Grade Students Research Articles

Enhancing Students’ Writing Ability Through Error Analysis Concept: A Classroom Action Research

This research intends to find out if teaching students through the Error Analysis Concept (EAC), which covers omission, addition, mis-formation, and mis-ordering, improves their writing skills in any way. The study was conducted in two cycles using classroom action research as the research design. Planning, carrying out, observing, and reflecting were all included in each cycle. Twenty-six junior high school students in the second grade served as the study's subjects. Observation sheets and test writing were employed as data collection tools. The analysis of student writing improvements involved comparing scores between cycles. The outcome demonstrates that employing EAC improved the writing abilities of the students. This proves by comparing the score starting from pretest (56.56), cycle I (63.02) and Cycle II (68.52). As a result, the pre-research, cycle I, and cycle II mean scores for each type of error are 13.38, 7.54, and 5.50, respectively. It implies that students can reduce the amount of writing errors they make. In other words, that the students' writing skills have improved significantly. Furthermore, the process of teaching and learning is impacted by the application of the EAC. Since students' performance significantly improved and that incorporating the concept of error analysis into classroom activities had numerous advantages.

Ethno-STEAM Based E-Comic “Lilis Lamiang”, is it Necessary to Use it on Science Learning in Elementary Schools?

This research aims to analyze the response to the needs of ethno-STEAM based e-comic “lilis lamiang” for elementary school students. In this study we focus to analyze the teacher and student perception about the development of the local wisdom module, especially to increase learning outcome. The research method is descriptive and qualitative by used surveys to collect data. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 2 elementary school teacher and to 20 student 5th grade students, SDN 4 Menteng in Palangkaraya City, Central Kalimantan. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results of this research showed that teachers have never developed their own teaching materials based on local potential in Central Kalimantan, while students are of the opinion that the use of teaching materials based on local potential will make learning activities more interesting. This research concluded that the development of etno-STEAM based e-comic especially about lilis lamiang very important thing to do based on teacher and student perception and important to continue in the next research to develop the module.

Canva-based E-comic on the Dangers of Plastic Waste Environment as Learning Media for IPAS Effectively Improve Learning Outcomes

The decline in IPAS learning outcomes and focus on the material on the dangers of plastic waste is indicated by the unawareness of disposing of waste in its place. The purpose of this study was to develop Canva-based E-comics on the material of the Dangers of Plastic Waste for the Environment as an Effective IPAS Learning Media to Improve Learning Outcomes. The subjects used were fifth grade students of SDN Ngijo 01 Semarang. The method used is development research with the ADDIE model. Data collection used interviews, observations, tests, and questionnaires. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Development through five stages namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results of media feasibility included a feasible category based on the assessment of material experts, media experts, linguists, and teacher and student response questionnaires. The effectiveness of e-comic is in the effective category to be used based on the increase in student learning outcomes after using this media. The conclusion is that the Canva-based e-comic media developed is valid, feasible, and effective in the teaching and learning process of the material on the dangers of plastic waste in IPAS subjects.

Flashcard Development to Improve Learning Outcomes in Private 4th Class Science Learning

This research aims to develop flashcard products equipped with barcodes, test the feasibility of flashcard media in science learning to improve student learning outcomes; and knowing the effectiveness of using flashcard media in increasing average scores. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) using the Borg & Gall development model which includes eight stages, namely potential and problems, gathering information, product design, design validation, design improvement, product testing, product revision, and usage trials. The subjects of this research were fourth grade students at SDN 01 Bojongkoneng. The research results showed: Flashcard learning media, product validity as seen from the validation results by material expert validators got a percentage of 90%, and media experts got a percentage of 92%; The effectiveness of the product can be seen from the results of student responses which include small group trials getting an average pretest score of 54 and posttest 82, and large group trials getting an average pretest score of 51 and posttest 85. In the small class the score is n- the gain was 0.60 in the medium category, while the large class obtained an n-gain value of 0.68 in the medium category. Thus, the research results show that learning media in the form of flashcards and equipped with barcodes is feasible and effective in learning science and technology as an improvement in student learning outcomes.

