Student Program Research Articles

Navigating Confidentiality Dilemmas in Student Support: An Institutional Ethnography Informed Study.

School-level student support programmes provide students with pastoral care and support for academic, wellbeing and other issues often via a personal tutor (PT). PT work is a balancing act between respecting the confidential information divulged by students and doing what is expected in terms of accountability and duty of care. We aimed to explore how tutors manage this tension, with the aim of advancing understanding of student support programmes. This qualitative study was informed by an Institutional Ethnography approach. We conducted 11 semi-structured interviews with PTs from one medical school in Singapore. We considered how they worked in relation to relevant national and institutional-level policy documents and reporting guidelines. Data collection and analysis were iterative. We crafted two composite accounts to illustrate the dilemmas faced by PTs. The first depicts a PT who supports student confidentiality in the same way as doctor-patient confidentiality. The second account is a PT who adopted a more mentoring approach. Both tutors faced confidentiality challenges, using different strategies to "work around" and balance tensions between accountability and maintaining trust. PTs were torn between school and student expectations. Fostering trust in the tutor-student relationship is a priority for tutors but tensions between confidentiality, accountability and governance sometimes make it difficult for tutors to reconcile with doing what they think is best for the student. A more nuanced understanding of the concept of confidentiality may help support PTs and ultimately students.

Interactive learning environment as a source of critical thinking skills for college students

BackgroundThe cognitive skills underlying critical thinking include analysis, interpretation, evaluation, explanation, inference, and self-regulation. The study aims to consider the possibility and effectiveness of introducing the mobile game Lumosity: Brain Training into the learning process of first-year Philology students studying at Qiqihar University.MethodsThe sample included 30 volunteers: 15 girls and 15 boys, whose average age was 18.4 years. Before the experiment start, the respondents took a pre-test based on the Critical Thinking Skills Success methodology, which was developed by the American scientist Starkey. It was stated that intensive one-month training with the use of the Lumosity premium application in the classroom would improve critical thinking skills.ResultsThe pre-test results showed that some respondents had had quite good critical thinking skills before the experiment as the average score was 22.13 out of 30 points. The effectiveness was evaluated using the Student’s t-test for paired samples. It is established that there are significant differences between standard and empirical values (p = 0.012).ConclusionsThe research can be of interest to those who study the issue of integrating an interactive learning environment into university and student programs, as well as those who consider critical thinking as a field of scientific knowledge and seek to develop critical thinking skills. The novelty of the study is the fact that students were allowed to use the app only during classes, but the research hypothesis was confirmed. This indicates that an interactive learning environment can be considered as a tool for developing students’ critical thinking skills in the context of limited screen time.

Obstetrics and gynecology applicant perceptions of residency program culture with virtual interviews: a qualitative analysis of social media posts

BackgroundIn the United States, Obstetrics and Gynecology residency interviews are instrumental in assessing the compatibility between medical student applicants and residency programs during the match process. Applicant perceptions of Obstetrics and Gynecology residency culture are a key component in determining how they rank residency programs. In 2020, residency interviews transitioned to a virtual format, and little is known about how applicants evaluated program culture during this first round of universal virtual interviews. Medical students in the United States commonly use Reddit, a popular social media platform, to discuss residency programs and share interview experiences. We explored Obstetrics and Gynecology applicants’ considerations regarding residency program culture during the first universal virtual interview season in 2020–2021 by analyzing posts on a Google spreadsheet accessed through Reddit.MethodsIn 2022, we imported 731 posts from the “2020-21 OB GYN Residency Applicant Spreadsheet” Google spreadsheet posted to the 2020–2021 Residency Interview Spreadsheet megathread on the r/medicalschool subreddit to NVivo 12(QSR International, Burlington, MA), a qualitative analysis software program. Three investigators used qualitative inductive techniques to code and identify themes.ResultsApplicants used visual, verbal and behavioral cues during virtual Obstetrics and Gynecology residency interviews to understand three components of the workplace culture: prioritization of diversity, equity and inclusion, social environment, and resident workload.ConclusionsObstetrics and Gynecology residency programs convey information about their culture during virtual interviews through the behavior, appearances and responses of residents and interviewers to applicant questions. To ensure they accurately represent their culture to applicants, programs should consider educating residents and faculty around the implications of interview-day conduct.

