Study In Kazakhstan Research Articles

The expression levels of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in blood serum of Alzheimer’s dementia patients: report from a pilot study in Kazakhstan

AbstractBackgroundChronic peripheral inflammation is one of the critical factors contributing significantly to the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Human and animal studies strongly suggest that systemic inflammation, marked by changes in the peripheral profile of blood immune cells and blood levels of circulating pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, can promote or even precede pro‐inflammatory conditions in the CNS. It has been reported that the levels of circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines are increased while the levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines are decreased in AD patients. However, despite increasing data supporting the association between abnormal peripheral inflammation and AD, no well‐established inflammatory biomarkers are currently available for AD. In this regards, we have studied an expanded spectrum of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the serum samples of the patients diagnosed with AD and compared them to those without cognitive impairment matched on age and gender.MethodsWe have simultaneously assayed cytokines and chemokines in the serum of AD patients (n=40) and normal controls (n=46) using MILLIPLEX Map Human Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Beas Panel on the Luminex xMAP technology according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The kit included the following 41 human cytokines and chemokines: EGF, IL‐12P70, IL‐13, IL‐15, IL‐17A, IL1RA, IP‐10, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, RANTES, VEGF, FGF‐2, TGF‐α, FIT‐3L, Fractalkine, GRO, MCP‐3, MDC, PDGF‐AA, PDGF‐AB/BB, sCD40L, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, TNFα, G‐CSF, IFNγ, TNFβ, IL‐10, IL‐2, GM‐CSF, IL‐3, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐9, Eotaxin, IFNα2, and IL‐12P40.ResultsWe have found IL‐12P40, IL‐9, IL‐7, GM‐CSF, IL‐10, IFNγ, IL‐1α, MCP‐3, FIT‐3L, IL‐17A, IL‐13, IL‐15, and IL‐12P70 were significantly higher in Alzheimer’s patients compared to controls. At the same time, cognitively healthy controls had higher concentrations of PDGF‐AB/BB, PDGF‐AA, RANTES, and FGF‐2 in the peripheral blood. We observed significant positive correlation between C‐reactive protein and IP‐10 (r=0.5), IL1RA (r=0.3), PDGF‐AA (r=0.3), IL‐10 (r=0.3), GRO (r=0.4), GCSF (r=0.3), PDGF‐AB/BB (r=0.3).ConclusionStudying the expression levels of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the blood serum of Alzheimer’s dementia patients is of considerable interest since it can potentially contribute to the discovery of new blood‐based biomarkers for earlier diagnosis of AD and development of the personalized treatment strategies.

Thermal Response Measurement and Performance Evaluation of Borehole Heat Exchangers: A Case Study in Kazakhstan

The purpose of the present work was to determine the thermal performance of borehole heat exchangers, considering the influences of their geometric configurations and the thermophysical properties of the soil, grout and pipe wall material. A three-dimensional model was developed for the heat and mass transfer in soil (a porous medium) and grout, together with one-dimensional conductive heat transfer through the pipe walls and one-dimensional convective heat transfer of the heat transfer fluid circulating in the pipes. An algorithm was developed to solve the mathematical equations of the model. The COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to implement the algorithm and perform the numerical simulations. An apparatus was designed, installed and tested to implement the thermal response test (TRT) method. Two wells of depth 50 m were drilled in the Almaty region in Kazakhstan. Gravel and till/loam were mainly found, which are in accordance with the stratigraphic map of the local geological data. In each well, two borehole heat exchangers were installed, which were an integral part of the ground source heat pump. The TRT measurements were conducted using one borehole heat exchanger in one well and the data were obtained. The present TRT data were found to be in good agreement with those available in literature. The numerical results of the model agreed well with the present TRT data, with the root-mean-square-deviation within 0.184 °C. The TRT data, together with the predictions of the line-source analytical model, were utilized to determine the soil thermal conductivity (λg = 2.35 W/m K) and the thermal resistance of the borehole heat exchanger from the heat transfer fluid to the soil (Rb = 0.20 m K/W). The model was then used to predict the efficiencies of the borehole heat exchangers with various geometric configurations and dimensions. The simulation results show that the spiral borehole heat exchanger extracts the highest amount of heat, followed by the multi-tube, double U-type parallel, double U-type cross and single U-type. It is also found that the spiral configuration can save 34.6% drilling depth compared with the conventional single U-type one, suggesting that the spiral configuration is the best one in terms of the depth and the maximum heat extracted. The simulation results showed that (i) more heat was extracted with a higher thermal conductivity of grout material, in the range of 0.5–3.3 W/m K; (ii) the extracted heat remained unchanged for a thermal conductivity of pipe material higher than 2.0 W/m K (experiments in the range of 0.24–0.42 W/m K); (iii) the extracted heat remained unchanged for a volumetric flow rate of water higher than 1.0 m3/h (experimental flow rate 0.6 m3/h); and (iv) the heat extracted by the borehole heat exchanger increased with an increase in the thermal conductivity of the soil (experiments in the range of 0.4–6.0 W/m K). The numerical tool developed, the TRT data and simulation results obtained from the present work are of great value for design and optimization of borehole heat exchangers as well as studying other important factors such as the heat transfer performance during charging/discharging, freezing factor and thermal interference.