The Effect of Using Open the Box Type Wordwall Educational Game on Students' IPAS Cognitive Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an effect of using the open the box type wordwall educational game on the cognitive learning outcomes of IPAS students at SDN Palumbonsari 1, East Karawang District. This study used a quantitative method of pre-experiment type with a one group pretest posttest design. The population in this study were all fourth grade students of SDN Palumbonsari 1, totaling 135 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling technique, so the sample in this study was class IV A with a total of 46 people. Data collection techniques using multiple choice tests as many as 30 items before and after treatment. Then carried out feasibility testing with validity test obtained 20 valid items, reliability test obtained r11 0.73, differentiator test and difficulty level. Data analysis techniques using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. Then the statistical hypothesis test was carried out with the paired sample t-test test obtained a Sig (2-tailed) value of 0.001 < 0.05, meaning that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. So it can be concluded that there is an effect of using the open the box type wordwall educational game on the cognitive learning outcomes of IPAS students at SDN Palumbonsari 1.

Error Analysis on the Written English of Students in Grade 8 at Orr's Hill Vivekananda College, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka

This study attempts to identify and analyze “The errors in the written sentences produced by the students in grade 8 of Orr’s Hill Vivekananda School, Trincomalee”. The study begins with a systematic review of the concepts and theories concerning Error Analysis, which sets the platform for the theoretical base. Subsequently, the Error Analysis focuses on finding the syntactical errors under the selected grammatical categories while searching for the possible reasons causing errors. Eventually, the researcher suggests some of the complications involved in language learning and language teaching process. Understanding grammatical rules and applying them in sentences without making mistakes is what the teachers expect from the students in the school. However, it does not happen in the way it is expected. In other words, making grammatical errors can be assumed to be part and parcel of the language learning process. There are many linguistic aspects governing this learning process. Therefore, this research examines the type of errors the students make and why they make such errors in their writing. This dissertation is an eye-opener for teachers, with as they should understand the root causes of errors while attempting to find treatment for them. It is paramount that with teachers approach error corrections based on the student’s linguistic competence and their affective factors embedded with different socio-ethnic backgrounds. This error analysis has been undertaken with to with raise awareness among the teaching staff and help students produce better writing with fewer or no grammatical mistakes.

Influence of physical activity and screen time on sleep quality in primary school students

In a society where, sedentary lifestyles and the use of technological screens are on the rise, students' lifestyle is being significantly affected. In fact, nowadays many students experience various sleep problems, and two of its main factors may be physical activity and the use of technological screens. In this sense, this research aimed to analyze the influence of students' physical activity and the screen time on sleep quality of students. The participants were 28 students in 5th and 6th grade of primary school. They wore ActiGraph WGT3X-BT accelerometers for one week to collect data related to physical activity and sleep patterns. Additionally, a survey was conducted to assess their use of technological screens. The collected data were analyzed, with a focus on differences by sex. Correlations between these parameters were also analyzed. The analysis revealed no significant correlation between physical activity and sleep quality. However, a significant correlation was observed between screen time and sleep quality. This finding highlights the importance of continued research in these areas to enhance the wellbeing and sleep quality of students.

An Analysis Of Students Difficulties In Writing Recount Text On The Eleventh Grade At SMA Negeri 21 Medan

