Replication Study Research Articles

The future of replication in applied linguistics: Toward a standard for replication studies

Abstract High-quality replication studies are widely understood to be critical to the growth and credibility of our discipline, as shown in commentaries and discussion since the 1970s, at least. Nevertheless, misunderstandings and limitations in the aims, designs, and reporting of replication research remain, thus reducing the usefulness and impact of replications. To address this issue and improve the rigor, quality, and conduct of replication studies in applied linguistics, a new standard for reporting replication studies that captures several critical features of replication research not discussed in current reporting guidelines is proposed. Importantly, this standard applies basic expectations in replication reporting so that outcomes can be better understood and evaluated. By applying this standard, replication studies will better meet their aims to confirm, consolidate, and advance knowledge and understanding within applied linguistics and second language research. In addition, readers will more easily understand how the replication study was carried out and be able to better evaluate the claims being made.

A Systematic Review of Eye-Tracking Technology in Second Language Research

Eye-tracking has become increasingly popular in second language (L2) research. In this study, we systematically reviewed 111 eye-tracking studies published in 17 L2 journals to explore the application and replicability of eye-tracking technology in L2 research. The results revealed eight areas of application of eye-tracking in L2 research, among which grammar and vocabulary were the most frequently examined lines of inquiry. We also identified three types of cognitive mechanisms investigated in L2 eye-tracking studies: attention, higher cognitive processes, and cognitive load. Attention was predominantly measured via fixation temporal indices, while higher cognitive processes were frequently measured by using fixation count and fixation temporal measures. In addition, the measures adopted to assess cognitive load mainly depended on the task type. Finally, with respect to the replicability of the studies, transparent reporting practices were evaluated based on 33 features of replicable studies. We found that more than 95% of the reviewed studies reported less than 70% of the information essential for future replication studies. We suggest that the reporting of the information critical to conducting replicable L2 eye-tracking research needs improvement in transparency and completeness. The implications of this study are discussed.

Replication study identified EFEMP1 association with varicose vein predisposition among Indians

BackgroundVaricose vein is a chronic condition that affects the lower extremities of the human body. Several factors have been implicated in the development of this disease, viz age, gender, weight, height and prolonged standing. Recently, genome-wide studies have identified genetic biomarkers that are associated with varicose veins in different ethnic groups. Such genetic studies are lacking in South Asians specifically in Indians where the prevalence of varicose veins is high, and it is important to replicate these variants in the stated population. The study aimed to replicate the association of genetic variants associated with varicose veins in this target population, which were found to be associated with the other ethnic groups.MethodologyThe studied cohort is of the Indian population comprising unrelated 104 varicose veins cases and 448 non-varicose vein controls. The samples were genotyped using the Illumina Global Screening Array. Using the genomic data from UK BioBank and 23andMe studied cohorts; eight genetic variants were selected to replicate in our dataset. The allelic association was performed to identify the effective allele and risk was estimated using odds ratio and p-value as level of significance. Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction was used to estimate the cumulative effect of variants in Indians.ResultVariant rs3791679 of EFEMP1 was found to be associated with varicose veins in Indians. After observing the association of the EFEMP1 with varicose veins, we further ensued to identify all genetic variants within EFEMP1 to uncover the additional variants associated with this trait. Interestingly, we identified six new variants of EFEMP1 gene that have shown association. Moreover, the cumulative effect of all associated variations was estimated and the risk was 2.7 times higher in cases than controls whereas independently their effect ranges from 0.37–1.58.ConclusionThis study identifies EFEMP1 as a potential gene related to the risk of varicose veins in Indians. It also highlights that evaluating the maximum number of variants of a gene rather than focusing solely on replicating single variations offers a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the genetic factors contributing to a complex trait like varicose veins.

Circulating microRNAs in association with pancreatic cancer risk within 5 years.

