calculated as an age-adjusted odds ratio (OR). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were then performed in all patients and in pre- and postmenopausal and BMI-stratified groups using factors with a significant age-adjusted OR as adjustment factors. Age-adjusted ORs for breast cancer were significant for breast density, BMI, parity, and breast feeding, but not for age at menarche, age at first birth, or family history of breast cancer. In multivariate analysis, there was a significant correlation between breast density and breast cancer in postmenopausal women (OR for C1 vs. C2 1.90 [95% CI 1.34-2.70]; C1 vs. C4 2.85 [95% CI 1.10-7.16]). This correlation was also significant in patients in the third BMI quartile (22.3-24.5kg/m2) (OR for C1 vs. C4 8.76 [95% CI 2.38-42.47]); and fourth BMI quartile (>24.5kg/m2) (OR for C1 vs. C2 1.92 [95% CI 1.17-3.15]; C1 vs. C4 11.89 [95% CI 1.56-245.17]). Breast density on mammography is a risk factor for breast cancer after adjustment for other risk factors. This risk is particularly high in postmenopausal women and those with a high BMI.

Showering is associated with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: An observational study in Japanese women

Mycobacterium avium complex refers to a group of environmental bacteria which inhabit water and soil. Although Mycobacterium avium complex is capable of causing refractory lung infections, the risk factors for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease are still unclear. This study aimed to determine the associations between Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease and soil or water exposure. Using questionnaires along with clinical data, we compared soil exposure, along with bathtub bathing and showering habits between 172 women with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease and 339 women without Mycobacterium avium complex infection as controls. Showering was found to be independently associated with the presence of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (adjusted odds ratio 5.72, 95%, confidence interval 1.99 to 16.46). Although the mean age of the groups was different, an age-matched sub-analysis yielded similar results. These results indicate that showering may be a risk factor for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.

Relugolix, a novel oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, in the treatment of pain symptoms associated with uterine fibroids: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study in Japanese women

To investigate the efficacy and safety of the oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist, relugolix, in patients experiencing uterine fibroid-associated pain. Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medical centers. Premenopausal Japanese women (N = 65) experiencing moderate-to-severe uterine fibroid-associated pain with a maximum Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score of ≥4 were randomized and completed the study. Once-daily 40mg relugolix (n = 33) or placebo (n = 32) for 12weeks. Primary end point: proportion of patients with a maximum NRS score of ≤1 during the 28-day period before the final dose of study drug. Secondary end points: proportion of patients with no pain (NRS = 0) and percentage of days without pain during the 28-day period before the final dose of study drug; adverse events. More patients receiving relugolix versus placebo achieved a maximum NRS score of ≤1 during the 28-day period before the final dose of study drug (57.6% vs. 3.1%). Similarly, more patients receiving relugolix versus placebo achieved a maximum NRS score of 0 (48.5% vs. 3.1%) and experienced more days without pain (96.4% vs. 71.4%). More patients receiving relugolix versus placebo experienced treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs; 87.9% vs. 56.3%); however, the rate of treatment discontinuation was low and not different between groups. Most TEAEs were mild to moderate in intensity. TEAEs (≥10%) included hot flush, metrorrhagia, hyperhidrosis, and menorrhagia, consistent with relugolix's mechanism of action, and viral upper respiratory tract infection. Relugolix improved uterine fibroid-associated pain and was well tolerated. NCT02655224. JapicCTI-163127.

A proper reference metabolic equivalent value to assess physical activity intensity in Japanese female nurses

BackgroundVarious questionnaires have been developed to assess physical activity, but only a few simple questionnaires are suitable for self-administration in large groups of midlife working women. This study examined the usefulness of the Japan Nurses’ Health Study (JNHS) questionnaire for self-administered physical activity surveys.MethodsThe JNHS physical activity questionnaire consisted of items covering seven degrees of intensity. The metabolic equivalents (METs) for the physical activity intensity of the questionnaire were estimated from energy expenditure as measured by a uniaxial accelerometer with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. The estimated METs were then assigned to the JNHS baseline survey data, and the total energy expenditure (TEE) and the time spent performing ≥3 METs hour of physical activity, called moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA), were calculated.ResultsFor working situations, application of the MCMC simulation resulted in estimated reference values of 1.2 METs for “sitting work”, 1.6 METs for “standing work”, 1.8 METs for “walking work”, and 4.5 METs for “heavy work”. For non-working situations, the estimated values were 1.1 METs for sedentary time, 2.4 METs for “moderate physical activity”, 4.4 METs for “vigorous physical activity”, and 9.4 METs for “very vigorous physical activity”. When these estimated METs were used, the mean TEE/day was 1808 kcal. This corresponded to − 3.0% of the TEE/day generated by the accelerometer. These estimated MET values showed similar results as a previous study measuring activity using the doubly-labeled water method. The number of hours per week of MVPA significantly decreased with age, which is also consistent with previous findings.ConclusionsEstimated reference MET values in this study were similar to those in previous studies of Japanese women. The JNHS questionnaire is therefore useful for epidemiological surveys of midlife working women because it assigns estimated MET values as physical activity intensities.