Reactive Transport Modeling during Uranium In Situ Leaching (ISL): The Effects of Ore Composition on Mining Recovery

Unconsolidated sandstone uranium deposits exploited by the in situ leaching (ISL) method, contain complex tetravalent and hexavalent uranium compounds, mostly as UO2 and UO3 oxides that have different dissolution rates in sulfuric acid solutions. This work investigates a reactive transport model that takes into account the dissolution of both UO2 and UO3 in sulfuric acid solution together with possible interactions with rock minerals during the ISL uranium extraction. Several empirical reaction rate constants were determined during lab experiments on uranium extraction assays, including dissolution rates of tetravalent and hexavalent uranium oxides, and the dissolution rate of rock components by sulfuric acid solution. Effects on the recovery of solution flow rates and ratios between tetravalent and hexavalent uranium compounds are also investigated. The experimental dissolution constants were then used in the proposed reactive transport model to be applied to a real case study in Kazakhstan for comparing the 16 months history matching of an exploitation block consisting of 18 well injectors and 4 producers. The obtained numerical results show good agreement with empirical data gathered during exploitation.

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Kazakhstan: Data from National Electronic Healthcare System 2014-2019

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health threat. WHO determined Kazakhstan as one of 18 high-priority countries for TB elimination in Europe, with reported TB incidence >20 cases per 100,000 population. There is a lack of comprehensive reseach of TB epidemiology in the country. This study aims to estimate the prevalence, incidence, mortality rates and survival hazard ratios of TB in Kazakhstan, using large-scale administrative health data records in 2014-2019. Methods This is a population-wide retrospective study assessing 150 thousand TB (ICD10: A15-A19) patients’ incidence, prevalence and mortality. Demographic factors, diagnoses and comorbidities were analyzed. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis have been done. Results Out of 150 thousand all TB patients, 61 percent were male and 94 percent had respiratory TB. During 2014-2019, the TB incidence, prevalence and mortality per 100K population declined (227-15.2), doubled (325.3-746.6) and increased (8.4-15.2), respectively. Age-specific TB incidence was lowest for 0-10 y.o., highest for 20 y.o. Being an old person, male, urban resident, retired, with HIV and diabetes was significantly associated with lower survival compared to a young, female, rural resident, employed, with no comorbidities. Conclusions This was the largest TB study in Kazakhstan, presenting the country’s TB by demographic groups, incidence, prevalence, mortality trends, and risk factors against survival. Key messages • During 2014-2019, the TB incidence, prevalence and mortality per 100K population declined (227-15.2), doubled (325.3-746.6) and increased (8.4-15.2), respectively. • Being an old person, male, urban resident, retired, with HIV and diabetes was significantly associated with lower survival compared to a young, female, rural resident, employed, with no comorbidities.

Nudging student recycling behaviour: An experimental study in Kazakhstan and UK higher education

We study the effects of influencing the recycling decisions of young people in the UK and Kazakhstan Universities using a public good experiment with an information nudge (through a video) and a peer effect nudge. Kazakhstan recycles approximately 15% of its municipal waste, compared to almost half in the UK; however, surprisingly, overall contributions are significantly higher from Kazakh students compared to those from UK students. An information video on recycling prompts Kazakh students to contribute more while no such effect is found with the UK students. This suggests that Kazakh students may perceive themselves to be more capable of recycling despite a less sophisticated recycling system compared to the UK. A strong peer effect is seen across both countries. The study highlights the importance of subjective norms through peer nudge and the likelihood of higher contributions from students with siblings. A wider implication is that emerging economies’ educational institutions may have latent positive environmental and recycling practices that developed nations could learn from. The study has implications for educational development as well as national recycling policy frameworks.