Early detection is critical for improving pancreatic cancer prognosis. Our study aims to identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with pancreatic cancer risk. The two-stage study used plasma samples collected ≤5 years prior to cancer diagnosis, from case-control studies nested in five prospective cohort studies. The discovery stage included 185 case-control pairs from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Replication stage samples comprised 277 pairs from Shanghai Women's Health Study/Shanghai Men's Health Study, Southern Community Cohort Study, and Multiethnic Cohort Study. Seven hundred and ninety-eight miRNAs were measured using the NanoString nCounter Analysis System. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for per 10% change in miRNAs in association with pancreatic cancer risk were derived from conditional logistic regression analysis in discovery and replication studies, separately, and then meta-analyzed. Stratified analysis was conducted by age at diagnosis (<65/≥65 years) and time interval between sample collection and diagnosis (≤2/>2 years). In the discovery stage, 120 risk associated miRNAs were identified at p < .05. Three were validated in the replication stage: hsa-miR-199a-3p/hsa-miR-199b-3p, hsa-miR-767-5p, and hsa-miR-191-5p, with respective ORs (95% CI) being 0.89 (0.84-0.95), 1.08 (1.02-1.13), and 0.90 (0.85-0.95). Five additional miRNAs, hsa-miR-640, hsa-miR-874-5p, hsa-miR-1299, hsa-miR-22-3p, and hsa-miR-449b-5p, were validated among patients diagnosed at ≥65 years, with OR (95% CI) of 1.23 (1.09-1.39), 1.33 (1.16-1.52), 1.25 (1.09-1.43), 1.28 (1.12-1.46), 0.76 (0.65-0.89), and 1.22 (1.07-1.39), respectively. The miRNA targets were enriched in pancreatic carcinogenesis/progression-related pathways. Our study suggests that circulating miRNAs may identify individuals at high risk for pancreatic cancer ≤5 years prior to diagnosis, indicating its potential utility in cancer screening and surveillance.

Bug reports priority classification models. Replication study

Bug reports priority classification models. Replication study

Forcing a Deterministic Frame on Probabilistic Phenomena: A Communication Blind Spot in Media Coverage of the “Replication Crisis”

The current controversy surrounding research replication in biomedical and psychosocial sciences often overlooks the uncertainties surrounding both the original and replication studies. Overemphasizing single attempts as definitive replication successes or failures, as exemplified by media coverage of the landmark Reproducibility Project: Psychology, fosters misleading dichotomies and erodes public trust. To avoid such unintended consequences, science communicators should more clearly articulate statistical variation and other uncertainty sources in replication, while emphasizing the cumulative nature of science in general and replication in particular.

Replication Study to Evaluate the Effects of Awe on Humility

This paper replicates Stellar and Colleagues’ 2018 study involving an experimental manipulation of awe using standardized video induction, as well as proposing and testing out an additional hypothesis. The previous study hypothesized that watching an awe-inducing video would lead participants to write fewer strengths before writing their weaknesses. In addition to the replication, we hypothesized that participants with higher scores of depressive symptomatology (DS) would list fewer strengths due to diminished self-concept and self-efficacy. Ninety-four undergraduate psychology students were recruited from McGill University ranging from 18 to 35 years of age. Participants were randomly assigned to either the awe-inducing or neutral video condition, and then filled out measures of humility, emotional reactions, and DS. In contradiction with the original study, participants in the awe condition and the neutral condition did not significantly differ in their ratio of disclosed strengths to weaknesses, therefore no significant correlations were found between awe and humility or humility and depression. Additionally, results indicated that participants with greater DS did not list fewer strengths compared to those scoring lower on the CES-D. We were unable to directly replicate the original study and thus rejected our alternate hypothesis. This study had various potential limitations, among which are the possibilities of self-report bias, issues regarding convenience sampling, and bias due to time constraints. The current study advances the literature by including depression relating to awe and humility. Further research is needed, to differentiate lab-induced awe from natural experiences of awe and identify possible moderating factors on humility.

Registered Nurse to Baccalaureate Completion Program: Student’s Perceptions of Online Faculty Caring Behaviors

The concept of caring is foundational in nursing and nursing education. A replication study was conducted to describe faculty behaviors of caring identified by nursing students enrolled in an online Registered Nurse Baccalaureate Completion Program in the fall of 2022. The Student Perspectives Online Survey was distributed to students to identify and rank faculty caring behaviors. Three themes including empathy, individualized/timely feedback, and clear communication emerged. The results of this study validate previous study results that identifying and integrating pivotal online caring behaviors assist faculty to increase connectiveness to nursing students.