Student perceptions of transferable skills learned during a simulated placement

ABSTRACT This research explores students’ perceptions of the knowledge and skills gained from a 12-day simulated placement that could transfer to future placements and workplaces. Using thematic analysis we constructed five themes that collectively highlight the broad range of generic and profession-specific knowledge and skills that speech and language therapy students recognised could transfer to future contexts: 1) Extending communication skills benefits future interactions 2) Confidence in skills aids future clinical practice 3) New workplace skills support effective practice 4) Enhanced client-centred care skills are transferable 5) Understanding the ways in which learning occurred assists future learning. Our study affirms students can develop knowledge and skills during simulated placements in areas relevant to graduate expectations in speech and language therapy and other health professions. The study adds to understanding about learning transfer during and beyond student training programmes which can inform university curricula, workplace placement educators and managers supporting new graduates.

The theory of international student development

ABSTRACT Current student development theories are mostly grounded in the experiences of domestic students in North America. The increasing portion of the international students in the post-secondary student population has created a glaring gap for a unique theory of international student development. A unique theory for international student development, with a focus on their intercultural learning experiences, will serve as a necessary theoretical foundation for international student programmes and services that are offered in most hosting universities of international students as an overlay on top of general student services. Through a critical review of existing literature, this paper endeavours to develop a coherent theory of international student development that endorses a critical and post-structural approach to the key issues of intercultural identity, intercultural competence and intercultural adaptation for international students.

From Articulation to Validation: Balancing Research-based Best Practices and Program Needs in Spanish Placement Test Development

Abstract: This article details the challenges and best practices of evaluating second language learners for placement into postsecondary Spanish language courses. The literature on testing for placement purposes in second language acquisition and language testing provides a great deal of insight, but language programs must make many decisions as well that draw from their specific student base and program characteristics to develop appropriate instruments that can reliably serve to evaluate students' abilities. Detailing the development and validation of an in-house online placement test at a large university, and supported by research on second language acquisition, this study focuses on the steps used to develop test content, pilot the test, and evaluate results after test deployment for reliability and validity. It is intended to contribute to research on second language testing and program development, as well as serve as a blueprint for language programs on redacting second language placement testing instruments.

Examining the social validity of the Double Check Online Program: Helping to scale-up professional development for culturally responsive practices

This paper presents social validity findings from a mixed methods study of educators who used a recently adapted online version of the research-based Double Check culturallyresponsive practices and student engagement program. Results from 41 participants indicated that the program was easy to use, prompted them to reflect on their own culture, and that they would continue using the website. Although most users reported they would recommend the program, participants indicated they would like a wider variety of examples and more guidance for novice teachers. Additional conclusions and recommendations for improving Double Check and other online teacher professional development programs are discussed.

Perceptions of Medical Students on Research Curriculum: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Medical colleges promote research by incorporating it into the curriculum, which enables students to acknowledge it as a career prospect. The aim of the study was to assess the perceptions of medical students on research curriculum. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 544 medical students (interns and post-graduates) at AIIMS Rishikesh in 2020. Data was collected thorough online self-administered questionnaire. A comparison between groups was made using the Mann-Whitney test or chi-square test p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 544 participants, 218 (40.1%) responded with complete data. The total median score for the self-perceived ability of study participants regarding performing the research tasks differed significantly between interns and post-graduates [29.5 (24.0–34.2) vs 33 (25.2–39.7), p = 0.03]. They suggested that mandatory research projects, workshops, and training should be included in the curriculum. Conclusion: Feedback from medical students regarding the need for guided research projects, hands-on training, and inclusion of research methodology as a course in UG curriculum and provision of support in the form of incentives, academic credits, and motivation are well noted and guide the resource faculties to modify their teaching and student support programs.

