Contractional Structures Research Articles

Salt ions induced rice bran protein nanoparticle stabilized high internal phase emulsion as a fat substitute on breads

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) were fabricated by rice bran protein and peanut oil under salt conditions and applied as fat substitutes in bread. The HIPEs offered a gel-like structure and showed significant improvement of stabilization and viscoelasticity at 200 mM Ca2+ due to abundant crosslinking of Ca2+ and protein nanoparticles. The replacement of margarine with HIPEs turned the contracted and fractured gluten network structure into a continuous and compact one in the dough, resulting in the improvement of bread texture properties with hardness and gumminess decreasing by approximately 40%. When the HIPEs treated with salt conditions, viscoelastic parameters such as storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of the doughs were increased, thus fabricating breads with better fluffy and elastic characteristics. In addition, the HIPEs bread was abundant in unsaturated fatty acids (79.5%) compared to the margarine bread (43.9%). According to the result, the salt treated HIPEs bread showed better eating properties than the margarine bread, indicating high application feasibility of rice bran protein stabilized HIPEs in bakery foods.

Quantifying and modeling curved thrust fault-propagation folds at different scales

Classical models of fault-related folds, which invoke planar faults, are inappropriately applied in many instances, as curved faults are commonly observed in nature. The application of classical planar fault models for such folds hinders the assessment of the geometric relationship between these features and the quantification of crustal shortening during faulting and folding. Our study, for the first time, attempts to establish fundamental geometric relationships for curved thrust fault-propagation folds by examining the geometries and kinematics of three contractional structures at different scales. By relating the deformation of backlimb to the underlying curved thrust with an integrated algorithm incorporating forelimb trishear and backlimb shear, we successfully reproduced most of the fold geometry with a smoothly curving backlimb and an abrupt forelimb. We discovered that the deformation of folded backlimb is a combination of limb rotation and kink-band migration. This unique deformation mechanism means that curved faults do not experience greater slips (less than 2%) compared to planar faults of similar dips. Although the introduction of minor curvature in the fault trajectory cannot have a significant impact on shortening, our results emphasize that the choice of fault geometry is crucial for the deformation of folded backlimb and landform surface. We then combine our new work with previous studies and find that the arc angle distributions of curved thrust fault-propagation folds at different scales are in the range of ∼30°–∼60°, which is important for reasonable constraints on the geometry of deep faults in the absence of detailed seismic controls. Finally, our study further suggests that introducing area-depth strain analysis prior to the modeling analysis could minimize the assigned uncertainty in interpretation and test the validity of kinematic models in determining balanced structures.

Contract Structure of Production Sharing Agreement by International Oil Company in Exploration of Petroleum Resources in Developing Countries

Presently, there is little focus on the contractual agreement, particularly on the production sharing agreement by the International Oil Companies in the exploration of petroleum resources of developing countries. The primary objective of this paper is to critically explore the contract structure of production-sharing agreements by International Oil Companies in the exploration and development of petroleum resources in developing countries. Content analysis was used as the methodology of the study after examining several literatures. The findings indicate that the contract structure of the production sharing agreement (PSA) between National Oil Companies (NOC) and International Oil Companies (IOC) plays a significant role in the cost and risk of exploration and development of oil. In addition, it is noted that the joint committee of the NOC and IOC plays a paramount role in monitoring the operations of PSA between the NOC and IOC. Hence, from the gross oil production, the NOC gets its share as profit while IOC gets its share income tax. As an instrument of contract structure in the oil and gas sector, PSA needs further entrenchment between IOC and NOC to avoid likely issues that can emanate between the two parties in the face of current developments.

Quality Standards and Contractual Terms Affecting Food Losses: The Perspective of Producer Organisations in Germany and Italy.