Adherence to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Women With Breast Cancer: A Prospective Observational Study in Japanese Women

IntroductionNonadherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy has been poorly studied in Asian patients with breast cancer. We therefore assessed adherence to endocrine therapy among women with breast cancer in Japan. Patients and MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study among Japanese women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Patients brought their pill packets to visits for 1 year and answered a questionnaire. We also examined prescription records during the study period. Adherence to endocrine therapy was defined as patients who had taken > 80% of the pills according to the packets during the study. Clinicopathologic features and questionnaires were compared between adherent and nonadherent patients. ResultsA total of 234 patients completed the trial, of whom 85% demonstrated adherence based on pill packets, and 98% demonstrated adherence based on prescription records. Mastectomy, higher stage, nodal metastasis and adjuvant chemotherapy were correlated with adherence based on pill packets. Adjuvant chemotherapy was an independent factor associated with adherence. According to the questionnaire, adherent patients were more likely to consult a nurse when they had trouble with their medication. These patients also emphasized the efficacy rather than the side effects of the medication. Nonadherent patients were aware that they were being nonadherent. ConclusionThe results of this study revealed that 85% of patients were adherent to endocrine therapy, but physicians were unaware of the nonadherent patients. Raised awareness of nonadherence and information sharing between patients and medical teams might increase adherence to endocrine therapy.

Phase III trial of 8% vaginal progesterone gel for luteal phase support in Japanese women undergoing in vitro fertilization and fresh embryo transfer cycles.

AimThis study evaluated the efficacy and safety of vaginal progesterone gel that was administered daily for luteal phase support as part of in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ET) cycles in Japanese women.MethodsThis was a phase III, multicenter, open‐label, single‐arm trial in Japanese women undergoing IVF/ET, using the Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009 registry as a historical control. The primary objective was to demonstrate the non‐inferiority, with regard to the clinical pregnancy rate per ET, of vaginal progesterone gel that was administered once daily, compared with the historical standard value in IVF/ET cycles in Japan. The biochemical pregnancy (positive serum β‐hCG pregnancy test but no clinical pregnancy) rate per ET also was investigated, as were the safety and tolerability of the vaginal progesterone gel.ResultsOf the 178 women who were enrolled, 123 underwent IVF/ET. The clinical pregnancy rate per ET was non‐inferior in the prospective arm, compared with the historical population. The biochemical pregnancy rate per ET was 7.3%. The safety profile of the vaginal progesterone gel was as expected, with no new safety issue identified.ConclusionThe vaginal progesterone gel was efficacious, with a safety profile as expected, in this study in Japanese women undergoing IVF/ET cycles.

N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphism and breast cancer risk with smoking: a case control study in Japanese women.

Recent studies have suggested that the association between smoking and breast cancer risk might be modified by polymorphisms in the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene (NAT2). Most of these studies were conducted in Western countries, with few reports from East Asia. We conducted a case-control study of 511 breast cancer cases and 527 unmatched healthy controls from December 2010 to November 2011 in Japan. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association of smoking with breast cancer risk stratified by NAT2 phenotype. In this population, 11% of the cases and 10% of the controls were classified as a slow acetylator phenotype. Compared to never smokers, current smokers had an increased breast cancer risk in multivariate analysis [odds ratio (OR)=2.27, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=1.38-3.82]. Subgroup analyses of menopausal status indicated the same tendency. Subgroup analyses of NAT2 phenotype, the ORs in both of rapid and slow acetylator phenotype subgroups were comparable, and no interactions were observed between smoking status and NAT2 phenotype (p=0.97). A dose-dependent effect of smoking on breast cancer risk was seen for the rapid acetylator phenotype, but not for the slow acetylator phenotype. Given the high frequency of the rapid acetylator phenotype, these results show that smoking is a risk factor for breast cancer among most Japanese women. It may be of little significance to identify the NAT2 phenotype in the Japanese population.