This thesis is about an analysis of students difficulties on writing recount text in the eleventh grade at SMA Negeri 21 Medan. The objectives of research are to analyze the student's difficulties on writing recount text in the eleventh grade at SMA Negeri 21 Medan And to identify the factors causing students difficulties in writing recount text. This research was conducting by applying Descriptive Qualitative research. The Researcher took 15 students of eleventh in getting the data. The instrument of the collecting data was the writing test and interview. The technique of collecting data was the researcher explained what the recount text, generic structure, language features and giving the example of recount text. The researcher asked the eleventh grade students wrote a recount text that chooses by themselves in 60 minutes and the researcher collected the paper, after that the researcher do the interview directly to all student. the result of the analysis of students difficulties showed that majority of the students at eleventh grade at SMA Negeri 21 Medan still low in writing recount text. it could be seen from the analysis the test from content of the results of the percentage is 15%, organization of the result on the percentage is 19%, language use of the percentage in the result is 26%, vocabulary of the percentage in the result is 24% and mechanic of the percentage in the result is 16%. Based on the result of analysis of student difficulties showed that majority of the students factors are difficulties of content such as the lack of experience to developing ideas. Difficulties of organization, students lack of structure to organize ideas and story elements in a clear and logical manner. Difficulties of vocabulary, the lack of word in English and limitation of vocabulary to translate the meanings of certain words. Difficulties of language use, lack of grammar such as use of sentence structure, the use of nouns, verbs, and aspects of grammar. And the last Difficulties of Mechanic, lack of knowledge about punctuation marks such as commas periods and each other formats. The analysis shows that students still make mistakes in all five aspects of the 15 students who were used as participants, none of them succeeded in writing recount correctly. so it can be concluded that students are still difficult in writing recount text.

The Effects of Writing to Learn Activities on the 10th Grade on Teaching of Ecosystem Ecology

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Writing to Learning (WTL) activities on learning in teaching the subject of Ecosystem Ecology, which is taught in the biology courses in the 10th grade of high school and to examine the course process carried out with WTL activities in terms of student views. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the research, explanatory mixed research design, one of the mixed method research designs, was used. The study group of the research consists of 87 students studying in the 10th grade of a high school in the center of Bayburt in the spring term of the 2021-2022 academic year. As a data collection tool in the research; Preliminary Knowledge Test (PKT), Ecosystem Ecology Achievement Test (EEAT) and Interview Form (IF) were used. Shapiro-Wilk Test, one of the normality tests, was used in the analysis of quantitative data. Since the data obtained from both tests used in the study did not meet the normal distribution conditions, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were applied as non-parametric tests. On the other hand, content analysis method was used to analyze qualitative data. Findings: As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from the EEAT, it was determined that the letter and the diary from the activities of WTL increased the success of the 10th grade students in Ecosystem Ecology. Considering the letter and diary from these activities, it was determined that the letter writing activity contributed more to academic success than the diary writing activity. According to the analysis of the data obtained from the IF, it was determined that the students' views on the WTL activities were positive. Highlights: As a result of the results obtained from the findings, it is thought that it is important to support the use of WTL activities in secondary level biology courses to increase student outcomes.

Exploiting the Regularized Greedy Forest Algorithm Through Active Learning for Predicting Student Grades: A Case Study

Student performance prediction is a critical research challenge in the field of educational data mining. To address this issue, various machine learning methods have been employed with significant success, including instance-based algorithms, decision trees, neural networks, and ensemble methods, among others. In this study, we introduce an innovative approach that leverages the Regularized Greedy Forest (RGF) algorithm within an active learning framework to enhance student performance prediction. Active learning is a powerful paradigm that utilizes both labeled and unlabeled data, while RGF serves as an effective decision forest learning algorithm acting as the base learner. This synergy aims to improve the predictive performance of the model while minimizing the labeling effort, making the approach both efficient and scalable. Moreover, applying the active learning framework for predicting student performance focuses on the early and accurate identification of students at risk of failure. This enables targeted interventions and personalized learning strategies to support low-performing students and improve their outcomes. The experimental results demonstrate the potential of our proposed approach as it outperforms well-established supervised methods using a limited pool of labeled examples, achieving an accuracy of 81.60%.

İBTİDAİ SİNİF ŞAGİRDLƏRİNİN ÖYRƏNMƏ MOTİVASİYASININ ARTIRILMASINDA KOMPÜTER TEXNOLOGİYALARININ ROLU

The article discusses the problem of using modern computer technologies to develop learn¬ing motivation of young schoolchildren. This direction is considered one of the most promising directions in the development of education. Lessons using ICT are especially relevant in primary schools. Students in grades 1-4 are visual-practical thinkers, so it is important to structure their learning using the highest quality illustrative materials possible. It involves not only vision but also hearing, emotions and imagination in the process of perception. It is known that the main task of primary education is to train the student to continue his education and prepare him for life. Thus, the information technologies used in the learning process in primary classes create conditions for the formation of students' imaginations and perceptions, create conditions for a more complete and meaningful assimilation of lessons. By creating conditions for a more interesting organization of lessons, it also leads to an increase in the learning motivation of students.

