Students In Lebanon Research Articles

The Effect of Financial Literacy on Financial Behavior and its Impact on Financial Decisions – The Case of Lebanese University Students

Financial literacy is the comprehension of finance and attitudes toward financial opportunity and financial behavior. Financial acquaintance is crucial for making responsible financial decisions. In this challenging financial environment, we are living in, young people, particularly university students, must make challenging financial decisions that will impact their financial behavior. This study aims to examine the relationship between financial behavior and financial decision-making among Lebanese university students. The study is significant because it raises serious questions regarding the long-term effects of financial literacy on financial behavior and its impact on financial decision-making. The study adopted a quantitative methodology to accomplish its key goals. Students from various Lebanese universities were given a questionnaire. Using a convenience sampling method, a sample of five hundred ninety-eight participants was obtained. SPSS was used to analyze the data, namely Pearson correlation and regression analyses. The study's conclusions demonstrated the beneficial influence of financial literacy on financial behavior. Additionally, they demonstrated the beneficial effects of financial conduct on the financial judgments of university students in Lebanon. Thus, it is strongly advised that college students become financially literate so they may make wise financial decisions. Moreover, for Lebanon to be among the top countries with the highest financial literacy the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education should include within the curriculum of the intermediate and secondary classes some financial educational programs, workshops, and seminars. This will let students have exposure to basic financial knowledge and learn its significance and need in their financial decision-making.

Human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and conspiracy beliefs among secondary school students in Lebanon

BackgroundHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) is widely prevalent across the globe. In Lebanon, the society is transitioning from traditional conservatism to a more open attitude. Although previous studies have examined the knowledge of adults in Lebanon with regard to HPV and its vaccine, there is a lack of research on secondary school students. Moreover, HPV is considered a worldwide public health matter that needs to be addressed. Therefore, the objective of our study is to assess factors associated with knowledge and conspiracy beliefs towards HPV vaccine among a sample of Lebanese adolescents.MethodsBetween December 2022 and February 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study on Lebanese adolescents aged 15 to 18 years old. Parental approval was needed in order to participate. We used a questionnaire to collect data, which included the HPV-knowledge questionnaire (HPV-KQ) and the Vaccine Conspiracy Belief Scale (VCBS).ResultsOf the 406 participants who filled the survey, 64.8% were female, with a mean age of 16.62 ± 1.01. Results showed that 31.0% of students had high knowledge about HPV, while 27.6% had high conspiracy beliefs, and 48% of participants relied on the internet to access information on HPV. Students who had previously heard of HPV, received sexual education at school or outside, and had received at least one dose of the HPV vaccine demonstrated significantly higher knowledge of HPV. Additionally, students with high knowledge had a lower mean House Crowding Index, and those whose fathers had a university education had lower conspiracy beliefs. Females had a higher vaccination rate than males, while no significant difference was found between those who had engaged in sexual activity and those who had not. The multivariate analysis indicated that previous awareness of HPV and receiving sexual education outside school were significantly associated with higher knowledge.ConclusionOur study brings to light the urgent need for action to increase HPV awareness and vaccination among Lebanese secondary school students. The prevalence of vaccine misconceptions and conspiracy beliefs and the limited knowledge of HPV underscore the importance of more comprehensive sexual education in schools and the dissemination of accurate information about HPV and its vaccine. Furthermore, given the low vaccination rate among males, efforts should be made to promote HPV vaccination among this population. Addressing these issues can improve public health and help prevent the spread of HPV and its related diseases.

