Student Subjects Research Articles

Learning Discourse Analysis by Applying Metaphorically-Based Materials

The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of learning Discourse Analysis (DA) by applying metaphorically-based materials. Both the design of qualitative and quantitative study is applied in the present study with 60 student subjects of English Literature Study Program ofthe Faculty of Languages and Arts Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia. The subjects were divided into two groups: Experimental and Control Group, each with 30 sudents which is parallel in terms of level of intellectuality and learning facilities. The Control Group studentswere taught the lecture of DA by applying conventional material and model of learning or lecturing whereas the Experimental Group were taught by applying metaphorically-based materials of DA. The students’ achievements were obtained by administering the test and the scores of the two groups were compared and processed by applying t-test at the significance level of a = 0.05 with two-tailed test. It is found that the t-obs value is 2.764 exceeding or being greater than that of the t-tab value of 2.00 (2.764>2.000) where the Ho is rejected implying that the Ha is accepted verifying that learning the lecture of DA is significantly more effective by using metaphorically-based materials than by applying conventional materials or lecturing.

Enabling international student families: new empiricisms and posthumanist entanglements in higher education

ABSTRACTThis paper presents research on movements involved in the lives of international university students and their accompanying family members. Located in the framing of new empiricisms and new materialisms, a posthumanist approach is offered as a way to move beyond the limitations of a focus on the educational mobilities of individualised self-contained student subjects. The research this paper draws on engages a diffractive visual methodology involving interview encounters with women who each moved from Iran to Australia together with their partner and children. A materialist feminist approach enables the consideration of how a variety of entangled movements and animated affects shape the lives of international student families. The utility of this approach becomes the inspiration for thinking through the concept of ‘intra-active becoming in movement’. This brings a refreshed set of practices for designing higher education experiences for international students that resists the divisiveness of binary oppositions in Western thought.

The asymmetric dominance effect: Reexamination and extension in risky choice – An experimental study

The asymmetric dominance effect refers to the phenomenon according to which the choice probability of a baseline alternative increases when an inferior alternative -the decoy- is included into the choice set. Even though the asymmetric dominance effect has been extensively studied and replicated many times, there is almost no research that investigates how the effect is related to individual preferences between the target and the competitor, and how the size of the effect is influenced when a secondary decoy is added to the choice set. In this experimental study, we examine in the domain of risky choice (a) the relationship between individual preferences and the asymmetric dominance effect, and, (b) to what extent its size can be increased if the choice set gets further manipulated by the introduction of secondary decoy. We elicit individual risk preferences in order to measure the extent by which our participating student subjects favor one lottery over the other. Consistent with our theoretical conjectures, the asymmetric dominance effect decreases with the strength of preferences for one of the two baseline lotteries. Furthermore, the asymmetric dominance effect for subjects who are not indifferent between the target and the competitor only emerges if the decoy targets the baseline lottery that subjects prefer according to their respective risk profile. Regarding our second research question, we do not find evidence that adding another decoy to the choice set boosts the asymmetric dominance effect. Our results carry important implications as choice architects and practitioners alike benefit from this research in order to tailor their marketing strategies to different segments of the target population or to construct choice structures that attract many more customers in the desired way.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN MAHASISWA DALAM MEMECAHKAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA BERDASARKAN ANALISIS NEWMAN DITINJAU DARI GENDER

Difficulties in learning are caused by student study programs in mathematics education to solve problems in solving mathematics. The mistake was made by both male and female students. In the course, algebraic structure is one of the material that requires the right procedure in its completion. This research includes descriptive analysis with qualitative data analysis. Data collection was carried out by test and interview methods conducted twice, namely TPM 1 and TPM 2. Subjects were considered as 2 students from 35 students of class 2016, consisting of one male student and one female student. The student has high mathematical skills. Each research subject was interviewed regarding the results of his work at TPM 1. To find the credibility of the data, the second test was conducted, which means that this study uses time triangulation. Furthermore, the data were analyzed to determine the types of student errors according to Newman's analysis. Based on the results of the study, data obtained that all research subjects did not make mistakes, errors, errors and answer errors. However, all research subjects made a mistake in the process at TPM 1 or at TPM 2. The male student subject made a mistake because he did not know the right way to use the existing formula. Meanwhile, female student subjects made mistakes because they did not understand the concept of exponents and chaos amid mathematical operations.

