Student Youth Research Articles

МЕДИКО-БІОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ВПЛИВУ ФІЗИЧНИХ ВПРАВ НА ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЗДОРОВ’Я СТУДЕНТСЬКОЇ МОЛОДІ

The article examines the medical and biological basis of the influence of physical exercises on the health of student youth. Literary sources related to the topic of the study were analyzed. The problem is described in its general form, which concerns the way of life of modern student youth. It is noted that only in-depth knowledge of the medical and biological influence will help to form students' desire and motivation to engage in physical exercises, as well as to observe the basics of a healthy lifestyle. The morpho-functional changes occurring in the human body during physical exercises are revealed. The division of the organism's reserves into biological and social is presented. The functional effects of exercises on life expectancy is described. A comparative analysis of the influence of motor activity and hypokinesia on the human body was carried out. The basics of adaptation of individual body systems to physical exertion are revealed, namely: changes in the composition and physicochemical properties of blood and the circulatory system, functional effects of adaptation of the respiratory system, features of adaptation of the digestive and metabolic systems, as well as functional effects of adaptation of neurohumoral regulation systems. In the process of research, it was concluded that it is difficult to overestimate the medical and biological impact of physical exercises on the process of preserving the health of student youth, since physical activity affects the human body in a complex way, on all its systems, processes of exchange and accumulation of functional reserves. It was concluded that with the help of physical exercises you can achieve many positive effects and affect the overall life expectancy of a person. Prospects for further research in this direction are seen in determining the level of awareness of student youth in the issues of medical and biological bases of the influence of physical exercises on preserving their own health, as well as finding new approaches for working with students in this direction in order to achieve the formation of sustainable motivation for physical activities exercises and adherence to the basics of a healthy lifestyle.

Social solidarity of students: university practices and fashioning tools

The problem of the research. Integration and consolidation are needed in modern society. Of particular importance is the maintenance of solidaristic practices, the "education" of which should be carried out by the educational system in general and higher education institutions in particular. Today it is important to understand what tools the Russian university system has for the formation of solidaristic thought and action. In this regard, it is important to rethink the experience of the Soviet era, when solidarity education was part of the ideological system. The aim of the article is to identify the most effective tools and methodologies for fostering solidarity consciousness among students at Russian universities, with due consideration of both national and global experience. Materials and methods. Theoretical analysis was employed to examine Russian and global scientific literature on the nature and evolution of social solidarity among young people and students, its underlying principles and manifestations. The system approach and the principle of additionality were employed to comprehend the instruments and practices of social solidarity formation in higher education institutions. The position of an "internal observer" integrated within the university system was augmented and refined by the research position of an "external observer", enabling a comprehensive examination of the university system. Results. The system of Russian higher education in modern conditions continues to be the most important actor of socialization of the young generation, designed to instill in them one of the basic values – the value of social solidarity. The educational subjects within the social and humanitarian block, which form part of the overall educational process, have the potential to facilitate the formation of social solidarity. In order to fully grasp this concept, it is necessary to apply it to the ongoing process of updating the aforementioned disciplines, which are designed to create a uniform set of content and teaching methods. This will help to foster a holistic worldview in young people, equipping them to engage with the world around them in an informed and empathetic manner. The process of fostering solidarity thinking and action cannot be reduced solely to the educational process, the improvement of the curriculum and the set of disciplines. The trinity of educational, educational and scientific processes is capable of forming social solidarity among modern Russian students. Conclusion. It is challenging to envisage Russian society without the pivotal role of higher education, which is tasked with actively shaping the value priorities of young people. In light of the crucial mission of socialization carried out by higher education institutions, which includes the formation of fundamental values and the promotion of solidarity practices among student youth, it is evident that the influence of higher education on the younger generation of Russian citizens is significant.