Sinology in Kazakhstan: Past and Present

China is a strategic neighbour of Kazakhstan. Studying China is also crucial for Kazakhstan's scholarship. Sinology, a subdiscipline of Oriental Studies that comprehensively works on China, is a relatively new field in Kazakhstan. Sharing a common border with China and having different forms of relations with China throughout history, Kazakhstan has only recently created its own school of Sinology. The reason was that, under the Soviet system, Kazakhstan had not had its own institution working on Oriental studies. The purpose of this paper is to examine the roots of Kazakhstan Sinology and analyse current developments in the school of Kazakhstan Sinology through a historical-analytical lens. The paper begins by introducing Sinology concepts and briefly describing Western and Chinese discussions on the concept of Sinology. Then, the historical evolution of Sinology in Soviet times unpacks the roots of Kazakhstan Sinology. The State of the Art of Sinology describes the latest developments in Kazakhstan, and in conclusion, the author proposes recommendations to advance Sinology studies in Kazakhstan. The paper contends that by combining Soviet and Western scientific traditions with local knowledge, Kazakhstan has a strong chance of establishing its own school of Sinology free of colonial legacy and Western-centric approach. 

Сulturological analysis of petroglyphs “The glory of the ancient Turks”, “Flag bearer”, and “The war of horsemen and foot archers” related to the culture of the ancient Turks in Kazakhstan

Today, the creation of Cultural Studies in Kazakhstan is one of the most important tasks. One of the sources of culture in this field of science is spiritual and material values, the fundamental values of our knowledge. In this regard, the article considers petroglyphs of the ancient Turkic period – monuments of material values of history and culture. The ancient Turkic era is a powerful period of military hegemonic policy. Therefore, the article discusses and presents to the reader images of military scenes of that era in stone relief. The authors of the article, having conducted a scientific analysis of the material values of historical time, set the goal of how to implement it

Occupational burn-out, fatigue and stress in professional rescuers: a cross-sectional study in Kazakhstan

ObjectivesTo find predictors of burn-out in a cohort of rescuers.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingRepublican Rescue Squad (N=105) and Republican Mudslide Rescue Service under the Ministry of Emergency Situations (N=480) in Almaty, Kazakhstan.ParticipantsIn total,...

THE CURRENT STATE OF KOREAN LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND KOREAN TEACHER TRAINING COURSES IN KAZAKHSTAN AND GRADUATES’ EMPLOYMENT STRATEGIES (Focusing on the case of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University)

Korean Studies in Kazakhstan received scholarships or support and benefits to study in Korea andwere able to make great progress in a short period of time. Of course, the role and contribution of theKazakhstan government, which opened the way for Korean Studies education at universities, legally andinstitutionally through education policy, is also absolutely important. However, despite this series ofachievements, Korean Studies have been receiving great attention and love from many Kazakhstanians,but the current legal status of Korean in elementary, middle and high schools does not extend to thesecond foreign language. Therefore, based on the development of Korean Studies for nearly 30 years, Ihave now developed a plan so that graduates who especially majored in “korean language” can work inelementary, middle, and high schools using their majors rather than simply in commercial workplaces.As an alternative, first, through continuous contact at the government level, efforts are made to adoptKorean as a second language, and based on this, a pedagogical curriculum and appropriate experts are recruited. In addition, the Korean government should provide support for graduates and teachers em-ployed in the program, even for a certain period of time, and establish a system for joint management of the program between Korean Education Center in Almaty and the Department of the Far East(KoreanStudies).Key words: Korean Studies, Korean Language, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Department ofthe Far East(Korean Studies), Korean Education Center in Almaty.