Career Guidance to Help Medical School Students Choose a Specialty after Graduation

The author recommends the creation of a nationwide career guidance program at the national level through the establishment of a long-term cohort, involving collaboration among medical schools nationwide. This cohort would be constructed for the purpose of analyzing correlations from admission to medical school to post-graduate education, facilitating the development of a career guidance program. This will aid in career development through students' self-analysis and competency building. Each medical school should operate a systematic career guidance program. Career guidance for post-graduate major selection should be included in the regular curriculum. Schools are advised to operate student counseling rooms for various career guidance services. For example, medical schools can operate 1:1 career counseling, academic counseling, career guidance surveys, psychological tests, and counseling. It is advisable to establish a mentor-professor system, connect mentor professors, and build a network of experts related to majors to provide immediate support according to students' needs. Professional mentor training should be provided to mentor professors. To provide opportunities for students to experience their career paths in advance, early clinical exposure, long-term integrated clinical practice, community-based clinical practice, participation in student research programs, career fairs, and student internship programs are recommended. In South Korea, it is necessary to systematically operate the internship system and make improvements to facilitate optical career choices. Additionally, considering the significant influence of social factors on students' career choices in South Korea, efforts should be made to identify and address the issues related to these social factors.

Supervised Student Teaching: an integral part of Teacher Education Programme

This study explores the concept of supervised student teaching and its significance in the curriculum of teacher education programmes, as a part of Master’s degree, offered by different universities of Bangladesh. A small-scale survey was conducted through a questionnaire in Google form to find out about the effectiveness of supervised student teaching and how it should be included in the curriculum. The respondents of the survey were Secondary/Higher Secondary school teachers, Teacher Trainers and ELT practitioners. While differences between practicum and supervised student teaching may be highlighted, this study discusses the current practices of practicum in different universities of Bangladesh, which are inadequate and thus ineffective. A description of existing supervised student teaching programmes in the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh is discussed too. Finally, this study proposes that supervised student teaching should be introduced as an integral part of the existing Masters curriculum of all universities.

Design and Implementation of a Career Planning Program at Chonnam National University Medical School

Chonnam National University Medical School has designed and implemented two career planning programs: a three-phase curriculum-based program and a longitudinal non-curricular program over the course of 6 academic years. The three phases of the curriculum-based career planning program are self-assessment, career exploration, and field experience. The non-curricular career counseling program operates through a faculty advisor system, with each faculty member guiding a group of students from each academic year, and students in each year forming a mentor-mentee relationship. The non-curricular career exploration program consists of a student research support program, an international practice program in basic and clinical medicine, and a specialty exploration fair. A survey conducted among 38 graduates (54.3%) working as interns at Chonnam National University Hospital revealed that graduates preferred autonomous elective subjects within the curriculum-based program. They also responded positively to the faculty advisor system, through which they maintained close relationships. A focus group interview with three interns indicated that subjects providing direct experience in fields of interest and courses that students could choose freely were helpful in career decisions. Through follow-up research, it is necessary to design and operate a systematic career planning program based on an analysis of the needs of graduates taking part in a residency training program after selecting a medical specialty.

How Will the SCOTUS Affirmative Action Ruling Affect the Integrity of University Leaders?

On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court of the United States (“SCOTUS”) ruled on addressing the legality of race-conscious affirmative action in college admissions programs in Students for Fair Admission, Inc. Based on the ruling, our study examined the literature to answer one research question: How will the SCOTUS affirmative action ruling affect the integrity of university leaders? We now understand how post-affirmative action could affect the integrity of university leaders. We now know more about (1) leaders’ perspectives post-SCOTUS ruling, (2) leaders’ influences on the educational culture, and (3) the effects that leaders’ integrity could have after the SCOTUS Title VI 2023 ruling. We make five conjectures about what we believe will guide university leaders’ integrity post-SCOTUS ruling.

Implementation of Pancasila Student Profile in Building the Character of SMK Students in the Field of Accounting

The purpose of this study is to create the character of students of the accounting program and the expertise of teachers at SMK N 1 Purwodadi, the current research seeks to study the application of strengthening of student profiles Pancasila as well as to identify the challenges faced by teachers in the project strengthening student profile Pancasilla (P5) and to detail the ways in which they cope with such challenges. In this research use qualitative methods. The location of the research is SMK N 1 Purwodadi in Danyang, Purwodadi Kec, Grobogan district, Central Java 58113. The school's address is Prince Diponegoro No. 24 Sambak. Interviews, observations, and documentation are the methods used to gather data. The student profile program of Pancasila is now available at SMK N 1 Purwodadi. To develop a better character, it is important to learn to fear the One God and to have the ability to think nobly, creatively, and critically in every productive lesson. In the middle of the semester, SMK N 1 Purwodadi organizes P5 activities for students whose work is entitled entrepreneurship projects. It gives students the opportunity to be creative and produce works that can be sold to the public. Lack of time and teacher involvement is a problem in this effort, to address this, teachers can put more emphasis on student support through social media marketing and other forms of active and participatory learning about entrepreneurship.