AspectOCL: using aspects to ease maintenance of evolving constraint specification

Constraints play an important role in Model-Driven Software Engineering. Industrial systems commonly exhibit cross-cutting behaviors in design artifacts. Aspect-orientation is a well-established approach to deal with cross-cutting behaviors and has been successfully used for programming and design languages. In model-driven software engineering, the presence of cross-cutting constraints makes it difficult to maintain constraints defined on the models of large-scale industrial systems. In this work, we improve our previous work on AspectOCL, which is an extension of OCL that allows modeling of cross-cutting constraints. We provide the abstract and concrete syntax of the language. We add support for new constructs such as composite aspects and invariant specification on a package. We also provide tool support for writing cross-cutting constraints using AspectOCL. To evaluate AspectOCL, we apply it on benchmark case studies from the OCL repository. The results show that by separating the cross-cutting constraints, the number of constructs in the constraint specifications can be reduced to a large amount. AspectOCL reduces the maintenance effort by up to 55% in one case study. To explore the impact on maintenance time and accuracy, we also perform a controlled experiment with 90 student subjects. The results show that AspectOCL has a small magnitude of improvement in terms of maintenance time when compared to OCL, whereas modifications to OCL specification are more accurate. The post-experiment survey indicates that the majority of subjects favored AspectOCL, but faced challenges in applying aspect-orientation to constraint specification due to a lack of prior exposure.

The Importance of the Portfolio on Students' Achievements

This study presents the results of a research work, which aims to highlight the importance of the portfolio on students' achievements. The study aims to validate the hypothesis that the creation of a portfolio / portfolio is one of the major factors by which the teacher appreciates the student's progress. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the student's evaluation effect through the dossier and its impact on the results of their achievements. To substantiate the hypothesis we raised the research question of research: What impact does the file have on student assessment? From the results of the distributed questionnaires, we could understand that a file should show a student's story. From the results of the research, we have come to the conclusion that students are familiar with the preparation, purpose of drafting the dossier and see it as a very good option in their final assessment. The data was obtained through questionnaires. The study was attended by 27 students studying at the secondary school “Kongresi i Manastirit "in Tirana", who attended classes VI-IX. Student subjects have been studied according to these variables: age, gender, classes that teach.

‘Born this Way’? Prenatal Exposure to Testosterone May Determine Behavior in Competition and Conflict

It is documented that fetal exposure to sexual hormones has long lasting effects on human behavior. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (DR) is a putative marker for prenatal exposure to testosterone (compared to estrogens) while in uterus, with higher relative exposure to testosterone resulting in a lower DR. Although the existing literature documents the correlation of DR with various decisions, and testosterone has been related to competitive behaviors, little research has studied the effect of DR on competition in conflict situations where skills do not matter. We investigate this question in the laboratory. Based on a previously obtained large sample of student subjects, we selectively invite subjects to the laboratory if their right-hand DR is in the top (High type) or bottom (Low type) tercile for their gender. Unbeknownst to the subjects, we perform a controlled match of High and Low types as opponents in a 2-person Tullock contest. We find that Low type (higher exposure to testosterone) males expend significantly higher conflict effort than High type males, that is, they are more aggressive, which reduces their opponents’ earnings. Among females, however, everyone is more aggressive against the High type (who respond less aggressively). These results can partially be explained through high joy of winning and/or spitefulness for Low type males, and high spitefulness for Low type females. This investigation sheds light on the importance of biological aspects in the ex-ante determinants of conflict, and on contest design.

Performance of Agglomeration Bonuses in Conservation Auctions: Lessons from a Framed Field Experiment

The incorporation of an agglomeration bonus payment to encourage spatial coordination in auction mechanisms to allocate payments for ecosystem services (PES) contracts has been explored as a promising innovation that could enhance the effectiveness of PES schemes. Empirical evidence on the performance of this particular design feature is scant, and almost exclusively derived from laboratory experiments using student subjects. This study reports results from a framed field experimental auction allocating PES contracts with and without agglomeration bonus payments using actual forest land owners in rural China as subjects. We find tentative evidence that, in a PES auction that provides agglomeration bonuses, subjects tend to bid less in anticipation of receiving bonus payments when their neighbours are also successful in the auction. In addition, we have mixed findings as to whether the agglomeration bonus is able to induce a bidding pattern in favour of contiguous conservation. The two sets of results convey some encouraging signals of the theoretically postulated cost-effectiveness and conservation efficacy of the agglomeration bonus. Further research from the actual field is warranted in light of the policy significance of this innovative incentive mechanism.