The Influence of the Dissemination of Fake Information on Social Networks on the Minds of Student Youth

The Influence of the Dissemination of Fake Information on Social Networks on the Minds of Student Youth

Gender Characteristics of the Psychoemotional Status of Students with Different Levels of Academic Performance

The study of the health of student youth remains one of the important areas in scientific research, since the task of higher educational institutions is not only to instill professional skills, but also to form a full-fledged personality. Neuropsychiatric adaptation is one of the keys, so it is important to identify the factors that influence its formation. 120 students of the medical faculty of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University were examined: 1) young men (n=30) and 2) girls (n=30) with high academic performance; 3) young men (n=30) and 4) girls (n=30) with low academic performance. We evaluated emotional intelligence according to the N. Hall scale, aggression according to L. G. Pochebut, the level of depression according to the Tsung test, emotional orientation according to B. I. Dodonov, level of self-esteem, style of behavior in conflict. Young men with high academic performance compared to similar girls are more likely to have a low level of emotional intelligence, high self-esteem, face mild depression, show more physical aggression, and have lower scores in communicative and aesthetic emotional orientation. Among those with low academic performance, girls, in comparison with young men, manage their own emotions worse, do not have high self-esteem, and have higher scores in communicative, hedonic and aesthetic emotional orientation. Sex differences in the psycho-emotional sphere are more clearly manifested among students with a high level of academic performance. The study of gender features in more detail assesses the psycho-emotional state of students, makes it possible to predict possible violations and timely carry out preventive or correctional measures, and, therefore, increase the success of adaptation.

Sociological monitoring of student youth involvement in regional socio-economic development processes in modern Russian society

Student youth is the most creatively active, creative, able to put forward new ideas and implement promising projects social-demographic group of the population of the country and the region. In this regard, the student youth role in the processes of socio-economic development of the region and the country as a whole is key. At the same time, this socio-demographic group requires development and implementation of a clear, systematic, and effective policy in the field of education, culture, socio-economic and professional development, as well as mechanisms of involvement in the processes of regional socio-economic development in order to preserve and further develop human capital. The results of the sociological survey of students of Russian universities and colleges (N = 1.560 thousand people) from all federal districts conducted in 2023 have been presented. According to the sociological monitoring results, it has been revealed that a significant part of students is not purposefully interested in and does not track information about the activities of public authorities and is not involved in the processes of regional socio-economic development. The level of awareness and interaction of student youth with regional youth organizations is low. More than a third of students are not properly informed about the activities of these organizations, and their involvement is no more than 11 %. In order to increase the level of student youth involvement in the processes of regional socio-economic development in modern Russian society, the authors have developed methodological recommendations for engaging activities implementation.

The Role of Digital Media Platforms in Shaping the Values of University Students Youth- Palestine Technical University- Kadoorie as a Case Study

Objectives: This study aims to explore the role of digital media platforms in shaping values among university students, using the case of Khadouri Palestine Technical University. Methods: The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, constructing a questionnaire and testing its validity and reliability. The questionnaire is then applied to a sample of university students, totaling 564 participants. Results: The study revealed several results. Firstly, there is a role for digital media platforms in shaping values among university students, and the increased use of these platforms contributes to shaping values in their various dimensions to a greater extent. Secondly, the most influential digital media platforms on the values of university students are, in order, social media platforms, followed by information platforms, and finally, specialized platforms. Thirdly, the level of overall value formation, including personal, social, political, national, religious, economic, theoretical, and aesthetic values among university students is significant. Conclusion: The study concludes that the continued focus on the objectives and content of digital media platforms, including the values they convey, both short-term and long-term, has a substantial impact on university students and captures their attention.

Коммуникация студенческой молодежи с органами местного самоуправления в социальных медиа

Digital technologies, including in the field of communication between government bodies and the population, are actively used in the context of achieving the goal of digital transformation. Young people use social networks in their everyday lives as forms, mechanisms, technologies of self-realization, self-expression, selfsearching and simply life. Students are one of the most active groups of young people who not only master professional competencies in the learning process, but also get involved in the socio-political agenda of their city, region, country. How familiar, understandable and natural is it for them to interact with local government bodies in social networks? The scientific problem of the study is the lack of empirically substantiated information on the attitude of students to the potential of digital communication with local public authorities in social networks. The authors use the Mix research strategy. The accounts of municipal administrations of the Sverdlovsk region (N=73), as well as the accounts of heads of municipalities (N=71) in the social network VK were analyzed using parsing tools. The data are supplemented by the results of qualitative in-depth interviews with student youth (N=26). The analysis showed that young people do not consider social networks as a channel for dialogue and two-way communication with local governments due to low awareness of the existence of municipal administration accounts in social networks, lack of understanding of how to build a dialogue through this channel and low trust in this communication channel as effective, lack of examples of constructive solutions to issues through social networks. At the same time, the involvement of young people in communication in social networks is higher in the personal accounts of heads of municipalities, but, at the same time, there are fewer young people subscribed to such accounts. To build a dialogue with municipal authorities through social networks, it is necessary to demonstrate to youth the possibilities of communication with municipal administrations in social networks in the context of not only openness and transparency of power, but also involvement in the development and adoption of management decisions.