An Evidence-Based Framework for Medical Student Research Training.

As research becomes an increasingly important component of medical education, there is greater emphasis on incorporating programmatic enhancements to the research experience. This study builds a logic model to summarize research program inputs, outputs, and outcomes from research-oriented medical schools across the country, providing a framework that institutions can use to design and improve their medical student research training programs. Between November 2021 and February 2022, we administered a survey assessing institutional characteristics, research offerings, curriculum, funding, and student scholarly products to the medical schools ranked 1-50 in research in 2021 by US News and World Report. Results were compiled in the form of a logic model. Thirty-seven institutions (72.5%) responded. Common program inputs included personnel such as at least one funded program director (97.3%), while funding for medical student research activities was highly variable (8-72%). There was much less funding for faculty research mentors (2.7%), advisors (18.9%), and teaching faculty (29.7%). Common outputs included a medical student research office or program (97.3%), formal research curricula (83.8%), and services and programs such as research day (91.9%). The most common outcomes tracked were publications (48.6%), presentations/posters (43.2%), student participation (29.7%), and completion of a research requirement(29.7%). Common themes in medical student research training programs may be conceptualized with a logic model that schools can use to develop, evaluate, and iteratively improve their programs. Institutions should consider their desired program outcomes prior to designing inputs (e.g., funding, personnel) and outputs (e.g., curriculum, training). The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-024-02001-3.

Assessing the Impact of Drug Education Programs on Generation Z Tertiary Students' Knowledge

Aims: The Drug Education Program aims to impart knowledge about the dangers of drug abuse, especially among Generation Z tertiary students. Understanding the intricacies of drug abuse is imperative for personal well-being and catalyses the dissemination of critical information within the community. Despite the widespread existence of educational programs, there is an existing research gap regarding their effectiveness in improving the knowledge level of Generation Z tertiary students. Consequently, this study aims to assess the level of knowledge on drug abuse among Generation Z tertiary students.
 Methodology: This cross-sectional study involving 296 participants explores the knowledge levels of Generation Z tertiary students across seven drug categories. Participants engaged in student development programs were randomly selected, and a specially designed questionnaire was utilized for data collection through Google Forms. Descriptive data, presented as percentages, revealed gender-based disparities in knowledge and lack of knowledge about various drugs.
 Results: The analysis indicates that males generally possess a greater understanding of stimulants (30.16%) compared to females (15.9%), with marginal gender disparities in depressants (17.9% for males and 19.24% for females). Males exhibit slightly higher knowledge (17.64%) than females (14.34%) for hallucinogens, while knowledge levels about opium are comparable between males (35.55%) and females (33.52%). Moreover, males surpass females in understanding cannabis (27.3% to 19.46%), inhalants (33.88% to 29.82%), and kratom (15.3% to 9%).
 Conclusion: These findings highlight the overarching strategy recommends that educators adapt teaching methods by integrating real-life scenarios, grasping Generation Z's characteristics, and leveraging technology to establish an effective and resonant learning environment for this generation.