Measuring promotors of school functioning: Informing school-based psychosocial support for crisis-affected students in Lebanon

ABSTRACT The evolving situation in Lebanon is characterized by multiple crises that affect education and can negatively affect a student’s school-functioning and mental health. The Ministry of Education and Higher Education decided in 2019 to further intensify and upscale implementation of school-based psychosocial support. This study is a contextualization and validation of the Student Learning in Emergencies Checklist for use in Lebanon. A 27-item questionnaire was proposed and tested to explore categories for measuring the effect of psychosocial support on academic functioning and academic performance and build evidence for program design. Promotors for school functioning were also explored. The participants (N = 1048) were divided between Lebanese students (N = 573) and non-Lebanese students (N = 520) with a mean age of 11.77 and gender balance. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the combined proposed categories explained 33.7% of the variance of school functioning as opposed to other factors. The new categories for safety and support at school and safety and support at home were found to predict academic functioning alone. Lebanese students reported significantly reduced scores in safety and support at school compared to non-Lebanese students. The need for psychosocial and educational support increased significantly with age, and males reported lower scores than females. Content and strategies for school-based psychosocial support for students are discussed.

Quality of life and substance use in Lebanese medical students

ABSTRACT Background Substance use is prevalent among medical students and could affect their academic performance. This study aimed to determine whether a relationship exists between quality of life and substance use among medical students in Lebanon. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 465 medical students in Lebanon during the academic year 2022–2023. It was based on an online questionnaire about quality of life, and dependence on alcohol, nicotine, waterpipe, and cannabis. Results Alcohol was the most used substance by medical students (83.2%) followed by cigarettes (27.5%), waterpipe (18.1%), and cannabis (16.1%). We reported alcohol dependence in 14%, cannabis use disorder in 4.1%, high nicotine dependence in 23.4%, and waterpipe dependence in 11% of students. Physical and mental health scores were below average. Poor physical health was associated with higher dependence on nicotine and waterpipe. Conclusion Medical students in Lebanon have poor mental and physical health and engage in substance use. Awareness campaigns promoting better mental and physical quality of life are needed.

Nutrition knowledge and willingness to seek nutritional counseling: analysis of data among a sample of university students

PurposeThis study aims to assess nutrition knowledge (NK) and willingness to seek nutritional counseling (WSNC) and their predictors among university students in Lebanon.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional design was used to enroll students from two large private universities in Lebanon. Data were collected by a standardized questionnaire. NK scores on general and specific nutrition areas were computed. The predictors of NK and WSNC were determined by multivariable logistic regression analyses.FindingsA total of 370 students were included, among which 68% had good general nutritional knowledge, which appears to be associated with being a pharmacy student (adjusted OR (aOR) = 4.26 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.55; 11.7]), and having a dietitian as a reference for nutritional information (aOR = 8.84 [95% CI 1.94; 40.3]). However, 64% of participants had a high specific nutritional knowledge score, which was related to either attending a school of arts and sciences or being a pharmacy student (aOR = 10.8 [95% CI 4.08; 28.5]). Most students (80%) had the will to seek nutritional counseling, which was positively associated with being a female (aOR = 2.01 [95% CI 1.10; 3.67]) and a pharmacy student (aOR = 2.62 [95% CI 1.15; 5.95]). The general nutritional knowledge score was significantly associated with the WSNC (aOR = 2.10 [95% CI 1.04; 4.25]).Originality/valueHigher nutritional knowledge and WSNC were found among students enrolled in health-related fields. These results underline how important nutrition education is as a strategy for inspiring college students to adopt healthy lifestyles.

HPV Vaccination Prevalence among Lebanese Female University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, worldwide. Most often, cervical cancer is caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. A lack of studies concerning HPV knowledge and vaccination among the Lebanese population is noticed. We aim to assess the prevalence of HPV vaccine administration among female university students in Lebanon alongside determining the predictors influencing vaccine uptake. Lastly, knowledge scores concerning HPV and HPV vaccination are also computed. This is a cross-sectional analytical study. It is an anonymous, online-based, close-ended questions survey conducted between the 24th of February 2021 and the 30th of March 2021. Our questionnaire was addressed to females aged between 17 and 30 years and enrolled in a Lebanese university. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v.26. We used bivariate analysis to compare the rate of vaccination with different variables. We used the chi-square test for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Logistic linear regression was conducted between the state of vaccination and other statistically significant variables from the bivariate analysis. We have received a total of 454 questionnaires. Among the respondents, only 18.9% had received a minimum of one dose of the HPV vaccine. The mean age of up taking the first dose of the vaccine was 17.5 years. In addition, 48% of the respondents were not willing to take the HPV vaccine during the upcoming year. Barriers to not taking the HPV vaccine were mainly the low levels of knowledge concerning HPV and its vaccine. In the multivariate analysis, three predictors were found to affect the rate of HPV vaccination: university type, paternal educational level, and HPV vaccine knowledge score. In detail, a student enrolled in a public university had 77% likelihood of not being vaccinated. Furthermore, female students with a paternal educational level higher than a university degree had 88% probability of being vaccinated. Finally, every increase in the HPV vaccination knowledge of one point increased the likelihood of being vaccinated by 37%. A low vaccination rate among female university students in Lebanon was noticed in our study. In addition, a lack of HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge was found in our population. An awareness campaign alongside public vaccination programs is recommended in order to accomplish higher rates of HPV immunization.