Блогер глазами московского студента: образ профессии

Recently, Russia has seen not only a rapid increase in the popularity of blogging, but also clear trends towards its professionalization. The interest in blogging among young people is especially pronounced. In this regard, there is a need to study the perception of blogging as a profession by young people, to form an image of this profession in their minds, to understand its essence and features. In addition, it is important to identify the factors influencing the formation of the image of the blogger's profession in the minds of young people. The article presents the results of a study of the image of the blogger profession in the representations of the student youth of the city of Moscow. Based on the analysis of theoretical approaches to the study of the profession image, the structure of the blogger's profession image was developed, which includes cognitive, emotional, personal and behavioral components. The results of the student survey revealed that the cognitive component of the image of the blogger's profession was not formed clearly enough for the majority of respondents. At the same time, the emotional and personal components are characterized by positive features. The analysis of the behavioral component showed that the majority of respondents have no intention of becoming professional bloggers. Among the factors influencing the formation of the image of the blogger's profession, the most significant were the level of education and the degree of involvement in the blogosphere. A student's level of education influences their perception of blogging as a profession. The higher the student's level of education, the less they perceive blogging as a profession and more as a way of self-expression, communication or entertainment. The degree of involvement in the blogosphere influences the correctness of the image of the blogger's profession in the student's mind. The more a young person is interested in the blogosphere, the more their idea of the blogging profession matches reality. The results of the study indicate that, despite the popularity of blogging among students, their ideas about the profession of a blogger often do not correspond to reality.

Manifestation of national identity in the socio-political values of student youth

The problem of national identity is one of the most controversial, not losing scientific and socio-political relevance for many centuries. National identity is based on a system of value guidelines that unites individuals into a single historical, cultural and social community. The formation of national self-awareness occurs in the process of internalization by an individual of the value system of his country. At the same time, the self-perception of belonging to a certain nation is not predetermined by formal citizenship and is not given once and for all; throughout the life of an individual there is the possibility of choice and change of national identity. This choice is inevitable when the country’s value guidelines change. The modern period in Russian history, and indeed the whole world, is a kind of bifurcation point; the values of the globalizing world, the so-called Western values, come into conflict with traditional Russian values. For the preservation of Russian national identity, the choice of young people is of particular importance. The future of the country depends on what value guidelines form the basis of the national self-determination of today's Russian youth. The article presents the results of a study of the relationship between socio-political values and the choice of national identity of Russian students. It is not by chance that students are identified as the object of observation. As the avant-garde, the most educated part of young people with high ambitions and a desire for social independence, students are the most receptive to change. For the analysis, empirical data from a study by the Center for Political Science of the Institute of Socio-Political Research of FCTAS RAS “Students of Russia: civic culture and life strategies” were used. Using the method of factor analysis, based on the results of an empirical study, three basic types of identity were identified: “Russian, person of his city”, “person of the world, the Internet”, “Asian”. It has been proven that the prevailing type of student identity is closely related to his socio-political attitudes and guidelines. The types that differ most in their views are “Russian, person of the city” and “person of the world, the Internet.” The first type is characterized by pronounced positive assessments of Russia's situation on the world stage, optimistic forecasts for the development of both the economy and the development of the country as a whole in 10-15 years. Representatives of this type see the main national idea in the unity of the peoples of Russia in order to revive the country as a great power. Representatives of the “person of the world, Internet” type are characterized by less positive assessments of the present and future of Russia. The main national idea for them is to create a legal and modern democratic state, the path of development is a free market economy. Among the values, such concepts as human rights, freedom and democracy are more significantly represented. But the most important difference between the second type is the pronounced migration sentiment.