The association between teacher distress and student mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional study using data from the school mental health survey

BackgroundFew studies have examined the inter-relationships between teacher and student mental health. We aimed to examine associations between teacher distress and student mental health difficulties and if student perceptions of school safety moderate these associations.MethodData from 23,568 students in grades 6–12 and 1,478 teachers from 268 schools participating in the School Mental Health Surveys in Ontario, Canada, were used. Three-level (student, classroom, school) multivariable linear regression models were fit to examine associations between teacher distress and student internalizing and externalizing symptoms by elementary (grades 6–8) and secondary (grades 9–12) school. Statistical interactions were used to evaluate effect modification.ResultsSmall but statistically significant, positive associations were found between teacher distress and internalizing (b = 0.02; 95% CI [0.01, 0.04], p < 0.05) and externalizing symptoms (b = 0.03; 95% CI [0.01, 0.05], p < 0.001) among elementary students only. Student perceptions of school safety moderated the association between teacher distress and externalizing symptoms among elementary students, whereby the positive association was magnified among students reporting lower school safety.ConclusionsFindings from this study highlight the importance of concurrently addressing the mental health needs of educators and students. School safety represents a modifiable target for prevention and intervention efforts in schools that could serve to promote student mental health and mitigate potential risk factors in schools.

Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran (Bingo dan Textbook) dan Perbedaan Usia terhadap Pemahaman Kosakata Bahasa Inggris

This study was conducted to determine the effect of learning media (bingo and textbook) and age differences on understanding English vocabulary. It aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of learning media on understanding English vocabulary based on age differences. This study was structured using an experimental design because it was carried out directly and the results obtained directly from field data. The sample used in this study was taken from 32 students aged over 9 years and 32 students aged less than 9 years. The independent variables in this study were learning media (bingo and textbook) and age differences. While the dependent variable is the understanding of English vocabulary. Measurement of vocabulary comprehension was done using descriptive statistical methods. The software used for data analysis is SPSS. To determine the results in this study using Two Way Anova if there is an interaction between two independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of data analysis show that there are differences in understanding of English vocabulary between students who use bingo and textbook learning media with significant results. The Middle Value Line Fcount = 7.932 and FTable = 4.001 which implies that there are differences in the understanding of English vocabulary of students aged over nine years and less than nine years. The conclusion of this study is the use of learning media (bingo and textbook) and the difference in age have an influence on the understanding of English vocabulary in third grade students.

Using Continuous Online Assessment of Learning Outcomes for Grading: A Case Study

In recent years, the problem of the number of students enrolled in STEM courses falling below the minimum required to carry out the courses has worsened. This situation, which used to occur primarily in degree programs at the end of their life cycle, is increasingly happening in active STEM degree programs as well. The declining attractiveness of traditional STEM degree programs and negative demographic trends are seen as the main causes of this problem. To assist students and their teachers in this situation, a novel approach to grading student work based on the level at which students achieve learning outcomes in an online system was explored. Since the focus was on STEM students, math-based tasks were used to assess student knowledge within the online system. In addition to the accuracy of the final results of the tasks, the accuracy of the intermediate results was also monitored. Each result was linked to the corresponding concepts, which in turn were linked to the corresponding learning outcomes. By entering correct intermediate and final results, the online system was able to monitor student success in mastering concepts and learning outcomes. The implemented online system utilizes fuzzy inference to calculate the levels at which students have achieved the learning outcomes. These levels are continuously recalculated during the semester and presented to the students through generated recommendations after each solved task. The proposed approach has positively impacted students’ motivation to learn during the semester, as confirmed by an anonymous questionnaire. Additionally, the results have shown that the final level at which students have achieved the learning outcomes within the online system, calculated at the end of the semester, can be used for grading and is comparable to the grades students would achieve in traditional midterm and final exams, thus helping teachers with their workload.

