Study Of Different Methods Research Articles

A comparative study of different methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) with spatial reference to select of suitable sites for treated wastewater of irrigated perimeters

A comparative study of different methods of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) with spatial reference to select of suitable sites for treated wastewater of irrigated perimeters

Study of Different Method of Plastic Waste Management in the Light of Ecosystem Balance

The present study is related to different method of plastic waste management in the light of ecosystem balance. Plastic waste has become a major environmental concern, causing pollution in both land and marine ecosystems. As a result, plastic debris is accumulating in landfills and natural environments instead of decomposing. This accumulation is causing various environmental hazards and negatively impacting habitats and species distribution. To address this issue, researchers have been focusing on finding effective methods of plastic waste management that promote ecosystem balance. These methods include microbial agents and their metabolic enzymes for polymer degradation and destructive thermal treatments like combustion or pyrolysis. In addition, different countries have implemented varying waste management strategies to tackle plastic pollution. Indiscriminate use of plastics such as polyethylene causes environmental pollution and impacts human health due to irreversible changes in the ecological cycle. The future of plastic waste management research lies in the continuous innovation of recycling technologies, the development of environmentally friendly alternatives, and the integration of social and behavioural considerations in waste management strategies. By addressing these areas, research can contribute to the advancement of sustainable and effective solutions for plastic waste handling, furthering the goal of achieving ecosystem balance and minimizing environmental harm. A comprehensive assessment of plastic management strategies should consider their environmental, economic, and social implications to gauge their overall effectiveness in addressing the challenges of plastic waste. This multifaceted approach will provide a holistic understanding of the impact of plastic waste management efforts and guide future decision-making to further enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of plastic waste handling..

Different Method of Plastic Waste Management in the Light of Ecosystem Balance: A Review

The present paper is review paper based on the different method of plastic waste management in the light of ecosystem balance. Plastic waste has become a major environmental concern, causing pollution in both land and marine ecosystems. As a result, plastic debris is accumulating in landfills and natural environments instead of decomposing. This accumulation is causing various environmental hazards and negatively impacting habitats and species distribution. To address this issue, researchers have been focusing on finding effective methods of plastic waste management that promote ecosystem balance. Understanding ecosystem balance is crucial in the study of different methods of plastic waste management. It involves recognizing the intricate relationships between organisms, their habitats, and the natural processes that maintain environmental stability. This understanding is important when considering the impact of plastic waste on ecosystems and the need for effective waste management strategies. It also plays a crucial role in identifying the most suitable methods for plastic waste management that minimize negative impacts on the environment and promote ecological balance

Cyanophycin modifications for applications in tissue scaffolding

Cyanophycin (CGP) is a polypeptide consisting of amino acids—aspartic acid in the backbone and arginine in the side chain. Owing to its resemblance to cell adhesive motifs in the body, it can be considered suitable for use in biomedical applications as a novel component to facilitate cell attachment and tissue regeneration. Although it has vast potential applications, starting with nutrition, through drug delivery and tissue engineering to the production of value-added chemicals and biomaterials, CGP has not been brought to the industry yet. To develop scaffolds using CGP powder produced by bacteria, its properties (e.g., biocompatibility, morphology, biodegradability, and mechanical strength) should be tailored in terms of the requirements of the targeted tissue. Crosslinking commonly stands for a primary modification method for renovating biomaterial features to these extents. Herein, we aimed to crosslink CGP for the first time and present a comparative study of different methods of CGP crosslinking including chemical, physical, and enzymatic methods by utilizing glutaraldehyde (GTA), UV exposure, genipin, 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Crosslinking efficacy varied among the samples crosslinked via the different crosslinking methods. All crosslinked CGP were non-cytotoxic to L929 cells, except for the groups with higher GTA concentrations. We conclude that CGP is a promising candidate for scaffolding purposes to be used as part of a composite with other biomaterials to maintain the integrity of scaffolds. The initiative study demonstrated the unknown characteristics of crosslinked CGP, even though its feasibility for biomedical applications should be confirmed by further examinations.Key points• Cyanophycin was crosslinked by 5 different methods• Crosslinked cyanophycin is non-cytotoxic to L929 cells• Crosslinked cyanophycin is a promising new material for scaffolding purposesGraphical