Религия глазами российских студентов

The article presents a generalized description of the semantic content of the concept “religion”, characterizing the everyday consciousness of students in the Russian regions. It is compared by a number of main features with similar indicators of reflection of religion of the youth of the Russian regions, obtained by the authors a year earlier. A set of previously tested and new indicators of assessment / interpretation by students of the religious “domain” of social reality is analyzed. The cognitive characteristics of the attitude towards religion, its emotional and evaluative parameters, as well as indicators of the respondent's involvement / distancing in / from religious life are presented. Based on the results of a quantitative analysis of student survey data (quota-nested sample, N=578, 2024), conclusions are made about the dominance of neutral-positive evaluative contexts of religion over negative ones in the consciousness of student youth; on the prevalence of transcendental and meaningfullife interpretations of religion by students with parity of “secularist” and “desecular” contexts of its assessment; on a significant (more than half) degree of students' involvement in various modalities of the religious “field”. The article specifies the empirical interpretation of a number of basic concepts and defines the directions of substantive development of the program-instrumental complex of research.

Трансформация гражданственности студенчества в «переломное время» (на материалах фокус-групп и эссе студентов вузов Ростовской области в 2022 и 2024 гг.)

The article analyzes the opinions and civil positions of students of the Rostov region universities in the context of a Special Military Operation and a destructive ideological war of the collective West against the Russian Federation. Based on the materials of the focus group and essays of the Don students in October – November 2022 (8 groups) and in April 2024 (6 groups, 203 essays), the life-forming factors of student youth are described: life, peace, humanism, family and immediate environment, collectivism and mutual assistance, historical memory, small homeland, patriotism. The events and factors that influenced the moral and social state of the Don students are identified: confrontation with existential problems of war and peace, life and death; uncertainty of the future in the context of the inevitability of a Special Military Operation, cultural isolation of Russia, geopolitical risks and transformation of the world order. In the face of an existential choice, there is a rethinking of the value of family, an increase in the role of the immediate circle and small homeland. A targeted state policy of memory, glorification and memorization of the Special Military Operation participants creates the ground for an increase in the role of historical memory, the values of patriotism and citizenship, trust in the authorities and approval of political decisions. The perception of Western values becomes more critical; the severity of anxiety about the cultural, economic, political isolation of Russia is erased. The hypothesis about the existence of two models of citizenship of Russian students was confirmed: a) the first (civic consciousness as public-state patriotism) is associated with factors of sociocentrism, where there is an identity with one's family, ethnic group, small homeland, and civic identity with the Russian state is strengthened, associated with a sense of duty, responsibility and obligation to it; b) the second (global citizenship) is based on the principles of anthropocentrism with guarantees of observance of constitutional rights and freedoms, humanistic values and global citizenship, but without the individual's obligations to the state.

Practical Thinking on the Brand Construction of College Student Youth League Committee -- Take Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology as an example

Under the background of the new era, the college student Youth League Committee, as a bridge connecting students and schools, not only carries the multiple functions of ideological and political education, campus culture construction and the protection of students rights and interests, but also faces the important task of how to innovate the working mode, enhance the work efficiency and enhance the organizational influence. As an effective way to enhance the organization recognition, enhance the cohesion and attraction, brand construction is gradually becoming an important direction of the work of college students youth League committee. This paper aims to explore the significance, current situation, challenges and practical strategies of the brand construction of the work of college student Youth League committee, in order to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for the innovative development of the work of college Youth League Committee.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE FORMATION OF SPIRITUAL CULTURE IN FUTURE TEACHERS OF ARTISTS