Factors that determine Islamic entrepreneurial intention: an empirical investigation using two country samples

Purpose Islam describes business as a legitimate means of halal income. However, little is known about what attracts people towards Islamic entrepreneurship or halalpreneurship. By applying the theory of planned behaviour, this study aims to contribute to this underexplored area by investigating the factors that affect Islamic entrepreneurial intention (IEI). Design/methodology/approach This study examined a mediation model using two country samples. First, the hypotheses were tested on a sample recruited from a high-income economy (i.e. Saudi Arabia) using structural equation modelling in AMOS V26. The authors then conducted a replication study to investigate the robustness of the findings using a sample recruited from a lower-middleincome economy (i.e. Bangladesh) and a different analysis technique, the PROCESS mediation model in SPSS V25. Findings The findings suggest that IEI depends on four antecedents, namely, attitude towards Islamic entrepreneurship, general entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Islamic entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived halal income. These antecedents also mediate the relationship between moral judgement and IEI. Research limitations/implications This study offers an empirical framework that captures several perspectives on the formation of IEI. The findings contribute to entrepreneurial intention and motivation research by suggesting factors that motivate individuals to engage in Islamic entrepreneurship. Originality/value The findings imply that the framework of IEI can withstand diverse socioeconomic contexts. A novel perspective of this study is that Muslims who are motivated by perceived halal income show greater interest in becoming Islamic entrepreneurs.

The interpretation of verbal moods in Spanish: A close replication of Kanwit and Geeslin (2014)

Abstract This study is a close replication of Kanwit and Geeslin (2014), a variationist investigation of the interpretation of verbal moods in adverbial clauses in Spanish. Whereas the first language (L1) of the second-language participants in the initial study was English, we explore whether Kanwit and Geeslin’s results extend to other L1 populations—Swedish and French learners of Spanish. Participants in the replication study completed the same interpretation task and grammar test as those in the initial study. Results showed, for example, that multiple factors influenced their variable interpretation of verbal moods, there was evidence of change between course levels, and there were certain differences in interpretation between the French and Swedish groups. This study contributes to knowledge about the interpretation of a variable structure by enhancing the confirmatory power of some of the initial study’s findings, while also suggesting that the learners’ L1 leads to diverging findings.

Academic and behavior combined support: A single-case practice-based replication study

The purpose of this research was to conduct a practice-based replication of Academic and Behavior Combined Support (ABC Support), a previously developed and experimentally evaluated supplemental intervention that merges a combined focus on reading fluency and academic engagement. In the present study, a school-based interventionist and data collector had access to implementation resources online and participated in virtual training and coaching. Four Grade 2 students received the ABC Support intervention for 6 weeks in their school. Students' oral fluency on training and non-training reading passages, as well as occurrence of engagement and disruptive behaviors during universal reading instruction, were measured repeatedly across baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases in a multiple-baseline design. In concert with prior empirical findings on ABC Support, analyses revealed improvement from baseline to intervention for both reading and behavior outcomes, as well as from baseline to follow-up assessments. Empirical contributions of the study are offered within the context of replication research and an implementation science perspective. We also emphasize the importance of telecommunication for practice-based research evaluation of interventions.

First Report of Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease Caused by Serratia marcescens on Cucurbit Crops in Iowa

Cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD) is caused by Serratia marcescens, vectored by squash bugs (Anasa tristis), and is an emerging disease in many parts of the U.S. CYVD can cause 100% yield losses in cucurbits (Bruton et al., 2003). In the summer of 2021, at the Iowa State University Horticultural Research Station (HRS) in Gilbert, Iowa, we observed leaf yellowing, vine decline, and honey-brown discoloration of the phloem of acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo cv. Table Ace) plants in research fields that were infested with squash bugs. In 2022, we observed similar symptoms on pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima cv. Howden) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo cv. Athena) in different fields at the HRS and on giant pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima cv. Prizewinner) in Jones and Ringgold counties. For up to 3 symptomatic plants of each cucurbit species per location, a 20-cm-long stem section immediately above the soil line was excised, surface sterilized by immersion in 10% sodium hypochlorite and 70% ethanol for 2 min each, then triple rinsed in sterile water. The interior of the cross-section tissue was blotted on Luria agar amended with cycloheximide (100 μg/ml) and tetracycline (20 μg/ml) (Stock et al. 2003). Whitish translucent colonies developed after incubation at 28°C for 48 h. The genomic DNA of three isolates from symptomatic plants of muskmelon (MK01), pumpkin (HFP01), and giant pumpkin (AP01), was extracted using the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD). S. marcescens species-specific primers YV1 (5’-GGGACTTGCTCCCCGG-3’) and YV4 (5’-AACGTCAATTGATGAACGTATTAAGT-3’) (Bruton et al. 2003) were used to amplify part of the 16S rDNA gene, and the primers specific to S. marcescens CYVD strains A79F/A79R (Zhang et al., 2005) were used to amplify part of a major facilitatory superfamily (MFS) transporter gene strain. The sequences of the 16S rRNA PCR product for the three isolates were identical and were deposited in NCBI under Accession OR963533. They shared 100% (395/395 nt) identity with other CYVD strains (Rascoe et al. 2003) and those of other S. marcescens strains in NCBI. The sequences of the amplified region of the MFS transporter gene of the three isolates (NCBI Accession OR962261) were identical and showed a 98.8% (319/323 nt) identity to that of non-CYVD-causing S. marcescens strains, such as N10A28 (Accession CP033623.1). Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by inoculating C. pepo cv. Zephyr plants with either strain HFP01 or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (10 plants per treatment) 1 wk after seeding by injecting 300 µl of bacteria (~108 CFU/ml) or PBS using a syringe needle. Plants were incubated at 28°C in a growth room for 4 wks. CYVD symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on 7 out of 10 plants inoculated with strain HFP01 in one study, and 9 out 10 plants in a replicate study, with none of the PBS-inoculated plants showing CYVD symptoms. Bacteria were isolated from the symptomatic plants with selection on tetracycline. The PCR fragments amplified with YV1/YV4 and A79F/A79R were the same size as those of the pre-inoculation strain HFP01. To our knowledge this is the first report of CYVD in Iowa and in the Upper Midwest of the U.S. CYVD is a devastating disease that poses a significant threat to cucurbit production. This report can serve as an alert for the region’s growers and for the development of effective management practices.

Closing the Gap: A Conceptual Replication of an Early Reading Intervention

This study presents results from a conceptual replication of a promising early reading intervention. The On Track program, previously found to be effective in a researcher-driven and tightly controlled setting, was implemented in a larger sample of schools. To investigate the robustness of the original findings, specific aspects of the implementation were deliberately altered from the original study. Specifically, (i) local school authorities were in charge of the practical implementation and (ii) schools and teachers had greater autonomy in decisions regarding which student received the intervention and for how long. All schools (n = 42) in two Norwegian school districts were randomly assigned, for the first grade, either to a condition involving implementation of the On Track program for students at risk of reading difficulties or to a control condition. Results indicated that the intervention significantly reduced the number of at-risk students by the end of first grade. However, effect sizes in the replication study were reduced compared to the original try-out.

Self-Determination Interventions for Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Transitioning to Postsecondary Education: A Scoping Review

Students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) need a myriad of independent living skills to seamlessly transition to postsecondary education. One of these skills is self-determination. Self-determination is deemed as a combination of knowledge and skills that enables a person to become autonomous. So, the purpose of this scoping review was to explore the interventions that promote self-determination in students with IDDs as they transition to postsecondary education in USA. Arksey’s and O’Malley’s framework guided this scoping review paper. An electronic search was conducted using IU OneSearch. The search was restricted to peer-reviewed studies, books, and eBooks published in English language between 2010 to 2022. Studies were screened at the title and abstract levels, and at full-text level by the author. In total, two studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Findings showed that curriculum-based and community-based interventions had remarkable potentials in promoting self-determination in students with IDDs who were transitioning to postsecondary education. Implications for research include developing and implementing more curriculum-based and community-based interventions; measuring treatment integrity through checklists; describing implementation procedures to allow for replication studies to be conducted; and utilizing a mixed-methods research design in intervention studies.