Decision Making in Fuzzy Rough Set Theory

Decision rules are powerful tools to manage information and to provide descriptions of data sets; as a consequence, they can acquire a useful role in decision-making processes where fuzzy rough set theory is applied. This paper focuses on the study of different methods to classify new objects, which are not considered in the starting data set, in order to determine the best possible decision for them. The classification methods are supported by the relevance indicators associated with decision rules, such as support, certainty, and credibility. Specifically, the first one is based on how the new object matches decision rules that describe the data set, while the second one also takes into account the representativeness of these rules. Finally, the third and fourth methods take into account the credibility of the rules compared with the new object. Moreover, we have shown that these methods are richer alternatives or generalize other approaches given in the literature.

A comparative study of different methods for the determination of cadmium in various tissues of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.)

Remediation of cadmium (Cd) pollution is one of the priorities of global environmental governance and accurate detection of Cd content is a key link in remediation of Cd pollution. This study aimed to compare three methods (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS)) for the determination of Cd with different tissues of various ramie varieties, and distinguish the advantage and disadvantage of each method. In total, 162 samples of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.), which is an ideal plant for heavy metal remediation, were detected and the results showed that the three methods were all suitable for the de-termination of Cd content in ramie. ICP-OES and ICP-MS were simpler, faster, and more sensitive than GF-AAS. ICP-MS could be recommended for the determination of samples with various concentrations of Cd. ICP-OES could be used for measurement of samples with > 100 mg/kg Cd content, while GF-AAS was suitable for the detection of samples with very high (> 550 mg/kg) or very low (< 10 mg/kg) Cd content. Overall, considering the accuracy, stability, and the cost of measurement, ICP-MS was the most suitable method for determination of Cd content. This study provides significant reference information for the research in the field of Cd pollution remediation.

Comparative study of different methods for the assessment of print nonuniformity and their correlation with the human visual system

AbstractPrint nonuniformity is the variation of optical density (reflection) on the print and can occur in several different types that can be classified into two basic groups: random and systematic variations. This article examines two types from each group of variations that are most commonly found in digital printing systems: blotches and streaks, where amplitude and size were varied. Three most commonly used methods for measuring the print nonuniformity were used: Grey Level Co‐occurrence Matrix (GLCM), ISO 13660 and Integration (also Improved Integration) method. The results obtained by measuring were compared with a visual assessment to find the link between objective and subjective analysis and to define and determine which method/parameter is the best for the measurement of which type of print (non)uniformity. The obtained results indicate the possibility of selecting the measurement parameter, but that the choice of the parameter depends on the type of nonuniformity. It is concluded that in the case of the GLCM method, the entropy and energy parameters are strongly related to the visual assessment for all three sets of samples. These parameters can be used regardless of the type of nonuniformity. The ISO G parameter can be used to measure both graininess and mottling, while the ISO M parameter is only suitable for measuring mottling. Integration method could be used to measure systematic error. On the basis of conclusions of the research, it is possible to propose the development of an industrially applicable solution for measuring print nonuniformity of digitally printed samples.

Anticorrosion and Antibacterial Properties of Al NP–Epoxy Nanocomposite Coating on Grey Cast Iron

In this study, different concentrations of aluminium nanoparticles (Al NP) were incorporated into epoxy resin and epoxy paint. Here, we present a detailed systematic study of different methods of incorporating inorganic nanoparticles into epoxy coating. This work aims to obtain an epoxy coating with anticorrosion and antibacterial properties. The physical properties of coatings such as thickness, hardness, colour, and adhesion did not change with the addition of nanoparticles. According to the SEM and EDS analyses, the distribution effect of Al NPs in epoxy coating was better with ultrasonic homogenisation than with mechanical stirring. The EIS and SECM measurements were used to investigate corrosion resistance. The coating with 1.0 wt.% Al NP showed the best physical and chemical properties. SECM examination indicated that nanoparticles in epoxy resin increase the protection efficiency by 25.75% and in the epoxy paint by 40.89%. The results also showed the antibacterial activity of aluminium nanoparticles by inhibiting the growth of biofilm-forming bacteria such as P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis.