The problem of spirituality, spiritual culture and their role in the formation of the creative personality of student youth is quite relevant. The process of forming spirituality is an important aspect of the modern humane educational paradigm. According to the scientific community, it is spirituality that expresses the degree of "humanization" of the pedagogical process. Questions of spirituality have interested humanity at all times and have been studied by many sciences: philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, ethics, aesthetics, etc. In the New Ukrainian School Program in the Progress to Values, it is stated that now it is important to intensify efforts to raise the spiritual level of Ukrainian youth, to form a stable system of deep moral and spiritual values in them. The purpose of the article is to describe the concept of spiritual culture and the formation of artistic ideas in future teachers during the study of Ukrainian folk art. Analysis, synthesis and modeling methods were used to study the state of research. The results of our research was carried out with the help of empirical methods: pedagogical observation, questionnaires, interviews, testing, the method of experimental evaluations. Mathematical statistics methods were used to process the research results. In the research, we used a complex of general scientific and pedagogical methods. To ensure an objective and comprehensive study of the researched phenomenon, an analysis of scientific, scientific-methodical, and art sources was carried out; the state of development of the problem and prospects for further research were determined; generalization of pedagogical experience in teaching art in a higher education institution. The formation of a spiritual personality takes place in the interconnected process of education and training. An important role in the formation of the spiritual sphere of the individual belongs to education. Its tasks are classified according to the following directions: formation of a scientific outlook; education of a conscious attitude to learning, development of cognitive activity and culture of mental work; education of political consciousness and development of civic activity; education of a creative attitude to work, preparation for a conscious choice of profession; education of morality and culture of behavior; formation of legal awareness and education of civil responsibility; education of aesthetic culture and development of artistic abilities, etc.

Internet-communications of student youth: Aspects of network identity construction (on the example of freshmen students of St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics)

Internet-communications of student youth: Aspects of network identity construction (on the example of freshmen students of St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics)

Укрепление российской идентичности студенческой молодежи в процессе реализации дисциплины «Основы российской государственности»

The aim of the research is to determine the resources of the discipline “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” for fostering a sense of belonging among student youth to the Russian state-civilization. The work reveals the essence of the concept of Russian identity and determines the basis for strengthening it among student youth. The scientific novelty lies in describing educational technologies and mechanisms for strengthening Russian civilizational identity among university students, developed during the classes in the analyzed discipline at the North Caucasus Federal University. As a result of the research, it is proven that the study of the discipline contributes to the development of all structural components of Russian identity through a competency-based approach. The importance of interactive teaching methods in shaping the emotional and behavioral levels of students’ awareness of their belonging to Russia as a state, as a society, and as a civilization is emphasized. The role of traditional lectures and practical exercises in shaping the cognitive component of Russian identity, which is basic and without which the development of other elements of its structure is impossible, is outlined.

Christian education of young people is a guarantee of Ukraine's national security in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war

The article explores the crucial role of Christian education for the youth in the context of fortifying Ukraine's national security, particularly during the Russian-Ukrainian war. An analysis of research and publications indicates that Christian education contributes to the development of resilient individuals grounded in high moral values, possessing advanced social responsibility, and capable of self-sacrifice for the benefit of the homeland. An essential component involves instilling mercy, tolerance, and patriotism in the youth. The article's objective is to study the impact of Christian education on the youth on Ukraine's national security and to identify ways to strengthen it in wartime conditions. The article provides an example of the successful implementation of Christian education among student youth in collaboration between the Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University and the clergy of the Ivano-Frankivsk Eparchy of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The experience of organizing meetings between priests and youth, as well as educators, in university and outreach settings aimed at the development and strengthening of spirituality among both students and their mentors, is discussed. The main conclusions of the article underscore the importance of Christian education for the reinforcement of Ukraine's national security.

Искусственный интеллект глазами российских студентов: настоящее и будущее

The study, which involves 265 respondents, is aimed at identifying student youth’s attitude to using artificial intelligence in various spheres of life and ideas about it. To collect data, the authors use a questionnaire, including open questions and multiple-choice tasks in its main part. To process the data the paper applies content analysis, descriptive statistics and Pearson’s 2 criterion. It is found that students understand the phenomenon of artificial intelligence differently, interpreting it as an imitator of the human brain, a tool or a practice-oriented solution, a certain algorithm or scientific knowledge. Some students do not clearly understand the essence of the term “artificial intelligence” or find it difficult to interpret it. Students associate the main functionality of artificial intelligence with the increased labour or study productivity, with assistance in performing routine; less often, they associate it with creative tasks. However, some students cannot determine the functionality of artificial intelligence or do not see any prospects for its development for humans. Most students, considering artificial intelligence as their assistant, which reduces the time of obtaining data and creates certain conveniences, turn to it to solve their problems often or rarely. They are ready to use only free services or determine the budget for such expenses taking into account the tasks they are to solve. Students find the main barriers to using artificial intelligence in the issuance of standard, stereotypical solution options and the limitation on the data volume. Students see the prospects for the artificial intelligence development in its limitation in the legal field and possible superiority over the human mind. It is advisable to include knowledge of the artificial intelligence concept and the ability to determine its functionality in the list of universal competencies mastered at the university, and understanding the essence of artificial intelligence and the ability to use it in the context of solving applied problems should be included in professional competencies.