Heuristic Optimization Approaches for Capacitor Sizing and Placement: A Case Study in Kazakhstan

Two methods for estimating the near-optimal positions and sizes of capacitors in radial distribution networks are presented. The first model assumes fixed-size capacitors, while the second model assumes controllable variable-size capacitors by changing the tap positions. In the second model, we limit the number of changes in capacitor size. In both approaches, the models consider many load scenarios and aim to obtain better voltage profiles by minimizing voltage deviations and active power losses. We use two recently developed heuristic algorithms called Salp Swarm Optimization algorithm (SSA) and Dragonfly algorithm (DA) to solve the proposed optimization models. We performed numerical simulations using data by modifying an actual distribution network in Almaty, Kazakhstan. To mimic various load scenarios, we start with the baseline load values and produce random variations. For the first model, the optimization algorithms identify the near-optimal positioning and sizes of fixed-size capacitors. Since the second model assumes variable-size capacitors, the algorithms also decide the tap positions for this case. Comparative analysis of the heuristic algorithms shows that the DA and SSA algorithms give similar results in solving the two optimization models: the former gives a slightly better voltage profile and lower active power losses.

Scientific and Methodological Basis of Practice-Oriented Training of Students-Biologists: A Case Study in Kazakhstan

The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of practical major training for biology majors under the framework of higher education modernization. By using a variety of specialized techniques, forms and teaching methods, a discipline that is not only universal and specialized has been formed, competencies, as well as reflective and professional self-actualization. The aim of this research is to study the practically test the organizational and pedagogical conditions of the practice-oriented training for the future teachers-biologists. This quantitative research is to study the practice-oriented training of student biologist from the literature review. Questionnaire pertaining to the scientific and methodological basis of practice-oriented were send to the 3rd and 4th year students majoring in biology. According to the framework standard, a descriptive analysis of the results is carried out on the respondents' assessment of the professional maturity of future teachers; motivation is a symbolic bundle of professional action motivation (professional orientation, job satisfaction), and the individual is an important characteristic of teachers forming an individual. Willingness, ways of personal self-expression and self-development (professional intent, reflection), and cognition serve as the basis for training subjects, methods, psychology, and teaching skills (vocational training, teaching thinking). The proposed levels of professional readiness of future teachers will help to improve the competency in pedagogy of the biology teacher and contribute to the higher education in term of the education curriculums.

Eurasianism as a Non-Western Episteme for Russian Humanities: Interview with Alexander G. Dugin, Dr. of Sc. (Political Sciences, Social Sciences), Professor, Leader of the International Eurasian Movement. Interviewed by M.A. Barannik

Alexander Gelyevich Dugin is a Soviet and Russian philosopher, political scientist, sociologist, theorist, PhD in philosophy, Dr. of Sc. (Political Sciences, Social Sciences), professor, leader of the International Eurasian Movement. He is Professor Emeritus at Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilev and Tehran University, visiting Professor at Southern Federal University, Senior Research Fellow at Fudan University (Shanghai). Alexander G. Dugin is the author of a number of journalistic publications, as well as scientific articles and textbooks on geopolitics and international relations, theory of a multipolar world. He has served as editor-in-chief of the EON publishing center, Dear Angel publishing house, and the journal Elements. Since 1991, he has been the Chairman of the historical-religious Association Arktogeya. From 1997 to 1999, he was the author and host of the program Geopolitical Review (Radio Free Russia). In 1998-2003, an advisor to the Chairman of the Russian State Duma. Since 2001, Chairman of the Political Council (leader) of the All-Russian Socio-Political Movement Eurasia. In 2008 to 2014, Professor, Head of the Department of Sociology of International Relations, Director of the Center for Conservative Research at the Faculty of Sociology at Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. In 2016-2017, editor-in-chief of Tsargrad TV channel. In his interview, Alexander G. Dugin discusses the concept of Eurasianism, its main schools, directions and representatives. Particular attention is paid to the influence of Eurasianism on Russias foreign policy and the strategic partnership between Russia and China. The interview deals with the specifics of Eurasian studies in Kazakhstan and Turkey. The leader of the International Eurasian Movement emphasizes that multipolarity is accompanied by the presence of both external and internal poles.