A Descriptive Study of Different Methods of Cervical Cancer Screening among Ever-Married Women in 35-Year and 45-Year Cohorts in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka.

Screening for cervical cancer in Sri Lankan females with Pap smears (conventional cytology) has shown no marked reduction in cervical cancer incidence over the past two decades. The study aims to compare the efficacy of Pap smear, with other screening tools such as Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) and Human Papilloma Virus/deoxyribonucleic acid (HPV/DNA) (using cobas 4800) in detection of underlying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer among 35 and 45 year old ever married women in Kalutara districtin Sri Lanka. Women from 35-year cohort and 45-year cohort were selected from all Public Health Midwife areas (n=413) in Kalutara district by random sampling. Pap smear, LBC, and HPV/DNA specimen were collected s from women who attended the Well Woman Clinics (WWC) . Women with positive results from any method were confirmed by colposcopy. Results: Of the, 510 and 502 women in the 35-year cohort and 45-year cohort, respectively, included in the analysis, nine women among 35-year cohort (1.8%) and 7 women among 45-year cohort (1.4%) had cytological abnormality (positive results) with Pap smears. Thirteen women among 35-year cohort (2.5%) and 10 women among 45-year cohort (2%) age groups had cytological abnormality (positive results) with Liquid Based Cytology reports. Total of 32 women among 35-year cohort (6.2%) and 24 women among 45-year cohort (4.8%) were positive for HPV/DNA test. Of the women tested positive on screening, colposcopy revealed that HPV/DNA method was superior to Pap and LBC for detecting CIN while the results of latter two were comparable. The CIN detection rate by colposcopy was high with HPV/DNA screening with cobas 4800, whereas the detection rate by LBC was insignificantly higher than Pap smears.

Comparative analysis and applicability of corrosion test methods for construction steel components

In this paper, a systematic study of different methods of manufacturing corroded components and their post-corrosion morphology has been carried out to verify the effectiveness of different accelerated corrosion testing methods. Corrosion tests were performed on specimens of construction steel Q345 by three corrosion methods, i.e., atmospheric exposure corrosion, salt spray accelerated corrosion, and accelerated electrochemical corrosion. The surface morphology of the specimens after corrosion was measured, the characteristics of the corrosion morphology development of the various corrosion methods of the components were analyzed, and the corresponding probability model of the corrosion morphology distribution was developed. Accordingly, a random corrosion surface modeling technique was developed based on the fast Fourier transform and two-dimensional digital filtering techniques, and the mechanical analysis of axially pressed components with different corrosion surfaces was carried out. The results indicate a clear difference in the undulation and variation pattern of the corroded surface under different corrosion methods. However, the disparity in the axial compression load capacity of the specimens under different surface conditions were minimal, was less than 1%. Therefore, the axial compression performance of corroded steel members can be studied using electrochemical corrosion and smooth corrosion surface simulation in the future study.