(063) Assessing the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Graduating Medical Students Towards Sexual Health in Lebanon

Abstract Introduction Despite the growing medical literature pertaining to the topic of SH, only a few studies have investigated the adequacy of medical training programs for graduating physicians who are able to identify, counsel, and manage SH concerns. Additionally, no studies have comprehensively assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical students regarding SH. This gap in literature is even more evident in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, which could be attributed to cultural and religious factors. These factors not only impede the exploration of SH topics in the medical field, but also manifest as lack of accessibility and availability of SH services in Arab countries. Objective Despite the vital role of Sexual Health (SH) in healthcare, very few studies have investigated the adequacy of training of medical students in SH matters. Our study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and readiness of graduating medical students to learn about SH in Lebanon, and to determine the demographic and educational factors that influence our findings. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. A self-designed questionnaire exploring various components of SH (contraception, STIs, IPV, sexuality, etc.) was sent to all graduating medical students in Lebanon. Knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were computed. ANOVA with subsequent post-hoc tests were used for analysis. Results The overall mean knowledge score was relatively low (2.61, range -13 to 10). A statistically significant difference was found in the mean knowledge score across religion (p = 0.028) and religiosity (p < 0.001) categories as the mean knowledge score was higher in the atheist group when compared to the religious groups, and that of the “moderately/very religious” category was lower than that of the “not/slightly religious” (p = 0.001). The mean practice score also differed significantly across income groups (p = 0.01). No other significant associations were found between gender, sexuality, environment, primary source of SH education, or language and the mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores. Conclusions Our findings suggest that graduating students in Lebanese medical schools are not appropriately trained to address SH matters in clinical practice. This allows medical educators to examine the gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practice towards sexual healthcare. Pertinently incorporating, reforming, and updating SH education in medical school curricula would provide students with the appropriate skillset needed for their upcoming medical practice. Additional standardized assessment of medical students’ competencies in SH matters through diverse research models is needed. Reexamination of existing medical curricula and inclusion of more extensive SH education is necessary to improve patient care. Our study is the first study in Lebanon and the MENA to look at SH competencies of future physicians in a comprehensive approach. Disclosure No

Evaluation of the impact of online education on the health-related quality of life of medical students in Lebanon

IntroductionOne of the adopted measures during the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in education is the online modality, which can impact students' quality of Life (QoL) and their academic performance. MethodsThis cross-sectional study aims to assess the impact of online education on health-related QoL in a sample of 401 medical students. ResultsMost students attended all the online sessions, and around 32% participated in some of them. Only 16.2% reported high satisfaction from the online sessions, and almost 39% reported low satisfaction. Overall, medical students had moderate QoL. Online education affected medical students psychologically more than physically, translated by higher scores for the physical components than the mental ones. Students who preferred online over in-person education had significantly lower scores for the mental domains, namely lower social functioning and emotional role scores. Academic satisfaction did not influence any SF-36 scores, and students’ preferences (online or in-person education) did not affect any of the physical component scores. ConclusionThe pandemic directly impacted the QoL of medical students, namely their mental health. Medical students in Lebanon had a higher preference for in-person education, possibly due to its novelty and to other technological, technical, or personal challenges. Future research exploring the reasons and viable solutions should be performed to maintain a steady level of education during unanticipated situations.