With the aim of disclosing the antecedents and dynamics of food loss generation in the upstream stages of the fruit and vegetable sector, this paper presents the results of a series of semi-structured interviews with 10 Producers' Organisations (POs) in Germany and Italy. The content of the interviews is analysed by applying a qualitative content analysis approach, thus disclosing the most relevant issues affecting food loss generation at the interface between POs and buyers (industry and retailers). Several similarities emerge as we compare the answers provided by Italian and German POs, especially concerning the role of retailers' cosmetic specification on products in the generation of losses. Instead, the structure of contracts regulating commercial transactions between POs, industry, and retailers show noticeable differences, apparently resulting in a greater capacity to plan the demand of products from the beginning of the season in the Italian context. Despite these differences, this study confirms the key role of POs in increasing farmers' bargaining power against the buyers, both in Germany and Italy. Further research is needed to compare circumstances in other European countries and to analyse why the similarities and differences identified occur.

Emplacement and accumulation of magmatic products in contractional structures: How does it occur? Insights from Central Andes of northern Chile

Structural and stratigraphic data demonstrate that the magmatism in northern Chile was accompanied by shortening related to the development of fold and thrust belts. However, how magmatic products were emplaced and accumulated in the contractional structures is an unresolved question. We, therefore, integrated field and seismic data from the regions of the Pampa del Tamarugal, Salar de Punta Negra Basin, and the Hornitos Fold and Thrust Belt to determine the main structures that facilitated the magma accumulation. The syn-kinematic granitic intrusions in the Hornitos Fold and Thrust Belt were preferably emplaced along fold-related thrusts. In this region, magma migrated along thrust ramps and finally accumulated into the core of the anticlines and broken synclines. Subsidiary and vertical tensional fractures controlled the magma accumulation in the hinge zone and at the axis of the folds. The seismic data from the Pampa del Tamarugal and Salar de Punta Negra Basin present evidence of buried volcanoes on inversion anticlines. During the tectonic inversion of the pre-existing Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic half-graben structures in the regions, magma migrated along the master faults and finally accumulated into the core of the inversion anticlines as sills or was expulsed to the surface as volcanoes, as evidenced by the Punta Negra Monogenetic Volcano.

Optimization of Feed-in Tariff mechanism for residential and industrial photovoltaic adoption in Hong Kong

Due to the late introduction of Feed-in Tariff (FiT) Scheme to Hong Kong's context, its effectiveness, efficiency, and optimization have merely been investigated yet. Therefore, this study proposes two FiT mechanisms according to the policy characteristics and structure elucidated from existing literatures (i.e., payoff, tariff, and contract structures) (i) Mechanism 1 (i.e., M1): follows the current policy characteristics with a short-term contract structure, which terminates in 2033; and (ii) Mechanism 2 (i.e., M2) introduced a widely adopted policy characteristic with a long-term contract structure, which allows to sell all electricity generated to the power grid. The proposed FiT rate under M1 and M2 guarantees the profitability of the solar photovoltaic (PV) installers with different scales. For residential PV installers (i.e., small-scale PV systems with installed capacity less than10 kW), 6–10 years of discounted payback period (DPB) is considered as the optimization objective. As for industrial PV installers (i.e., large-scale PV systems with installed capacity of 200–1000 kW), 8–12% of internal rate of return (IRR) is considered as the optimization objective. Results indicate that the current FiT rate is slightly high for residential PV installers, and it is recommended to be lowered after 2024 to fit the proposed FiT range, and then levered up in 2028 to ensure the profitability of late participation under M1. Meanwhile, the current FiT rate is found significantly low for industrial PV installers, and it is suggested to be levered up to the proposed FiT range. Furthermore, policy reform is highly recommended altering from M1 to M2 when current policy expires (i.e., 2033). In terms of the techno-economic analysis based on the calculation of levelized profit of electricity (LPOE) where self-consumption of PV system-generated electricity is considered as energy bill savings under M1, the long-term profitability for industrial PV installers under M1 is found to be higher than M2, whereas the opposite is observed for residential PV installers. The contribution of this study is attributed to the flexibility and applicability of the optimized results, the context-specific investigation of the market-independent renewable energy development, and the comprehensive parameters considered in the model development. The results of this study are believed to shed light on policy implications, grid parity, and investment recommendations for the government, utility companies, and PV installers in the long run.