LEARNING STYLES AND MATHEMATICAL DISPOSITIONS AS PREDICTORS OF THE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The primary purpose of this study is to determine whether learning styles and mathematical dispositions predict students critical thinking skills. This study employed a descriptive and correlational research approach. Using stratified random sampling, 271 grade 10 students were selected as respondents from six public secondary schools in Kapalong East District, Davao del Norte Division during the school year 2022-2023. Furthermore, this study employed two adapted survey questionnaires and one researcher-made questionnaire, all of which were validated to collect data and treated using mean, standard deviation, Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient, and regression analysis. The findings showed that the learning styles among the students are high, their mathematical dispositions are moderate, and their critical thinking skills are low. The findings also revealed that learning styles has a positive significant relationship and influence on students critical thinking skills in mathematics. However, students mathematical dispositions have an inverse relationship and influence to their critical thinking skills in mathematics. These findings underscore the importance of nurturing critical thinking skills among students. It is recommended that teachers and DepEd officials collaborate to create interventions aimed at enhancing students critical thinking skills. Furthermore, replication studies across diverse contexts are advised to validate the longevity of these relationships and further advance our comprehension of the subject matter. KEYWORDS: Learning styles, mathematical dispositions, critical thinking skills, grade 10 students, descriptive-correlational approach, regression analysis, Kapalong East District, Davao del Norte.

Replication study on the role of dopamine-dependent prefrontal reactivations in human extinction memory retrieval

Even after successful extinction, conditioned fear can return. Strengthening the consolidation of the fear-inhibitory safety memory formed during extinction is one way to counteract return of fear. In a previous study, we found that post-extinction L-DOPA administration improved extinction memory retrieval 24 h later. Furthermore, spontaneous post-extinction reactivations of a neural activation pattern evoked in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during extinction predicted extinction memory retrieval, L-DOPA increased the number of these reactivations, and this mediated the effect of L-DOPA on extinction memory retrieval. Here, we conducted a preregistered replication study of this work in healthy male participants. We confirm that spontaneous post-extinction vmPFC reactivations predict extinction memory retrieval. This predictive effect, however, was only observed 90 min after extinction, and was not statistically significant at 45 min as in the discovery study. In contrast to our previous study, we find no evidence that L-DOPA administration significantly enhances retrieval and that this is mediated by enhancement of the number of vmPFC reactivations. However, additional non-preregistered analyses reveal a beneficial effect of L-DOPA on extinction retrieval when controlling for the trait-like stable baseline levels of salivary alpha-amylase enzymatic activity. Further, trait salivary alpha-amylase negatively predicts retrieval, and this effect is reduced by L-DOPA treatment. Importantly, the latter findings result from non-preregistered analyses and thus further investigation is needed.

Predatory Helpfulness: A Replication (and Expansion) Study Examining Grooming and Recruitment Tactics in Sex Trafficking

ABSTRACT Sex trafficking occurs when a trafficker uses force, fraud, or coercion to trap their victim into exploitative commercial sex work. Focusing on the fraud and coercion, Basra et al. proposed a new framework, Predatory Helpfulness, which consists of a two-prong process of both a grooming stage priming the victim for seduction, and a recruitment stage which activates the victim into exploitative commercial sex. The Predatory Helpfulness framework provides cohesive terminology with which to organize, assess, and understand how traffickers form relationships with their intended victims. The current study used qualitative methods to evaluate the application of the Predatory Helpfulness framework in a geographically and ethnically diverse sample of sex trafficking survivors (n = 59). Participants were recruited both within the domestic United States and internationally. Results showed strong support for the presence of Predatory Helpfulness tactics. Specifically, 58 of the 59 participants described experiences matching Predatory Helpfulness tactics in both the grooming and recruitment stages; 50 of the 59 participants also spontaneously identified a relational shift that occurred between the grooming and recruitment stages. Additionally, findings support the idea that traffickers are far more likely to prevail upon those in crisis via multiple grooming tactics, and to do so quickly (i.e. move to shift the relationship into exploitation within six months). In sum, Predatory Helpfulness offers a clear way for legal actors to identify sex trafficking victims using both the federal legal definitions and survivors’ own language and narratives.