Mental health assessment of Lebanese pharmacy students after returning to school post-COVID-19: A cross-sectional study

Background: The shift from normalcy caused by COVID-19 changed the lives of students globally. This study aims to assess the psychiatric symptoms and identify risk factors contributing to psychological distress in Lebanese pharmacy students after returning to school following COVID-19. Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 February to 30 March 2022 among Lebanese pharmacy students in Lebanon. Three validated scales were used to assess the mental health of the participants. Results: Of the total 866 participants, 41.8% had severe/extremely severe anxiety, 30.7% depression, 28.5% had stress, 27.7% had moderate/severe insomnia, and 45.5% had PTSD. Conclusion: This study revealed high levels of psychological distress in Lebanese pharmacy students after returning to school following COVID-19, highlighting the importance for faculty and educators to prioritise students by maintaining open communication and addressing their academic and personal needs. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results and check whether these symptoms are still ongoing.

Investigating the status of highly able students through the lens of the Lebanese national policy and the mathematics and science centralized curricula and textbooks

Very few Lebanese students have been able to perform at the highest level in mathematics and science in TIMSS, leading to the belief that current curricula and/or pedagogies are not supporting our highly able students to realize their potentials. In this research, we investigate how the national Policy documents and the mathematics and science centralized curricula, and textbooks address the needs of highly able students. Teachers’ perceptions and role in providing for the educational needs of highly able is also examined. Through qualitative methods, the following data sources were used to address the research aim: policy document analysis, curriculum analysis, and teacher interviews. Findings indicated no specific policy for highly able students in Lebanon and little evidence of curricular provisions and attention to the needs of highly able learners in the mathematics and science national curricula and textbooks. The resultant data also provided important insights into the limited knowledge of teachers in the area of supporting highly able learners. The findings of the current study will inform the efforts of the policy makers and the Ministry of Education faced with the challenge of effectively educating their most able students.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19: A cross-sectional study among university students in Lebanon

ABSTRACT The health crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic has quickly evolved into an economic, cultural, and social crisis. Being an active entity in their communities, an evaluation of how much university students can contribute in raising awareness about the pandemic and in volunteering in their communities is deemed necessary. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Lebanon. An anonymous online self-reported questionnaire was conducted in March 2020 and a total of 193 university students participated. Scores were used to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Our results showed that the majority of the Lebanese University students have a good knowledge and practice score (0.82 and 0.64 respectively). However, the attitude score was relatively low and reflects a high cue to action score and a low Ministry Of Public Health (MOPH) satisfaction score. In addition, the KAP scores significantly differed between students majoring in health-related fields vs students majoring in non-health-related fields. The source of knowledge was associated with its score (p-value = .002). Finally, the statistical analysis proved that the study matches the KAP model which demonstrates that knowledge influences the attitudinal statements while attitude influences practice toward COVID-19. This assessment of the students’ understanding and awareness of the pandemic can help in the development of effective national strategies as well as envisage medium and long-term scenarios of preparedness.

Health-related Quality of life of medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Lebanon

Objectives: This study aims to assess (i) the health-related Quality of Life (QoL) of medical students in Lebanon, (ii) its association with their general characteristics, and (iii) to investigate the combined effects of the predictors affecting the quality of life of students. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was performed over three months, targeting 401 medical students from six universities. The 36-item Short Form survey was used to quantify the different QoL scores. Results: The physical component (PC) domains had higher scores than the mental component (MC) ones (70.2 vs. 55.9). Students aged 30 years or less had higher scores in all the PC domains than older students (70.9 vs. 59.3; p<0.010) but comparable scores in the MC domains (55.6 vs. 59.8; p>0.050). Single students had a significantly higher role-emotional score (63.5 vs. 49.0; p<0.050), and those studying in public universities had greater general health scores (57.7 vs. 53.7; p<0.050). Younger age significantly increased most of the health-related PC scores, and having chronic diseases decreased all the QoL scores except the mental health score. Conclusion: The QoL of medical students was negatively affected during the pandemic, particularly their mental health. Informed educational and health decisions are required to minimize this impact on their academic performance.