Evaluation of strategies to incorporate silver nanoparticles into electrospun microfibers for the preparation of wound dressings and their antimicrobial activity

ABSTRACT Currently, wound dressing technology is of significant interest in order to avoid undesired effects when burns or skin wounds are treated, especially their risk for microbial contamination and subsequent infection. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have claimed importance as antimicrobial agents. For these reasons, a comparative study of different methods to synthesize electrospun polymeric fibers loaded with AgNPs (Ag+/PCLPVP) such as direct blending, ultraviolet irradiation, thermal treatment, and silver mirror reaction methods were done. The morphology and size of the fibers were investigated using the SEM, where the loading of the AgNPs in the fibers was measured with EDS analysis. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and TGA analysis were applied to measure the physicochemical properties of the fibers. DLS study allowed us to measure the size and surface charge of the obtained materials. The antimicrobial efficiency was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with the MTT assay using HFF1 cells. The results showed that the method with the best antimicrobial effect in both bacteria is the UV irradiation conducted before the electrospinning process. The UV radiation method also promotes good distribution efficiency, the physicochemical properties obtained were desirable for wound dressings, and the particle size within nanoparticle interval (~17 nm). Therefore, the most promising method for the preparation of Ag+/PCLPVPbased wound dressings was UV irradiation.

Analysis of transmission control protocol in next generation networks

The Next Generation Network (NGN) is a telecommunications system that converges all services and information into packets for transfer, accommodating technical advancements high-speed and diversified services through its multilayer architecture. The NGN enables users to consistently and efficiently obtain services, and 5G cellular communication is a viable technology to meet the demand for high data rates in the future, particularly with its mmwave capacity. However, one of the major problems that the new generation faces is non-line-of-sight status, which results from higher frequencies' extreme vulnerability to interference from obstructions and misalignment. This special property makes it more difficult for the widely used Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to achieve good throughput and low latency across an equitable network. TCP must modify the congestion window size in accordance with the state of the network, but it is unable to effectively adapt to its congestion window, resulting in degradation of the protocol's throughput. This research presents an in-depth analysis of trustworthy communications in 5G networks, examining how TCP affects 5G mmWave networks, the mechanisms and parameters of TCP that portrays the behavior of 5G networks, and a study of the existing problems, and ideas to be fixed. It also suggests a viable study of different methods to enhance reliable communications in 5G networks.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Different Methods' Effects on Lubricant Flow on Temperatures and Strains of Turning Cutting Tool (HSS)

The aim of the present study is to facilitate the machining process of cast steel (HSS) through cooling and lubricating by compressed air with liquid in three directions and consisting of (oil, soap, carbolic acid, and sculpture) and was compared with the lubricant process in one direction and at different cutting speeds (2.08, 6.25, 10.4, and 14.16 m/sec). The Auto Desk Inventor programme is used to simulate the cutting process by applying cutting forces to the tool's shear surface. The interface equipment is used to measure cutting tool strains by the response of a strain gauge and the Arduino equipment to measure cutting tool temperature. In addition, the tool strain equations were used assuming that the cutting tool is fixed between the two walls (fixing region and surface of the workpiece) to get the best results at the same speed. The results refer to the lubricant in three directions, which is better than one direction due to decreasing cutting tool strain, reaction of cutting force on the shear surface of the cutting tool, and cutting tool temperature. The experimental results show that a cutting speed of 10.4 m/sec is the best for the cutting process. Furthermore, the numerical results are converged with practical results in a small correction factor (0.428), preventing the tool from vanishing.

A Comparative Study of Different Methods for Cellulose Extraction from Lignocellulosic Wastes and Conversion into Carboxymethyl Cellulose

AbstractCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an appealing industrial chemical obtained by modification of cellulose with redundant applications in food, pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents and others. This report demonstrates the comparative study of potential of different lignocellulosic biomass by using five traditional methods to get white, pristine cellulose with higher percentage yield from waste, later, conversion of cellulose into its derivative i. e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Four raw materials comprising of wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw and banana leaves were employed as an alternating source of cellulose. Sulfide method came out as a most viable delignification method, used to degrade all dewaxed wastes, efficiently. After cellulose extraction, substitution of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was executed by infusing cellulose with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in the presence of isopropanol as supporting medium. In this way, a variety of cellulose and CMC were obtained and verified with commercial samples of both products. Furthermore, characteristics of different CMC were checked including degree of substitution (DS), CMC content, moisture content, solubility and purity. The CMC from wheat straw showed the highest DS (2.1), solubility and yield. FTIR spectra confirmed the replacement of hydroxyl group with carboxymethyl group by indicating characteristic peak of carbonyl group (‐CO) at 1588 cm−1. In 1H NMR spectrum, plethora of peaks in the region 3–5 ppm indicated the derivatization of cellulose and 13C NMR confirmed the peaks of carbonyl carbons at 180 and 182 ppm. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the crystallinity of CMC has been reduced, significantly.