Legal Design as Means of Smart Regulation

The article is dedicated to the exploration of possibilities of using legal design for smart regulation. Smart regulation aimed at obtaining the maximum effect by minimal means is connected to using a range of instruments, one of which is nudging. The nudge theory is used in behavioral economics; it is suggested to consider the peculiarities of human thought and behavior bearing in mind that in most cases humans behave irrationally, they are led by emotions, cognitive bias, they tend to follow the majority. It is suggested to form the choice architecture in such a way that a human would prefer the most sensible option while not losing the freedom of choice. An important element in forming the choice architecture is the availability of information, which provides effective communication. Availability and completeness of information provided by plain language let people fully comprehend the consequences of their actions. It is proven that comprehensibility can be achieved through legal design of documents, which implies applying different means of simplification of form and content to a legal document (a contract, a judicial act, a normative legal act). The means of simplification of form are structurization, visualization, using tables, diagrams, readable font, while the means of simplification of content is plain language of a document.
 Examples of requirements of the law to the structure and design of contracts that lead to financial obligations are listed in the article. The conclusion is drawn out that the means of legal design provide availability of information, which leads to using reflexive thinking, which implies realizing the consequences of one’s actions, making rational and informed decisions; all of it can be viewed as the aim of smart regulation.

Legal support of corporate legal relations: priority in terms of imperative or discretionary nature

Current state of legal support for corporate relations and doctrinal approaches to determining the priority of their mandatory or dispositive regulation have been analyzed. Attention has been drawn to the fact that in order to ensure unimpeded exercise of subjective corporate rights by each participant of a corporate organisation, a balance of regulatory regulation and self-regulation should be developed, which should be built from mandatory requirements to discretionary principles.
 At the current stage of the corporate legislation development, there is a combination of dispositive and mandatory mechanisms of regulatory support of corporate legal relations. The regulatory framework for the establishment, operation and termination of corporations, as well as the exercise and protection of the rights of their participants (shareholders), does not allow a clear answer to the question of the priority of applying the dispositive or mandatory method to these relations. Despite the fact that corporate relations being civil are subject to the general principles of civil law, the need to ensure the stability of civil turnover and protect the rights of their participants necessitates the urgent regulation of certain aspects of corporate movement.
 It has been identified a tendency to expand the scope of dispositive principles in the mechanism of legal regulation of corporate relations. It is clearly crystallised in relation to certain organisational and legal forms of corporate entities. For objective reasons, it is less evident in relation to a public joint-stock company. The development of self-regulatory elements in relation to a limited liability company could be welcomed, given its intermediate position between the classic business entity such as a joint-stock company and a general or limited partnership. However, with regard to a private joint-stock company, the possibility of strengthening the dispositive principles should be taken with caution. Despite its non-public nature, such a company remains, first and foremost, a capital association and should not be transformed into a limited liability company, and its shares should not be recognised as a surrogate for securities.
 Although the corporate agreement contains provisions on the exercise (refusal to exercise) of corporate rights by participants (shareholders), they are not local, but are individual regulators that do not apply to the scope of the company's functioning and activities, which does not indicate the normative nature of such a contractual structure.