Environmental awareness study in Kazakhstan: a critical literature review

Environmental problems in Kazakhstan are serious issues to be dealt with, as it ranges from problems of water shortages to nationwide land degradation issues. Within that, one particular problem sticks out that has yet not been significantly scholarly studied. The problem of environmental awareness issue has been known to play a crucial role in sustainable development and pro-ecological programs and policies, as for more than five decades’ various Western researcher works have outlined the positive effects of raising the level of environmental awareness among different groups of population. However, this spe- cific research area has not been thoroughly studied in the context of a Central Asian region, particularly that of Kazakhstan. In light of these problems, this research paper aims to provide a critical literature review on environ- mental awareness studies in the context of Kazakhstan by examining prominent local and international scholarly works on this subject matter. Hence, the objectives of this paper is to provide a foundation of knowledge on the topic; identify research gaps to prevent research inconsistencies; uncover previous research findings and research methodologies used; and compare and contrast the research findings in order to answer unresolved open questions. For that, a total of 82 studies were analyzed. Key words: Kazakhstan, environmental awareness, literature review, content analysis.

Some aspects of the ethnographic studies in Kazakhstan in period of the 1920s

This article is devoted to organizational aspects of the organization of scientific ethnographic re- search. The main purpose of the work is to identify the main features of the ethnographic work carried out in the 1920s in the Kazakh region. For writing this article, materials from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan were used. At the same time, the focus was also on the au- thors’ articles written as a result of the expeditions of the period of the 1920s. In the early 1920s, at the level of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the Kazakh SSR, the question of organizing an ethno- graphic expedition to the Kazakh villages was raised. As a result a Kazakhstan expedition was created, consisting of several detachments of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union with the aim of con- ducting research in the southeastern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan (Zhetysu and East Kazakhstan). The article analyzes the expeditions conducted in the South-Eastern, Eastern, and Western (Mangistau) regions of the Kazakh territory during the second half of the 20s of the twentieth century. Also, on the basis of archival materials, new previously unknown data were used regarding the scientific activities and work of the collector of Kazakh folk songs A. Zatayevich and the chairman of the scientific commis- sion of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the Kazakh Republic A. Chuloshnikov. Key words: Kazakhs of Jetisu, Aday district, traditional culture, Soviet ethnographers, ethnographic expeditions, the study of the culture of the Kazakhs. &nbsp

Formation of singing skills of future music teachers through digital resources

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determination of the formation of singing skills of future music teachers through digital resources. The quantitative research method was used in the study, and the research was conducted in the fall semester of 2021–2022. 376 volunteer music teachers who continue their studies in Kazakhstan participated in the study. In the study, 4 weeks of online training was provided to music teachers. In the study, the ‘digital music platform’ measurement tool developed by the researchers and compiled by experts in the field was used. The measurement tool was delivered and collected by the online method of music teachers. The analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS programme; frequency analysis was carried out using the t-test; and the results obtained were added to the study accompanied by tables. According to the survey results, in live lessons, music teachers use the songs with the formation and this takes place where digital content is also very low. In the event of very frequent use, it was seen that by projecting courses in distance education systems the music rates are quite high.
 
 Keywords: Music Teachers, Digital Content, Live Lesson, Teachers of the Future;

A study of Kazakhstan's diversified and balanced diplomacy from the perspective of geopolitics

As a potential "geopolitical pivot country" and "quicksand zone of American hegemony" in Eurasia, Kazakhstan is the "heart zone" defined by geopolitical scientist Mackinder. It is also the confrontation area between land power and sea power emphasized by Mahan. Therefore, analyzing Kazakhstan from a geopolitical perspective will recognize its geostrategic significance in Central Asia and even the whole Eurasian continent. Since its independence, Kazakhstan's position on the international stage has gradually risen, its influence has increased day by day, and is developing into a regional important country. The rapid development of Kazakhstan is closely related to its strategic geographical location, abundant energy, huge production and scientific and technological potential, and good development prospects of energy transportation infrastructure. In the future, Kazakhstan's diplomatic strategy is to restore Kazakhstan's important position in world development from Kazakhstan to Eurasia, and then from Eurasia to the world on the basis of giving full play to "diversified and balanced diplomacy".