Portrait of a Profile vice-rector for Educational Work in Educational Organizations of Higher Education

Introduction to the problem. The solution of educational tasks in higher education is accompanied by the expansion of subjects of organization of this activity. In higher education institutions there began to appear positions at the level of vice-rector, who is responsible for educational work. From the practical point of view it is important to consider the actors of the implementation of educational programs in higher education at the level of organization The purpose of the article is to analyze the functionality of the organizers of student youth education in higher education institutions. The research methodology was based on systemic, personal-activity approaches, as well as analytical and synthetic theoretical methods, methods of comparison, generalization and systematization. The official websites of one hundred higher education institutions, which were included in the rating of the best Russian universities RAEX-100 in 2022, served as an independent base for the study. The results of the study. Three groups of job profiles of educational vice-rectors depending on the accompanying functionality were identified; the peculiarities of gender and age differentiation of persons responsible for the specified work were established. Conclusion. The results of the conducted research allowed us to create an average portrait of the person responsible for educational work in a higher education institution at the present stage. Educational work in higher education institution directly affects the quality of training of highly qualified personnel.

DIGITAL COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS AS A FACTOR OF THE FORMATION OF SOCIO-POLITICAL ATTITUDES

In the presented article, the authors consider the political and ideological intentions of the student youth associated with the activation of the network environment in order to predict the socio-political sustainability of civil society and assess possible risks. The process of political socialization of young people has undergone serious transformations in recent years: with the advent of new technologies, the forms of political activity and interaction have changed, the geopolitical situation has caused the activation of socio-political and patriotic movements. This led to a gradual transition even of the early stages of political socialization from a family environment to a social network environment. The changes also affected the processes of formation of civic culture, which are closely related to political socialization. The picture of the future of Russian society depends on how this has affected the specifics of the political worldview of students who are deeply immersed in the online environment. Based on the data of the All-Russian sociological research, an assessment was made of the dependence of the vector of socio-political attitudes of student youth on the level of their digital competence and network activity. As the analysis showed, students with increased network activity and developed digital competencies also have a great potential for dissatisfaction compared to a group of less digitalized students. Given the demand for labor personnel with skills to work in the digital environment, there is a need to take steps to reduce possible risks and channel them into positive forms of manifestation, since the current positioning of student youth can contribute to the growth of tension in society.

The effect of independent activities in healthy fitness on the psycho-emotional state of female students of vocational schools in the conditions of marital state

The full-scale war on the territory of our country affected all Ukrainians without exception, including student youth. Therefore, the relevance of studying the problems of the psycho-emotional state of the individual in today's conditions is extremely important. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of self-remedial fitness classes on the psycho-emotional state of female students of higher education institutions under martial law. Research methods: theoretical analysis, testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical analysis and statistics. The article presents the developed methodology of self-improvement fitness classes, which is conventionally divided into three stages. The test results obtained at the end of the study indicate that the psycho-emotional state of female students improved after the implementation of the method of self-remedial fitness classes, in relation to each indicator, namely: the increase in the indicator of low level of anxiety improved by 4.1%, medium and high level of anxiety, respectively, by 2% each . For low and high levels of frustration, in percentage terms, the scores improved by 2% each, and the average scores improved by 5%, respectively. The indicators of low and high levels of aggressiveness respectively improved by a percentage of 2% each, and indicators of medium level of aggressiveness respectively improved by 5%. Regarding the average level of rigidity, the indicators in percentage ratio improved by 1%, respectively, low and high level of rigidity in percentage ratio by 3% each, which ensured the achievement of the set goal. Further scientific research can take place in the area of determining the impact of independent health fitness classes on the level of physical fitness of female students of higher education institutions under martial law.