How do medical students perceive the role of artificial intelligence in management of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of various medical and surgical conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD). AI has the potential to enhance diagnostic and treatment capabilities, contributing to overall advancements in healthcare. The current study aimed to investigate the medical students’ views regarding the use of AI in GORD management. Methods An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was distributed among undergraduate medical students of various grades within different national medical institutions. The questionnaire comprised three sections, addressing sociodemographic data, knowledge, and attitudes. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed through 5- and 7-item questionnaires, respectively. The knowledge scores constituted a scale of 0–5. This reflected varying levels of understanding. Categories include poor knowledge (two or less), moderate knowledge (three), and good knowledge (4 and 5). Attitudes were classified as negative, neutral, or positive based on 50% and 75% cutoff points, with scores below 50% indicating negative attitudes, 50–75% considered neutral, and scores above 75% reflecting positive attitudes. Results A total of 506 medical students participated, including 273 females and 233 males, with a ratio of 1.2–1. The majority fell within the age range of 20–26 years. Additionally, 388 participants (76.7%) reported grade point averages (GPAs) higher than 4. Regarding knowledge, 9% demonstrated a poor score of knowledge, while 33% had a moderate knowledge score. However, 65% of the participating students held a neutral attitude toward the role of AI in GORD management, with 6.9% expressing a negative stance on the matter. Conclusion Although AI is highly involved in GORD management, the study revealed that medical students and interns possess a limited perception of this emerging technology. This may highlight the necessity for active involvement in AI education within the medical curricula.

Mathematical connection skills of junior high school students in solving system of linear equations in two variables problems

Students mathematical connection skills are valuable dimension that teachers must put into consideration so that students can develop and link their mathematical skills with knowledge beyond Mathematics. This research aimed to analyze the mathematical connection skills of Junior High School students when solving the System of Linear Equations in Two Variables (Sistem Persamaan Linear Dua Variabel/SPLDV) problem. Students mathematical connection skills are valuable dimension that teachers must put into consideration so that students can develop and link their mathematical skills with knowledge beyond Mathematics. This research aims to analyze the mathematical connection skills of Junior High School students when solving the SPLDV problem. This research made use of Qualitative approach by which 18 students of grade VIII from SMP Argopuro 1 Panti Jember, East Java, participated. Mathematical connection skill test and interview guideline were conducted for this research. Data triangulation technique was used to process and compile data for the research report. The findings of the research discovered that students with high level of mathematical connection skills were able to relate and implement their knowledge to different kinds of situations, and students with medium level of mathematical connection skills were only able to apply their knowledge to simple situations, meanwhile students with low level of mathematical connection skills were unable to relate and implement their knowledge to a variety of situations.

Analysis of the Discipline of Grade V Students in the Learning Process at SD Negeri 2 Ngampel Blora Regency Central Java

&lt;span&gt;The problem of student discipline is an important thing that must be considered. It is known that in the learning process there are various discipline problems committed by students such as skipping school, arriving late, disobeying school rules and regulations, not doing the assigned tasks, not focusing on learning, etc. often occur. If these various problems are left unchecked, they will interfere with the student learning process and have an impact on their learning achievement. This research aims to find out the problems of student discipline in class V of SD Negeri 2 Ngampel and its impact on learning achievement, as well as the efforts given by teachers in instilling the value of discipline towards students. This research was aimed at teachers and fifth grade students at SD Negeri 2 Ngampel. This research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques obtained from interviews, observations, questionnaires and documentation. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the discipline of fifth grade students at SD Negeri 2 Ngampel is quite good. However, it needs to be improved again when viewed from several existing discipline problems. Therefore, a teacher plays an important role in striving to instill the value of discipline to students so that the learning process can run effectively.&lt;/span&gt;

Pre-vocational education as a factor in the development of human resources in the healthcare system