Bats, Bacteria, and Bat Smell V.2.0: Repeatable Sex-Specific Differences in Scent Organ Microbiota

Reproducibility is a fundamental principle in science, ensuring reliable and valid findings. However, replication studies are scarce, particularly in ecology, due to the emphasis on novelty for publication. We explored the possibility of replicating original findings in the field of microbial and chemical ecology by conducting a conceptual replication of a previous study analysing the sex-specific differences in the microbial communities inhabiting the wing sacs, a scent organ with crucial functions in olfactory communication, of greater sac-winged bat (Saccopteryx bilineata). In the original study, the skin swabs from the antebrachial wing sacs of the males and wing sac rudiments of the females were analysed using culture-dependent methods to test sex-specific differences. The authors demonstrated that males have lower microbial richness and different microbial composition than females. We attempted to reproduce these findings using 16S rRNA sequencing, which offers improved accuracy in pinpointing microbial members than culture-dependent methods because of advanced statistical methods. Our study validated the original study’s findings: Males had a lower microbial richness, and the community composition differed between the sexes. Furthermore, in the current study, males had an increased abundance of bacteria that might potentially be involved in odour production and degradation of malodorous substances and antimicrobial production. Our conceptual replication study corroborated that microbes can play a role in shaping their host’s olfactory phenotype and consequently influence sexual selection. Furthermore, the current study emphasises the importance of replication efforts and hopefully encourages a culture that values replication studies in scientific practice.

On the Continued Need for Replication in Media and Communication Research

Common models of the scientific method articulate the processes by which we hypothesize about the correlation between variables and then test those predictions to make incremental conclusions about the world around us. Implied in this process is the replication and extension of that knowledge to various contexts. As with other social sciences, published analyses have demonstrated that media and communication scholarship suffers from a lack of replication studies, often due to presumptions about the lack of reward or incentive for conducting this work—such as perceived difficulties securing support for and/or publishing these studies. This commentary will reflect on and reinforce arguments for the intentional and important role of replication studies in media and communication scholarship. The essay reflects on replication as a key to post-positivist approaches, and then highlights recent developments that center replication work as key to scientific progression.

Abstract 2187: Influences of high-fat diet on tumor biology in a mouse model of colorectal cancer

Abstract Purpose: To test the influence of high-fat diet on tumor biology in the inducible Kras, Apc and p53 (iKAP) model (Boutin, et al Genes &amp; Development 2017, 31:370). Methods: At weening, both male and female mice were fed either a high-fat (60%) or low-fat (10%) diet for 5-6 weeks prior to tumor induction. Mutant Kras expression was controlled using a tet-on system. Expression of mutant Kras was activated by the addition of doxycycline hyclate in the drinking water. Tumor growth was monitored by bi-weekly endoscopy and calculated as percent luminal occlusion. Tumor biology was assessed with proteomics and phospho-proteomics with comparisons by sex and diet. Results: In the absence of mutant Kras expression (no doxycycline in drinking water), tumors were larger in females on high-fat diet compared to low-fat diet. Tumor sizes were not significantly different in males or in the presence of mutant Kras expression. Proteomics analyses of tumor tissue identified significantly different patterns by diet in female mice, including altered levels of KIF4, DAB2iP, JNK cascade and JUN kinase activity (Table). Conclusion: Based on our preliminary data, high-fat diet may alter tumor kinase activities, even in a genetically engineered mouse model. Replication and validation studies are ongoing. Table of significantly upregulated biologic processes in female mice on high-fat diet compared to lo XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Citation Format: Anindita Mahanty, Cara Wallingford, Revan Hammontree, Muturi Njoka, Zachary Clark, Michaella Rekowski, Michael Washburn, Jennifer S. Davis. Influences of high-fat diet on tumor biology in a mouse model of colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2187.