The role of the escrow account agreement in the squeeze-out procedure

The article is devoted to the analysis of an escrow agreement. The legal regulation of this contract is determined in the Civil Code of Ukraine. The specified contractual construction is also applied within the squeeze-out procedure, i.e. the mandatory sale of shares by shareholders at the request of a person (persons acting jointly) who is the owner of a dominant controlling block of shares. The research argues that the norms of the Law of Ukraine "On Joint Stock Companies" contain separate provisions regarding the escrow account and are essentially special in relation to the prescriptions of the Civil Code of Ukraine.
 It was established that the parties to the escrow agreement are the account holder, the beneficiary and the bank. Within the squeeze-out procedure defined by Art. 95 of the Law of Ukraine "On Joint-Stock Companies", the owner of the escrow account is the applicant of the public irrevocable claim, while the shareholders whose shares are subject to redemption are the beneficiaries and have the right to receive funds from the escrow account. Beneficiaries under the escrow agreement may also be the legal assignees of such shareholders or other persons who, in accordance with the law, has the right to receive funds. It is substantiated that in the analyzed contractual structure the bank performs the role of an independent party, an escrow agent trusted by both parties.
 It is emphasized that the moment of opening an escrow account in the squeeze-out procedure and the term of depositing funds into it are clearly separated at the legislative level. The second one is closely related to the time limit for submitting a competing claim specified by the Law. The advantages and disadvantages of using this approach in national legislation are characterized.
 The changes that have taken place in the national legislation regarding the escrow agreement in connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Joint Stock Companies" in 2022 have been analyzed. Attention has been drawn to the increase of the period during which the bank, in which the escrow account is opened, is obliged to make payments to the beneficiaries due to them.

Multiple phases of deformation that shaped the southern Central Andes (36.5°S) from crosscutting relationships with Cenozoic retroarc magmatism

The Southern Central Andes developed though a complex succession of magmatic and deformational episodes, which after more than a century of studies, are still the subject of intense debate. One of the main controversies lies in the ambiguity regarding whether there was a single contractional phase in the Neogene or whether there were multiple contractional phases distributed over the last ∼110 My. We present 33 new K/Ar ages obtained from retroarc subvolcanic intrusives and lava flows and document their crosscutting relations with the host rock strata. These data enabled us to constrain the deformation's timing in several contractional structures along the eastern slope of the southern Central Andes ∼36.5°S. In the hinterland, the timing of compressional deformation has been constrained to the following: between Late Cretaceous and late Miocene age determined by Neogene dikes crosscutting Mesozoic folded strata; pre to syn-late Miocene determined by dikes intruded in the axial surfaces of small anticlines; and post-early Oligocene determined by folded sills. In the foreland, the timing of compressional deformation has been constrained to between the Late Cretaceous and early Oligocene by dikes crosscutting pre-deformed strata; to the post-Oligocene by folded sills; to the pre- and post-middle Eocene by Eocene to Miocene dikes crosscutting older folded strata; and to the post to syn-middle Miocene by folded lava flows. We conclude that two pre-Neogene and one Neogene contractional phases, and various retroarc magmatic events have affected this segment of the retroarc. We discuss our observations in relation to previous proposals, separating the tectonic evolution of the area into six tectonic scenarios from the late Early Cretaceous to the present.

Legal Characteristics of Special Investment Agreement

Problem setting. An investment agreement is the most common form of establishing the rights and obligations of subjects of investment activity, but investment agreements do not have sufficient legal reasoning at the legislative level. The legislator is trying to improve the legal regulation of investment activity, which leads to the emergence of new contractual structures in the field of investment activity. Thus, an amendment to the investment legislation became the consolidation of the contractual structure «special investment agreement» in the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Investment Projects with Significant Investments», in connection with this, questions arise regarding: the correctness of the name of «special investment agreement». This question arises on the basis of the fact that the legislation does not contain a definition of the concept of «investment agreement», but there is a definition of a special investment agreement; the legal nature of relations arising on the basis of a special investment agreement, since the parties to the contractual obligations are subjects of public and private law; features of conclusion, execution, termination of a special investment agreement and liability of the parties for improper execution of contractual relations; scope of subjective rights and legal obligations of the subjects of contractual relations, since the Law of Ukraine «On State Support of Investment Projects with Significant Investments» does not reflect the rights and obligations of the parties to a special investment agreement. All these issues require a theoretical and legal understanding. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The study of modern scientific publications on the problems of legal regulation of investment activities indicates the absence of scientific publications, the subject of which would be the study of the contractual construction of a special investment agreement. Target of the research is to analyze the legal regulation of the contractual construction of a special investment agreement. Article’s main body. The signs of a special investment agreement, which indicate its specificity, have been established. Among them: the purpose of the agreement is the implementation of an investment project with significant investments; state support for investment projects with significant investments and the specific composition of subjects of contractual relations (applicant, investor with significant investments and subjects of public law the state represented by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the territorial community). The specifics of concluding, amending and terminating a special investment agreement are defined. Conclusions and prospects for development. A special investment agreement is a complex contractual structure that contains elements of private-law and public-law nature of relations arising in connection with the implementation of investment projects with significant investments. Legal regulation of investment projects with significant investments and special investment agreements has the following disadvantages: statutory state support provided to investors with significant investments can be provided only to those investors whose significant investments in investment objects during the period of implementation of the investment project with significant investments exceed the amount equivalent to 20 million euros. Investors who do not meet these financial requirements cannot acquire the status of investor with significant investments and thus, state support; to implement an investment project with significant investments, it is necessary to create a new legal entity an investor with significant investments; The Law of Ukraine “On State Support of Investment Projects with Significant Investments” does not establish the rights nor obligations of the parties to a special investment agreement. The lack of scientific works on the researched topic indicates the need for further study of the specifics of concluding, executing and terminating special investment agreements, their legal nature and the scope of rights and obligations of the parties to a special investment agreement.