Using a pharmacist-led educational tool to teach elementary and middle-school students in Lebanon about microbes, antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance: A pilot study

Background: Teaching school students about antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can shape their future behaviour to become antibiotic guardians. This study aims to assess the impact of a pharmacist-led educational tool in boosting knowledge of these topics at elementary and middle school educational stages. Methods: A prospective web-based cross-sectional pre-post study was conducted in Lebanese private schools from April 2020 to December 2021. Results: The results showed that the pharmacist-led intervention increased the general knowledge (p = 0.01) and understanding of microbes (junior versus senior, p = 0.003 versus p = 0.004). In middle school, the spread of infection (p < 0.001) and the AMR concept (p = 0.001) significantly changed post-test, while antibiotics use and AMR concept remained unchanged in elementary students. Conclusion: The successful learning impact of the educational tool designed and led by pharmacists shows their importance as antibiotic experts in influencing early pedagogic learning about antibiotics and AMR starting at the middle-school stage.

The indirect role of orthorexia nervosa and eating attitudes in the association between perfectionism and muscle dysmorphic disorder in Lebanese male University students – results of a pilot study

BackgroundThe literature highly concentrates on disorders related to body image among women but only minimally when it comes to the male population; hence, in order to provide general practitioners, and primary care physicians in general, and psychiatrists in particular, with additional information concerning muscle dysmorphia among male university students in Lebanon, this study seemed essential, and was therefore conducted to (1) identify the prevalence of MDD, and (2) evaluate the indirect effect of eating attitudes in general and orthorexia nervosa in particular, in the association between perfectionism and muscle dysmorphic disorder (MDD) among a sample of male university students.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study conducted between September 2021 and May 2022, 396 male university students from multiple universities in Lebanon filled the online Arabic questionnaire.ResultsThe results showed that 26 (6.6%) of the participants had MDD. Orthorexia nervosa and eating attitudes mediated the association between perfectionism and MDD; higher perfectionism was significantly associated with higher ON and more inappropriate eating; higher ON and more inappropriate eating were significantly associated with higher MDD, whereas perfectionism had a significant total direct effect on MDD. The high prevalence of MDD among male university students in Lebanon implies further investigation on the national level in the country.ConclusionAwareness campaigns among the university students could be adopted at the national level to increase the level of knowledge on the concepts of obsessive self-destructive perfectionism, orthorexia nervosa and muscle dysmorphia.

The effect of research on the perceived quality of teaching: a cross-sectional study among university students in Lebanon

IntroductionThe complementarity between research and teaching is still debated, although several higher education institutions require instructors to do research. In the absence of a consensus on this matter and given the lack of related studies in Lebanon, this study aimed to describe students’ perception of research integration into teaching, and to link research and professional skills to quality teaching, using validated scales related to these concepts.MethodsA standardized questionnaire was diffused to university students; it included validated scales: the Student Perception of Research Integration Questionnaire (SPRIQ), the Adapted-Teachers’ quality assessment questionnaire (A-TQAQ), the Student Evaluation of Teaching short form (SET37-QS), and Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Health Research Questionnaire.ResultsResearch integration was well perceived, and teaching was well evaluated by 445 participants from various disciplines, particularly those of a higher socioeconomic level, majoring in health, and females, as indicated by their mean scores. Research-active instructors had a significantly better-perceived teaching quality (17%; p < 0.001) than their non-active counterparts. This finding was particularly true among postgraduate and higher GPA students. The multivariable analysis showed that the knowledge and attitude towards research were related to students’ better perception of research integration and higher evaluation of teaching.ConclusionThis study showed an overall good perception of research and teaching evaluation among participants from various disciplines, with research-active instructors having a better-perceived teaching quality. These findings could guide decisions on research integration into curricula using multidisciplinary methodologies to strengthen research integration and involve students in research activities.