Teachers’ creativity in designing English teaching learning material by Prajabatan student Program Profesi Guru (PPG) batch II

This research aimed to describe the teachers’ ways of designing creative English teaching learning material and to understand the factors of designing creative teaching material. The subjects of this study were ten Pra-Service Teacher Professional Education (PPG). This study used a descriptive qualitative research design. The data used to analyze were the transcripts of video learning and interviews. In the data analysis, it is found that there were seven aspects in designing their creative English learning material: 1) using an eclectic choice of method, 2) using activities that have creative dimensions, 3) teaching in a flexible way or adjusting and modifying the teaching during lessons, 4) looking for new ways of doing something, 5) adapting lessons, 6) using technology, and 7) looking for creative ways to motivate students. As a result, all the teachers apply those seven aspects during their teaching-learning process. There were three factors why English teachers design creative English teaching learning material: 1) the learning material is contextualized, 2) the learning material is designed for students' needs, and 3) personalization. After analyzing the data, it could be decided that all teachers have those three factors in designing their creative English learning material. Pre-service teacher Professional Education (PPG) was quite creative in designing teaching-learning materials. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan cara guru merancang bahan ajar bahasa Inggris yang kreatif dan untuk memahami faktor-faktor dalam merancang bahan ajar yang kreatif. Subyek penelitian ini adalah sepuluh Prajabatan Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG), Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, Data yang digunakan untuk menganalisis adalah transkrip video pembelajaran dan transkrip wawancara. Dalam analisis data ditemukan tujuh aspek dalam merancang materi pembelajaran bahasa Inggris kreatif mereka, 1) menggunakan pilihan metode yang eklektik, 2) menggunakan aktivitas yang berdimensi kreatif, 3) mengajar dengan cara yang fleksibel atau menyesuaikan dan memodifikasi pengajaran pada saat pembelajaran, 4) mencari cara-cara baru dalam melakukan sesuatu, 5) mengadaptasi pembelajaran, 6) menggunakan teknologi, dan 7) mencari cara-cara kreatif untuk memotivasi siswa. Hasilnya, seluruh guru menerapkan ketujuh aspek tersebut dalam proses belajar mengajar. Dan ada 3 faktor mengapa guru bahasa Inggris merancang materi pembelajaran bahasa Inggris yang kreatif, 1) materi pembelajaran dikontekstualisasikan, 2) materi pembelajaran dirancang sesuai kebutuhan siswa, dan 3) personalisasi. Setelah menganalisis data, dapat diputuskan bahwa semua guru memiliki ketiga faktor tersebut dalam merancang materi pembelajaran bahasa Inggris yang kreatif. Pendidikan Profesi Guru Prajabatan (PPG) cukup kreatif dalam merancang bahan ajar.Kata Kunci: Kreativitas guru; materi ajar kreatif; pendidikan profesi guru; PPG

Student-Based Entrepreneurship Incubation Program for Student Startup Digital Business Development in Efforts to Optimize Sustainable Student Business

The student digital startup business development incubation program is one of the initiatives implemented to support the development of innovative and sustainable student businesses. This program aims to help students realize their competitive and sustainable business potential. Analysis of the entrepreneurial situation at the University of North Sumatra is currently in the process of development, marked by a large number of new young entrepreneurs from various entrepreneurial programs both internal to the university and outside the university, such as the Young Entrepreneurs program (PMW), Student Creativity Program (PKM), it known that in 2022 there will be 12 PKM funding for the entrepreneurship scheme, apart from that there were also three program winning entrepreneurs (P2MW). The problem is that there are limitations in opening up networking opportunities and market access for students just starting a business. There is a need for education from campuses and assistance regarding good business financial management, and there is still a need to improve sustainable entrepreneurship programs for students. There is a lack of qualified mentors or other resources and support. So, every startup from campus that has just started a business immediately loses enthusiasm and motivation because there is no continuous assistance. The method used to resolve this problem is assistance to improve student startup skills in providing competent human resources, financial assistance, and financial management literacy for student startups, providing facilities in the form of booths and business facilities, training and guidance to improve business management skills, and marketing. This program's online and offline results are characterized by opening up valuable opportunities for students to develop digital business ideas and promote sustainable business principles, allowing student businesses to contribute to sustainable growth.

Peningkatan Kinerja Guru Melalui Supervisi Pendidikan Terhadap Guru MA Negeri 2 Serang Provinsi Banten

This research is motivated by the decline in teacher performance in the process of implementing teaching and learning. One of the indicators of decreased teacher performance in learning is the decreased learning achievement of students in the MA Nederi 2 Serang Banten Province. The purpose of this research is to improve teacher performance through individual supervision of teachers at MA Negeri 2 Serang Banten. The research method used is qualitative. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation studies. Based on the results of the research shows that; First, the implementation of student counseling services is carried out through the creation of a student counseling program and the formation of a student counseling team. Second, implementation of academic supervision through approaches and techniques; class visits, observe teacher performance, observe material management, lead group discussions. Third, monitor the results of teacher academic leadership by discussing learning methods, use and assessment techniques, use of learning environments, and use of study time.