Monetary Policy and Birth Rates: The Effect of Mortgage Rate Pass-Through on Fertility

Abstract This paper examines whether monetary policy pass-through to mortgage interest rates affects household fertility decisions. Our empirical strategy exploits variation in households’ eligibility for a rate adjustment, coupled with the large reductions in the monetary policy rate that occurred during the Great Recession in the U.K. and U.S. We estimate that each one percentage point drop in the policy rate increased birth rates amongst households eligible for a rate adjustment by 3%. Our results provide new evidence on the nature of monetary policy transmission to households and suggest a new mechanism via which mortgage contract structures can affect both aggregate demand and supply.

Estimation of detachment depths and displacements from the area–depth markers of contractional growth structures: Testing the “inverse line” concept

Estimation of detachment depths and displacements from the area–depth markers of contractional growth structures: Testing the “inverse line” concept

Договор коммерческого найма жилого помещения, находящегося в публичной собственности

The article estimates the legitimacy of the practice of transferring residential premises that are publicly owned under a Commercial Renting Living Accommodation. It is demonstrated that the sufficiently convincing arguments expressed against the application of this agreement are not supported by judicial practice. The confusion of contractual structures in the provision of residential premises from public ownership is illustrated, which is caused by the poor quality of regional and local regulation. The conclusion is made about the inadmissibility of using exclusively the tools of civil legislation when providing residential premises in public ownership under a commercial renting living accommodation. The ideas on which the federal legislative regulation in the field of provision of residential premises belonging to a public owner should be based are formulated.

Regional significance of normal fault systems in the western Canadian Beaufort Sea (Mackenzie delta)

The Beaufort-Mackenzie fold and thrust belt in Arctic Canada corresponds to the offshore part of the Cordilleran orogen in Yukon and Alaska. Previous tectonic studies in this area focussed on contractional structures, and comparatively little attention has been paid to normal faults, even though they are ubiquitous in the shallow Beaufort Sea. Normal faults dip either seaward or landward and most faults are located on the apex of anticlines. Despite the clear spatial relationship with anticlines, normal faults initiated after fold development as the delta front migrated seaward. Accordingly, Oligocene to Pliocene extensional structures are interpreted as recording gravity-driven deformation superimposed on an existing, mainly Eocene, fold and thrust belt. Several normal faults extend downward onto one of the anticline limbs, but the control of the fold geometry on the dip of the faults (seaward or landward) remains poorly understood. Seismic amplitude anomalies suggest that normal faults acted as fluid (most probably thermogenic gas) migration pathways.

Recognition of the contract invalid as a way of protecting civil rights and interests of individuals.