Pre-professional medical education in high school provides not only a more in-depth study of individual subjects of general education programs, but also expands the opportunities for self-determination of students, ensures continuity of the educational process, allows boys and girls to adapt more successfully mastering higher medical professional education programs and is the basis for a successful career.Aim. To evaluate the results of the introduction and implementation of the model of pre-professional medical and pharmaceutical education using the example of the Resource Center «Medical Sechenov Pre-University» of the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) (hereinafter referred to as the Pre-University) as a means of developing the human resources potential of the healthcare system on the territory of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. During the work, a theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the problem of developing the human resources potential of the healthcare system was carried out. A study was conducted in the comparative aspect of the basic readiness of students in grades 8-11 at the Pre-University and specialized medical and biological classes of regional educational institutions to the choice of medical specialties using a test questionnaire with the identification of three key aspects: readiness to master medical specialties; self-assessment of capabilities and erudition in the field of modern medicine. 1465 people took part in the survey. The reliability of the results was carried using the Mann-Whitney U test. Assessment of the statistical significance of differences between the means was carried out at a critical level of p = 0.05.Results. Studying at the Pre-University of Sechenov University allowed the majority of adolescents to achieve higher levels of formation of the main indicators of basic readiness to choose medical specialties. The share of students with a high level of readiness to master medical specialties at the Pre-University is 13.8 % higher compared to students of specialized medical and biological classes, with high erudition – 13.8 % and 6.7 % higher those who highly assess their prospects for entering a medical university.Conclusion. Pre-professional education based on close interaction between the Pre-University and Sechenov University allows students to develop motivation to choose a medical profession, as well as a clear understanding of the learning process in the chosen profession and is an important link in the system of continuous educational trajectory «pre-university–university–clinic».

MỐI QUAN HỆ GIỮA HÀNH VI GÂY HẤN VÀ KĨ NĂNG TỰ CHỦ CẢM XÚC Ở HỌC SINH TRUNG HỌC CƠ SỞ

The goal of this paper was to explore the relationship between aggressive behavior and emotional self-control skills in middle school students, along with examining the current status of reactive and proactive aggression and emotional self-control skills in students. A total of 1,235 students in grades 6, 7, and 8 in Hanoi, Nghe An, and Ho Chi Minh city participated in the study by answering a set of questions including the Proactive and Reactive Aggression Questionnaire (PRQ, Raine et al., 2006); Aggression Scale (AS - Aggression Scale, Orpinas and Frankowski, 2001); The Basic Empathy Scale (BES, Jolliffe et al., 2006) and emotional self-control skills scale. Research results from this quantitative research illustrated that middle school students demonstrate aggressive behavior at an average level, mainly occasionally performing this behavior but the proportion of secondary students regularly performing aggressive behavior was quite high. There was a negative correlation between aggressive behavior and emotional self-control skills in students; emotional self-control skills and empathy were predictors of aggressive behavior. The analysis, interpretation of results, as well as limitations of the current study, were also discussed in the discussion section of this paper.

“Phones off while school's on”: Evaluating problematic phone use and the social, wellbeing, and academic effects of banning phones in schools

AbstractBackground and aimsMobile phone bans in secondary schools are claimed to reduce student distraction and promote learning and face-to-face socializing. Currently, the evidence on phone bans is limited. The aim of this preregistered study was to evaluate the South Australian mobile phone ban's effects on students' problematic phone use, academic engagement, school belonging, and bullying. The study also sought to identify student variables that predict phone ban compliance.MethodsAs the ban was phased in over 2023, a 2 (phone ban: yes/no) × 2 (time: baseline, 1-month follow-up) repeated-measures design was employed. Students (n = 1,282 at baseline; n = 1,256 at follow-up) in Grades 7 to 12 were recruited from five public secondary schools. Surveys included measures drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).ResultsProblematic phone use was reported by 2.6% of the sample. Being older and a more frequent user of social media predicted lower phone ban compliance. Linear mixed models indicated that ban and no ban school groups did not differ significantly in terms of problematic phone use, academic engagement, and school belonging. There was slightly higher bullying in the ban group but bullying decreased significantly in both groups.DiscussionImposing access restrictions may not affect the underlying psychological mechanisms that drive problematic phone use. Although these results indicate limited to no short-term benefits of the ban, further evaluation with more sensitive methodologies is recommended.ConclusionsStudent-technology interactions in learning institutions should be continually monitored to determine the optimal balance to support student etiquette, learning, and wellbeing.