The Role of Women Leaders in Character Development of Santri

The aim of the research is to analyze the role, style and impact of Mrs. Nyai Ummi Waheeda's leadership in developing the character of students at the Al Ashriyyah Nurul Iman Parung Bogor Islamic boarding school. Based on these objectives, this research is qualitative research with a case study approach. The results of the research findings are: First, the leadership role of Mrs. Nyai Umi Waheeda in developing the character of the students is reflected in two aspects, namely task behavior and relationship behavior. In her duties, Umi prepares programs systematically, monitors the program periodically, and organizes the structured character of the students through Islamic boarding school rules and regulations. In the relationship aspect, Umi provides material and non-material support to students and administrators, communicates every policy before it is decided, and interacts easily. Second, the leadership style applied includes developing the character of students, namely the Telling, Selling, Participating and Delegating models. Umi with the telling model provides clear instructions. Each activity is controlled in 3 stages, the planning stage through the activity implementation plan (RPK), the implementation stage through the event report (BAP) and the evaluation stage through the activity accountability report (LPJK). The selling model is implemented by Umi through the support that is always given to the student character development program, instructions are delivered in communicative language. In the participating model, Umi always encourages students and administrators to take risks and develop. Meanwhile, Umi applies the Delegating model for various technical decisions to Islamic boarding school administrators. Each of these styles can be implemented well based on Fiedler's contingency theory because Umi Waheeda as a leader has a good relationship with the management, has a high task structure, and has a strong leadership position. Third, the impact of Mrs. Nyai's leadership can be seen from 3 aspects of moral knowledge, moral attitudes and moral behavior of students. The moral values taught and exemplified directly by Umi Waheeda include discipline, punctuality, maintaining cleanliness, sharing, caring for others, competitive, religious, highly committed and mutually respectful

The Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Academic Procrastination in the Undergraduate Nursing Student Program at the University of Jember

Abstract Background: Academic procrastination or delays in the academic field are caused by low self- efficacy wich results in a person’s inability to complete assignments. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between nursing students' academic procrastination and self-efficacy. Method: This study utilized observational scientific plan with a cross sectional methodology. The proportionate stratified random sampling method was used for each class to select the 229 students who participated in this study as respondents.Questionnaire General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES) was used to measure self-efficacy, while Procrastination Assessment Student Scale (PASS) to measure academic procrastination in students. With a significance level of 0.05, the spearman-rank correlation test was used to analyze the data. Results : The findings revealed a p-value of 0,073. This demonstrates that nursing students at Jember University have no significant relationship between academic procrastination and self-efficacy. Conclusion : Further research is needed on other factors that can lead to academic procrastination behavior such as peers, the environment, and differences in views on assignments Abstrak Latar Balakang :Prokrastinasi akademik atau keterlambatan dalam bidang akademik disebabkan oleh rendahnya self efficacy yang mengakibatkan ketidakmampuan seseorang dalam menyelesaikan tugas. Tujuan : Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara prokrastinasi akademik mahasiswa keperawatan dan self-efficacy. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan ilmiah observasional dengan metodologi cross sectional. Metode proportional stratified random sampling digunakan untuk setiap kelas untuk memilih 229 siswa yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini sebagai responden. Kuesioner General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES) digunakan untuk mengukur self-efficacy, sedangkan Procrastination Assessment Student Scale (PASS) untuk mengukur penundaan akademik pada siswa. Dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,05, uji korelasi rank spearman digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil : Temuan mengungkapkan p-nilai 0,073. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa keperawatan di Universitas Jember tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan antara prokrastinasi akademik dengan efikasi diri. Simpulan : Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai faktor lain yang dapat menyebabkan perilaku prokrastinasi akademik seperti teman sebaya, lingkungan, dan perbedaan pandangan terhadap tugas.