Europeanizing the Danish School through National Testing: Standardized Assessment Scales and the Anticipation of Risky Populations

This paper explores “the peopling of Europe through data practices” in relation to standardized testing of students in Denmark. Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a central component of Danish and European education infrastructures. In Denmark, mediocre PISA results spurred the introduction of national testing. With inspiration from Michel Foucault’s notion of biopolitics, this paper analyzes how complementary Danish national test assessment scales make up population objects and student subjects and how these scales are aligned with European and transnational standards. A norm scale, standardized against the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) grading scale, enacts a population whose performance can be tracked over time. A criteria scale introduces categories describing skills and enacts a moving student subject whose progression can be tracked. This paper argues that the three assessment scales enact the student population as bound to the nation and as simultaneously constituted in relation to transnational European categories and imaginaries of competition. As part of this, this paper discusses how the national test and PISA are used to single out students of non-European background, anticipated to be low PISA achievers and nonparticipants in a European knowledge economy.

Signaling can increase consumers' willingness to pay for green products. Theoretical model and experimental evidence

AbstractMany green products are costlier than their nongreen counterparts, for a variety of reasons. This “green premium” is a key challenge marketers face when targeting consumers with these green products. A potential solution to this issue is provided by signaling theory. According to the theory, green products can have a signaling benefit. This benefit acts as an incentive for consumers to pay a premium for environmentally friendly products that can even out their price disadvantage (the green signaling hypothesis). Previous studies have tested the green signaling hypothesis with hypothetical buying decisions. The research at hand tests the green signaling hypothesis with incentive‐compatible purchase decisions in a laboratory setting with student subjects. As predicted, subjects exhibit a higher willingness to pay for green products when the product choice (a nongreen product vs. a costlier green counterpart) is public rather than private. The results also suggest that green signalers are treated more favorably in social interactions. The main result is that a signaling benefit can even out moderate green premiums. One implication of this is the idea that marketers should design green products that are costlier than their nongreen counterparts in a way that renders them clearly recognizable as green. At the same time, marketers should avoid marketing everyday green products with a high green premium.

Are students’ mindsets those of typical start-up founders?

Purpose Studies have found that founders of start-up companies are similar to students in certain psychological characteristics. Confirming this similarity would have methodological and phenomenological implications. Phenomenologically, students are a main source for recruitment in start-up companies. Methodologically, students are a more convenient sample to study than start-up founders. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The resemblance between students and start-up founders is tested by analyses of variance of the responses of 1,509 students and 53 start-up founders to a questionnaire survey. Findings The results indicate that, as a population, students are not entirely similar to start-up founders, though similarities were found to exist. The closest resemblance between students and founders was found for managerial, armed forces/police and medicine students; agricultural, humanities and natural science students had the least resemblance. Originality/value Although student samples are commonly used in the study of management phenomena, the validity of this approach has not hitherto been tested, which indicates that the use of student subjects as stand-ins for start-up founders may be a practice without a solid foundation.

Do China's people favour redistribution? Evidence from an incentivized experiment

AbstractFrom 1949, China's leaders brought their country through three decades of income and wealth compression, which was followed by more than three decades of sharply rising inequality. What preferences do China's people hold regarding what price (if any) is worth paying for greater equality? We conduct a laboratory decision‐making experiment mimicking aspects of a macro‐political–economic environment, using Chinese undergraduate student subjects. We find that our subjects have qualitatively similar tastes for equality as their counterparts in parallel US and European experiments; for example, most are willing to sacrifice some payment for more equality of earnings among other participants, and their willingness to do this is stronger when inequalities originate randomly versus based on performance. Considering the cases permitting direct comparison between Chinese and US subjects’ choices, redistributive choices tend to be a bit higher in China if the participant pays no direct cost and a bit lower if he or she pays such a cost, but the two distributions of decisions differ significantly in under 14% of conditions. Survey data too suggests preferences for a more equal income distribution in China than in other East Asian countries, suggesting a possible impact of the Chinese Communist Party dominance in education and media.