The Impact of the Local Financial Market on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan’s financial market has always been the focus of the government attention as an important element of country development. Therefore, the main goal is to build a well-developed, competitive and trustworthy financial market that has a dominant influence on the economy and sustainable development. Nevertheless, this statement is true for economies that have reached a certain level of development. For countries with economies in transition, achievement of a significant level of economic growth is a prerequisite for the formation of a stable capital market and banking system, that will subsequently have a significant positive impact on economic growth. This study investigates the relationship between the local financial market and economic growth for Kazakhstan based on measures of economic growth and its components, as well as empirical indicators of banking development and stock market — size, liquidity and volatility — used as control variables that determine Kazakhstan’s economy. Time series regression analysis and Granger causality test was performed for data from 1994 to 2017 in order to design country-specific measures for financial development. The results confirmed the profile of Kazakhstan’s economy by showing that world oil prices and total investment are the most powerful factors influencing economic growth. The direction of causation for Kazakhstan comes from economic growth towards the development of the local financial market, contrary to the postulate that the development of a financial intermediary stimulates economic growth. Therefore, at this stage, the financial sector does not stimulate the economic development of Kazakhstan, but rather the economic growth based on oil production and export is a catalyst for the development of the financial sector. It should be recommended to Kazakhstan’s government to shift the focus from financial market to economic development in order to mobilise sufficient volumes of domestic and international investments to transform the economy and make a transition to sustainable growth.

First report from a single center retrospective study in Kazakhstan on acute myeloid leukemia treatment outcomes

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common hematological malignancy in adults. In the last decade, internationally approved AML treatment guidelines, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are widely used in Kazakhstan. The categorization of acute myeloid leukemia was done according to the French-American British classification. The prognosis of patients at the time of diagnosis was determined by cytogenetic tests following the guidelines of the European LeukemiaNet. The overall survival and event-free survival were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and hazard ratios were defined with Cox regression. In total, 398 patients with AML were treated in the National Research Oncology Center between 2010 and 2020. The mean age was 38.3 years. We found a correlation between ethnicity, cytogenetic group, white blood cell count, and treatment approaches with overall and event-free survival. There was a significantly longer OS in a cytogenetic group with a good prognosis compared with intermediate and poor prognosis. The median survival time in the group with a good prognosis was 43 months, 23 months in the intermediate group (p = 0.7), and 12 months in the poor prognosis group (p = 0.016). There was a significantly longer OS for the group of patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 52 months versus 10 months in the group who received chemotherapy only, p-value < 0.0001. Prognostic factors, such as cytogenetic group, initial WBC count, and treatment approaches are significantly associated with patient survival. Our study data were consistent with the most recent studies, available in the literature adjusted for the population in question.

Formation of information and professional competence of primary school teachers with Online Education.

The aim of this research is to provide the formation of knowledge and professional competence of primary school teachers with online education. The research was conducted in the summer term of 2020-2021. 436 primary school teachers who continue their studies in Kazakhstan participated in the research. For the research, 6 weeks of online training on professional competence was given to primary school teachers. The measurement tool called "Online Education and Vocational Competence", which was developed by the researchers and compiled by taking the opinion of experts in the field, was applied to primary school teachers. The data was shared with primary school teachers from the internet with an online questionnaire, and their participation was ensured and collected. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values ​​were used to analyze the data obtained from the Vocational Competence measurement tool.According to the results of the research, the information was examined and in the light of the obtained information, it was observed that the distance education and professional competence status of the primary school teachers showed positive results. Even though their opinions are high, it has been concluded that the online usage status of male teachers is higher than female teachers.&#x0D; Keywords: Primary School Teacher, Zoom Application, Online Education, Professional Seniority, Distance Education&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Youth radicalism: theoretical analysis

This article provides a theoretical analysis of youth radicalism, which is one of the areas of modern radicalism. The excursion showed that youth radicalism, which developed in the United States, was a response to the discrepancy between the values cultivated in the youth environment and generally accepted rules and standards. As for the countries of the post-Soviet space, including Kazakhstan, here youth radicalism developed during the collapse of the USSR, when, in the conditions of a sharp drop in living standards, it was this part of the radical movement that became more active. As a study in Kazakhstan has shown, youth radicalism, as a rule, has not an ideological but a criminal basis. In this regard, in our opinion, a great danger is posed by various criminal groups, which involve modern Kazakhstani youth, where they are forced to extremism, religious fanaticism, crimes, etc. The purpose of this study was to update research aimed at studying the psychological characteristics of youth radicalism, to analyze the susceptibility and prevention of radicalist sentiments of Kazakhstani youth.