An incipient fault diagnosis methodology using local Mahalanobis distance: Fault isolation and fault severity estimation

Recently, a detection methodology based on anchor estimation and the Mahalanobis distance, named the local Mahalanobis distance (LMD) technique, has been proposed for incipient fault detection. As an extension, this paper proposes the LMD based faulty variable isolation and fault severity estimation methods to offer an integrated incipient fault diagnosis solution. The LMD technique has been proved to be highly sensitive to incipient faults, robust to outliers, and free of distribution assumptions. Within the LMD framework, the faulty variable is recognized by analyzing the relative position of faulty samples and their corresponding anchors. Then an analytical expression of fault severity derived from the LMD index is established for the fault severity estimation task. Performance evaluations of the proposed methods based on a benchmark case of the Continuous-flow Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) process are provided in this work. The result shows that even for tiny deviation, such as 5dB fault to noise ratio, the total isolation performance still achieves 100% accuracy, and the relative error of two tricky faults in the case of severity estimation is less than 10%. The comparison study of different methods indicates that our solution outperforms divergence based techniques and reconstruction based contribution (RBC) methods for the two tasks.

CT severity score in COVID-19 patients, assessment of performance in triage and outcome prediction: a comparative study of different methods

BackgroundLung involvement in COVID-19 can be quantified by chest CT scan with some triage and prognostication value. Optimizing initial triage of patients could help decrease adverse health impacts of the disease through better clinical management. At least 6 CT severity score (CTSS) systems have been proposed. We aimed to evaluate triage and prognostication performance of seven different CTSSs, including one proposed by ourselves, in hospitalized COVID-19 patients diagnosed by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsAfter exclusion of 14 heart failure and significant preexisting pulmonary disease patients, 96 COVID-19, PCR-positive patients were included into our retrospective study, admitted from February 20, 2020, to July 22. Their mean age was 63.6 ± 17.4 years (range 21–88, median 67). Fifty-seven (59.4%) were men, and 39 (40.6%) were women. All CTSSs showed good interrater reliability as calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between two radiologists were 0.764–0.837. Those CTSSs with more numerous segmentations showed the best ICCs. As judged by area under curve (AUC) for each receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, only three CTSSs showed acceptable AUCs (AUC = 0.7) for triage of severe/critical patients. All CTSSs showed acceptable AUCs for prognostication (AUCs = 0.76–0.79). Calculated AUCs for different CTSSs were not significantly different for triage and for prediction of severe/critical disease, but some difference was shown for prediction of critical disease.ConclusionsMen are probably affected more frequently than women by COVID-19. Quantification of lung disease in COVID-19 is a readily available and easy tool to be used in triage and prognostication, but we do not advocate its use in heart failure or chronic respiratory disease patients. The scoring systems with more numerous segmentations are recommended if any future imaging for comparison is contemplated. CTSS performance in triage was much lower than earlier reports, and only three CTSSs showed acceptable AUCs in this regard. CTSS performed better for prognostic purposes than for triage as all 7 CTSSs showed acceptable AUCs in both types of prognostic ROC curves. There is not much difference among performance of different CTSSs.