Crowdsourcing Intelligent Research Participants: A Student versus MTurk Comparison

ABSTRACTThe use of online workers as research participants has grown in recent years, prompting interest in how online workers compare to traditional accounting research participants. To date, no study has compared the relative intelligence of online workers to student subjects. Such a comparison may be important to behavioral accounting researchers given the homogeneity of accounting students relative to online subject pools and given prior research suggesting accounting students have relatively high analytic ability. While graduate students outperform both undergraduate and MTurk participants on common intelligence tests and across two reasonably complex tasks, we find that MTurk participants perform similarly to undergraduate accounting students. Overall, our results provide incremental assurance that MTurk participants are suitable subjects when accounting expertise is not explicitly required. We also provide evidence that screening MTurk workers on intelligence scores may benefit researchers who require participants with relatively high cognitive ability.

Subject Pools and Deception in Agricultural and Resource Economics Experiments

The use of student subjects and deception in experiments are two controversial issues that often raise concerns among editors and reviewers, which might prevent quality research from being published in agricultural and resource economics (ARE) journals. We provide a self-contained methodological discussion of these issues. We argue that field professionals are the most appropriate subjects for questions related to policy or measurement, and students are the most appropriate subjects for scientific research questions closely tied to economic theory. Active deception, where subjects are provided with explicitly misleading information, has been avoided in the mainstream economics discipline because it can lead to a loss of experimental control, lead to subject selection bias, and impose negative externalities on other researchers. Disciplinary ARE journals may want to abide by these norms against deception to maintain credibility. Interdisciplinary ARE journals may have more flexibility, although it is important to provide guidelines to avoid too much reviewer-specific variation in standards. For ARE researchers, we suggest employing a deception-free experimental design whenever possible because we know of no field in which deception is encouraged.

Stairway Uniformity Measurement: What Lateral Location Should Be Measured?

An experimental study sought to extend understanding of the nosing-to-nosing method for measuring dimensions of steps in a stairway. A human factors expert retained to assist an attorney in a case of injury or death from a stairway fall needs to decide the lateral location for taking the measurements. This experiment was undertaken to provide experts with a justifiable basis for choosing the location. Using a campus stairway and 16 student subjects, a randomized complete block experiment compared their lateral location while performing four tasks—ascending with or without the handrail, and descending with or without the handrail. Results showed task significantly affected lateral distance. Based on findings from this experiment, and some professional judgment, the authors provide recommended ranges for the lateral locations for measuring step dimensions—30 to 38.5 cm for ascending, and 19 to 28 cm for descending.

Social interactions and the influence of “extremists”

A large literature has shown evidence that people are influenced by others, especially in group interactions. However, little is known about whether such influence remains after they have left the group. Using a modified dictator game and a structural choice-revealed preference approach, we measure an individual’s preferences before and after face-to-face interactions in a small group and then examine whether a change in preferences is observed after subjects have left the group and have to make their decisions alone. We find that social interactions do indeed change individuals’ preferences. Specifically, individuals whose preferences are extremely egoistic and also unchanging tend to influence others the most. These “left extremists” are more likely to be male and these effects are more prevalent amongst student subjects than non-student.

TINGKAT PEMAHAMAN MAHASISWA TERHADAP PEDOMAN RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN (RPP)

This study aims to: (1) determine the level of understanding of STKIP Weetebula students on RPP components, and (2) the ability of STKIP Weetebula students in preparing lesson plans. This research was conducted in Sumba Barat Daya District, East Nusa Tenggara. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The research subjects were taken by purposive random sampling technique, as many as 40 people from 130 students spread over 4 study programs. Data collection uses an open questionnaire instrument and RPP format equipped with SK and KD according to the sub-field of research. The conclusion of the results of this study is first, students' understanding of the Learning Implementation Plan or RPP component is basically good, but in practice, students need to be trained to implement RPP. In addition, students 'understanding of the learning model needs to be improved, this is in line with the results of the students' work in preparing the student lesson plans, not paying enough attention to the model steps. Second, the ability to prepare lesson plans. Students in preparing lesson plans are generally good. The weakness of the student lies in the ability to describe KD in the form of indicators not yet answering the minimum KD standards, learning objectives have not shown goals that can be measured and achieved, to differentiate indicators from objectives, students only add student subjects, and use the same operational verbs for all purposes learning no mention of the forms of apperception activities carried out. At the core activities, the learning steps are not in accordance with the stages of the learning model, and in the final activity there is no explanation of the direct or indirect benefits of the material being taugh.Keywords: Student understanding, Learning Implementation Plan