Dose-Exposure Proportionality of a Novel Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (rFSH), FE 999049, Derived from a Human Cell Line, with Comparison Between Caucasian and Japanese Women After Subcutaneous Administration

Background and ObjectivesFE 999049 is a novel recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) preparation expressed by a human cell line (PER.C6®), in contrast to existing rFSH preparations expressed by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Since the individual dose of rFSH may be altered depending on the response in women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies, knowledge on the dose-exposure linearity and proportionality is important. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the dose-exposure linearity and proportionality properties of FE 999049 with a comparison between Caucasian and Japanese women. This is the first study in Japanese women regarding pharmacokinetics of rFSH.MethodsForty-eight Caucasian and 31 Japanese healthy women of reproductive age were pituitary down-regulated to suppress endogenous FSH. Following single subcutaneous administration of 37.5, 75, 150, 225, or 450 IU (Steelman–Pohley assay), the serum FSH concentration was followed over 10 days.ResultsThe dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of FE 999049, area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum serum concentration (C max), showed dose-exposure linearity and proportionality over 150–450 IU in Caucasian women, the dose interval available for analysis, and 75–450 IU in Japanese women, which was the dose interval investigated. Comparison between Caucasian and Japanese women showed no differences between the populations. The dose-independent parameters were similar over all doses in both populations. FE 999049 was safe and well tolerated at all doses in both populations with few, mostly mild, adverse events.ConclusionThe results demonstrate dose-exposure proportionality and a predictable dose-dependent exposure of FE 999049, with no differences in Caucasian and Japanese women of reproductive age.

Does Antenatal Fear of Childbirth Predict Postnatal Fear of Childbirth? A Study of Japanese Women

The study aimed to determine whether antenatal fear of childbirth (expectation) could predict postnatal fear of childbirth (experience) by taking account of other antenatal psychological variables (anxiety and depression) as well as birth outcomes in Japanese women. A longitudinal observational study was conducted at a clinic in Tokyo, Japan, in 2011. Self-report questionnaires were distributed to 240 Japanese women at 37 gestational weeks (Time 1) and on the second day after delivery (Time 2). Regression analyses by means of structural equation modelling were conducted in both the primiparous and the multiparous group. The models exhibited good fit (chisquare value/degree of freedom = 1.10 - 1.62, comparative fit index = 0.92 - 0.99 and root mean square error of approximation = 0.03 - 0.07). Antenatal fear of childbirth was the most predictive variable of postnatal fear of childbirth in both the primiparous (β = 0.58, p = 0.002) and the multiparous group (β = 0.62, p < 0.001). In conclusion, antenatal fear of childbirth was a significant predictor of postnatal fear of childbirth when other antenatal psychological variables and birth outcomes were taken into account. Pregnant women who are strongly afraid of childbirth need special attention before and after delivery.

Global methylation levels in peripheral blood leukocyte DNA by LUMA and breast cancer: a case-control study in Japanese women.

Background:Global hypomethylation has been suggested to cause genomic instability and lead to an increased risk of cancer. We examined the association between the global methylation level of peripheral blood leukocyte DNA and breast cancer among Japanese women.Methods:We conducted a hospital-based case–control study of 384 patients aged 20–74 years with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer, and 384 matched controls from medical checkup examinees in Nagano, Japan. Global methylation levels in leukocyte DNA were measured by LUminometric Methylation Assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between global hypomethylation and breast cancer were estimated using a logistic regression model.Results:Compared with women in the highest tertile of global methylation level, ORs for the second and lowest tertiles were 1.87 (95% CI=1.20–2.91) and 2.86 (95% CI=1.85–4.44), respectively. Global methylation levels were significantly lower in cases than controls, regardless of the hormone receptor status of the cancer (all P values for trend <0.05).Interpretation:These findings suggest that the global methylation level of peripheral blood leukocyte DNA is low in patients with breast cancer and may be a potential biomarker for breast cancer risk.

Effects of lifestyle and single nucleotide polymorphisms on breast cancer risk: a case–control study in Japanese women

BackgroundLifestyle factors, including food and nutrition, physical activity, body composition and reproductive factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with breast cancer risk, but few studies of these factors have been performed in the Japanese population. Thus, the goals of this study were to validate the association between reported SNPs and breast cancer risk in the Japanese population and to evaluate the effects of SNP genotypes and lifestyle factors on breast cancer risk.MethodsA case–control study in 472 patients and 464 controls was conducted from December 2010 to November 2011. Lifestyle was examined using a self-administered questionnaire. We analyzed 16 breast cancer-associated SNPs based on previous GWAS or candidate-gene association studies. Age or multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated from logistic regression analyses.ResultsHigh BMI and current or former smoking were significantly associated with an increased breast cancer risk, while intake of meat, mushrooms, yellow and green vegetables, coffee, and green tea, current leisure-time exercise, and education were significantly associated with a decreased risk. Three SNPs were significantly associated with a breast cancer risk in multivariate analysis: rs2046210 (per allele OR = 1.37 [95% CI: 1.11-1.70]), rs3757318 (OR = 1.33[1.05-1.69]), and rs3803662 (OR = 1.28 [1.07-1.55]). In 2046210 risk allele carriers, leisure-time exercise was associated with a significantly decreased risk for breast cancer, whereas current smoking and high BMI were associated with a significantly decreased risk in non-risk allele carriers.ConclusionIn Japanese women, rs2046210 and 3757318 located near the ESR1 gene are associated with a risk of breast cancer, as in other Asian women. However, our findings suggest that exercise can decrease this risk in allele carriers.