Study of Different Methods of Midline Laparotomy Incision Closure and their Outcomes

Background: The closure of such a laparotomy wound is important to minimize the postoperative complications like wound pain, infection, dehiscence and incisional hernia. Aims: The objectives of this study was to study the various techniques of midline laparotomy incision closure and their outcomes like wound dehiscence, wound infection and incisional hernia up to six months. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients who were operated for midline laparotomy were included as subject material after they satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Most common indication of laparotomy in the study was gastric ulcer perforation. Incidence rate of surgical site infection, wound dehiscence and incisional hernia was lower in cases of smaller bite length. Incidence rate of surgical site infection wound dehiscence and incisional hernia was lower with continuous suturing. Conclusion: The study results showed that best technique for midline laparotomy incision closure is small bite continuous suturing with mass closure. The small bites technique with continuous suturing showed better results than small bite technique with interrupted suturing. Present study thus recommends that small bite continuous suturing with mass closure should be considered as the standard closure technique for midline incisions.

Limiting control: vocabularies and strategies of unpredictability in contemporary art

ABSTRACT Contemporary artists utilise a variety of methods which allow unpredictable forces, such as randomness, chance, chaos, the subconscious, participation, and others, to influence their creative process. These sources of unpredictability are situated against the artist’s control in the creative process. We developed a system of control-limiting strategies that enable the simultaneous study of different methods with similar sources of unpredictability. Through examples – including works by other artists and works by one of the authors – we introduce Internal, External, Relational/Interactive and Mechanical strategies. We analyse the way control is limited in the creative process and draw conclusions on how this affects the artwork.

Comparative Study of Different Methods for Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) Diagnosis in Fish

The consumption of fish as useful animal protein is on the rise around the world, and the transport of fish is being considered as a means of trade between countries around the world. Every year, the occurrence of the Viral Necrosis Virus (VNN) disease in fish, as their main host, causes great damage to the fisheries industry. Undoubtedly, one of the ways to succeed in the aquaculture industry of the future will be the rapid diagnosis and prevention of aquatic diseases, which are currently the biggest cause of losses in the aquaculture industry. Failure to definitively diagnose the pathogen in aquatic animals has led to an increase in the use of antibiotics and, while it may not lead to definitive treatment, has also led to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, prolonging the time of identification and diagnosis of the pathogen causes more prevalence of the disease, more losses and damages in fish farms and the resulting costs. OIE documents and various pieces of evidence introduce valid tools and methods in the diagnosis of betanodavirus that can be used according to the type of sample and available facilities. In this regard, the selection of a valid and rapid diagnosis method will make a significant contribution to improving methods to control, prevent and combat the spread of this worldwide disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare different methods of VNN diagnosis and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages.

Efficacy and Safety of Different Thermal Ablation Modalities for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Network Meta-Analysis.

Small thyroid-like carcinoma (PTMC) is one of the most common subtypes of thyroid cancer. The main treatment options include surgery and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), and laser ablation (LA). Thermal ablation has the advantage of being less invasive and has fewer complications than traditional surgical treatment. The objective is to explore the efficacy and safety of PTMC by different thermal ablation modalities through a network meta-analysis. From the database establishment to October 2021, a computerized search of the Chinese Knowledge Infrastructure (CKNI), VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full-Text Database (VP-CSJFD), WanFang Data journal article resource (WangFang), PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase were performed to include the different methods of thermal ablation for small thyroid carcinoma. A retrospective study of different methods of thermal ablation of small thyroid carcinoma was included. A total of 12 retrospective studies involving 1,926 patients with PTMC were included, all of which were of high quality. This study mainly involved RFA, MWA, LA, and ethanol combined with radiofrequency ablation (EA + RFA). Network meta-analysis showed no significant difference between interventions (p > 0.05) in terms of recurrence rate. Surgical resection may be the measure with the lowest recurrence rate after treatment of PTMC, LA may be the measure with the lowest incidence of complications after treatment, and RFA may be the measure with the least length of hospital stay, operation time, and postoperative lymph node metastasis rate. However, due to the limitations of network meta-analysis, this result still needs to be treated with caution, and more high-quality, large-sample clinical studies are recommended for further verification.