Digital Explosion and Entrepreneurship Education: Impact on Promoting Entrepreneurial Intention for Business Students

This study aims to examine the effect of entrepreneurship education and artificial intelligence (AI) development on entrepreneurial intentions while investigating the mediating role of perceived behavioral control. The proposed model also accounts for individual and contextual socioeconomic factors. This study tries to fill the gap in the entrepreneurship literature, which is still lacking with respect to the impact of new technologies on entrepreneurship intentions and shows conflicting results regarding the influence of entrepreneurship education. Our study surveyed 223 business students in Lebanon. The context of this study is of high importance, particularly since the country is currently facing a deep, multifaced political, economic, and financial crisis, and entrepreneurship might be considered an important channel for generating basic sources of income, steering the recovery process, and increasing Lebanese resilience against this highly unstable economy. The structural equation modeling technique (SEM) was conducted to validate the hypotheses. The results show that perceived behavioral control fully mediates the relations between performance expectancy of AI solutions, entrepreneurship education, and entrepreneurial intention. Risk aversion and social support exert a direct impact on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings highlight the need to account for entrepreneurship education and AI development when analyzing entrepreneurial intentions.

Assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduating medical students towards sexual health in Lebanon.

To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduating medical students in Lebanon regarding sexual health, as well as their readiness to learn about it, and to determine the demographic and educational factors that influence our findings. Cross-sectional study. A self-designed questionnaire exploring various components of sexual health was sent to 578 graduating medical students in Lebanon. Knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were computed and analyzed. The overall mean knowledge score was relatively low (2.61, range -13 to 10). A statistically significant difference was found in the mean knowledge score across religion (P= 0.028) and religiosity (P< 0.001) categories. The mean practice score also differed significantly across income groups (P= 0.010). No other significant associations were found between gender, sexuality, environment, primary source of sexual health education, or language and the mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores. Additional standardized assessment of medical students' competences in sexual health matters through diverse research models is needed. Re-examination of existing medical curricula and inclusion of more extensive sexual health education is necessary to improve patient care.

Social media addiction in university students in Lebanon and its effect on student performance

Objective: This study aims to assess addiction to social media among university students and to explore the association of addiction to social media with academic performance. Methods: A random sample of 997 university students filled in a self-administered questionnaire using Google form (response rate 81%). The questionnaire adopted a validated scale (Social Media Addiction Scale, SMAS) and included questions about socio-demographics. Grade point average, absences, and passing rate were extracted for each student from the university management system. Results: Results showed that each of the three dimensions of addiction to social media (compulsive feelings, social consequences and time displacement) reduce at least one indicator of academic performance (GPA, absenteeism and passing rate). Conclusion: Results call to design and evaluate interventions that tackle different social media addiction dimensions to reduce their negative impact on academic performance.

Knowledge and attitudes of medical students in Lebanon toward artificial intelligence: A national survey study.

This study assesses the knowledge and attitudes of medical students in Lebanon toward Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical education. It also explores the students' perspectives regarding the role of AI in medical education as a subject in the curriculum and a teaching tool. This is a cross-sectional study using an online survey consisting of close-ended questions. The survey targets medical students at all medical levels across the 7 medical schools in Lebanon. A total of 206 medical students responded. When assessing AI knowledge sources (81.1%) got their information from the media as compared to (9.7%) from medical school curriculum. However, Students who learned the basics of AI as part of the medical school curriculum were more knowledge about AI than their peers who did not. Students in their clinical years appear to be more knowledgeable about AI in medicine. The advancements in AI affected the choice of specialty of around a quarter of the students (26.8%). Finally, only a quarter of students (26.5%) want to be assessed by AI, even though the majority (57.7%) reported that assessment by AI is more objective. Education about AI should be incorporated in the medical school curriculum to improve the knowledge and attitudes of medical students. Improving AI knowledge in medical students will in turn increase acceptance of AI as a tool in medical education, thus unlocking its potential in revolutionizing medical education.

“Making a difference” with Syrian refugee students in Lebanon: Reconstruction and theorization of teachers’ stories of practice in emergencies

“Making a difference” with Syrian refugee students in Lebanon: Reconstruction and theorization of teachers’ stories of practice in emergencies