Effects of Peer Monitoring and Contract Choice on Repayment Rates Under Group Liability Lending

This article addresses the issue of peer monitoring and choice of contracts on the repayment behaviour of the subjects. The authors conducted a laboratory experiment using student subjects from the University of Sydney, Australia by employing profit sharing (PS) and conventional interest based (IB) microfinance contracts. In the four treatments, subjects were given the choice to monitor their group partner and also had the choice between selecting one of these two contracts under the group lending scenario. The results indicated statistically significant effect of monitoring on the repayment rates. Interestingly, a significantly high percentage of subjects opted for the PS contracts against the IB contracts. These higher take up rates of PS contracts, however, were not associated with an increase in repayment rates. Not surprisingly though, as the experiment was conducted in Australia, the level of religiosity remained rather an insignificant factor affecting the repayment behaviour of the subjects.

Consumer-brand congruence and conspicuousness: an international comparison

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand how congruence influences product evaluations in an international Latin culture context, as moderated by the public vs private nature of the product and user-image vs product-personality congruence.Design/methodology/approachParticipants were recruited from two universities in Spanish-speaking, Latin cultures: Spain – Latin Europe (n=340) and Uruguay – Latin America (n=400). All participants were asked to indicate product-personality congruence (i.e. congruence between one’s self and the product) and user-image congruence (i.e. congruence between a product’s typical user and the product) for two private and two public products.FindingsTwo types of congruence (product-personality and user-image) positively influence brand evaluations more for publicly consumed than for privately consumed brands for consumers in both Latin cultures, with effect sizes being greater than prior research in other cultures.Research limitations/implicationsThis research supports congruence theory in showing that similarity between a consumer and a brand leads to more favorable attitudes. Limitations include the sole use of student subjects and examination in only two countries of Latin culture.Practical implicationsRegardless of a brand’s personality, brands should seek consumers with similar personality traits, especially in Latin cultures.Originality/valueThis research addresses several limitations in prior research by examining both publicly and privately consumed products in one study, exploring congruence across Latin cultures, and testing products not confounded by addictive properties.

As mobilizações dos usos dos números e dos seus registros na produção e no governo das condutas em práticas escolares

Esta pesquisa tem como questão investigar de que maneira os usos dos números e de seus registros nas práticas escolares operam estrategicamente nas formas de governo do indivíduo na contemporaneidade. Aproximo as contribuições teóricas de Foucault e Wittgenstein, aprofundando a noção de práticas, concebendo-as estreitamente relacionadas às atividades humanas e às formas de vida, instituídas pela linguagem. Foram realizadas observações de cenas de salas de aula, acompanhando uma turma de classe de alfabetização durante o seu 1º e 2º anos do ensino fundamental, no período 2011-2012. Analiso desconstrutivamente as práticas escolares, observando como estas são mobilizadas pela professora e pelos alunos nas atividades realizadas. Também lancei meu olhar, quando pertinente às cenas observadas, às atividades escritas realizadas pelas crianças. As mobilizações de jogos de práticas que ocorriam na escola tornaram-se meu foco de pesquisa, bem como a busca por rastros de outras práticas em tais cenas escolares. O que se delineou filosoficamente, então, a partir de uma problematização indisciplinar das matemáticas, foram os diferentes usos da linguagem, tendo-se como foco os números e os modos como eles operam na vida diária de crianças em processo de alfabetização, não se restringindo este uso aos conteúdos de matemática como campo disciplinar. Esses jogos de prática mobilizam jogos de verdade, produzindo e orientando condutas, constituindo as crianças em sujeitos alunos. A manifestação da verdade na sala de aula está presente de diferentes formas, através dos diferentes recursos utilizados pela professora, da sua fala e dos alunos, dos seus gestos, das atividades propostas. O interessante é o jogo que se constitui nos deslocamentos de uma prática a outra. A escola pode problematizar os diferentes jogos de prática de diferentes maneiras e, ao mesmo tempo, problematizar-se ao praticar tais jogos.