The article refers to the institution of contract invalidation as a way of protecting civil rights and interests. In general, the article clarifies the types of invalid contracts based on the content of the dispute, the main features of invalid and disputed transactions, the term for appealing invalid transactions and the grounds that caused the contract to be declared invalid. The problems of the ratio of recognition of the contract as null and void as an independent means of protection of civil rights are considered.
 The rapid development of market relations requires the stability of contractual structures, which are ensured by their validity. However, due to various reasons, the transaction may be declared invalid. The fact of the existence of shortcomings provided for by the Civil Code of Ukraine is the basis for applying to the court with the demand to cancel the legal decision that arose as a result of the conclusion of the agreement.
 Within the scope of this article, judicial practice was studied, where from the given examples of court decisions, in some cases, the lack of a unified approach to resolving cases of invalidity of transactions and the application of the consequences of their invalidity is clearly observed, in others, they serve to reinforce the authors' position regarding the application of civil law norms legislation. I. Therefore, in modern conditions, there are many not only theoretical, but also practical problems associated with the unequal application by courts of the same norms of material law when making decisions regarding the invalidity of contracts.
 Based on the conducted research, the authors come to the conclusion that despite the attention to this issue in the literature, as well as the presence of certain conclusions of higher judicial bodies, for the doctrine of civil law there is no unity in the ratio of non-conclusion and invalidity of contracts.

Contract Structures for SatCom: How Will Competition from Low Earth Orbit Mega Constellations Change How Communications Services Are Purchased?

Communication satellite operators contract their capacity through service-level agreements (SLAs) to their customers, some of which reserve fixed capacity over multiple years. Relative to current capacity constraints, this market has seen substantial demand growth, as well as number of new entrants such as SpaceX and Amazon. While historically these SLAs have helped matched large capital investments with long-term revenue, the history of communications markets suggests that this leaves significant capacity and revenues underutilized. Our objectives were to review existing SLAs, identify their limitations, and explore new SLAs, some of which leverage the flexibility of new communication satellites. We find that existing SLAs can be characterized into classic, data volume, and dual SLAs. While important historically, these are found to leave significant capacity and revenue potential underutilized while simultaneously failing to meet customer desire for improved flexibility and lower prices. Through 60 interviews with SatCom customers, we find that lower prices and more flexibility for capacity bookings are the 2 most desired characteristic. By examining the history of the cloud computing and telecommunication industries, we propose spot instance, time-of-day pricing, and 2 classes of service SLAs, which address these shortcomings by offering more liquid services accessible to a broader range of customers. We conclude that the classic SLA excels where reliability and speed are essential, traffic volume is high, and variation is low. When consumers are price-sensitive, data volume SLAs, time-of-day pricing SLAs, and 2 classes of service SLAs are affordable options. When the traffic patterns are not repeating on a daily or monthly basis, spot instances offer the desired flexibility.

Соотношение соглашений о приобретении опциона эмитента и о предоставлении опциона на заклю- чение договора купли-продажи акций

Options are one of the most demanded mechanisms for structuring by the subjects of professional exchange of their relations on the disposal of shares of companies. In an attempt to ensure possible risks, shareholders have the opportunity to use various option structures, in particular the option to conclude a contract and the emitent option. Each mechanism establishes an option right, taking into account the peculiarities of the applicable regulation to a particular mechanism, as well as shareholder legislation. The emitent’s option and the option to conclude a share purchase agreement, in the author’s opinion, should be considered through the prism of the agreement under which the option is transferred, the agreement to acquire the emitent’s option and the agreement to grant the option to conclude a share purchase agreement, respectively. These models are considered in the work in a comparative aspect, taking into account the specifics of the regulatory joint-stock and emisson legislation. The author gives the main related and distinctive features of the presented agreements, and also emphasizes the advantages of the contractual structure of the option to sell shares over a security that provides the option right to purchase shares.

When the chickens come home to roost: The short‐ versus long‐term performance implications of government contracting and supplier network structure

AbstractThe old adage “it is not what you know, but who you know” suggests that in connection(s) lies the key(s) to success. But what does success mean, and for how long will it last? What does the choice of partner, and network connections say about the performance implications of contracting, particularly in the case of a public–private partnership? With countries such as the United States accounting for the world's largest buyer (of any and everything), several suppliers eagerly await their opportunity to contract with large government entities, but is it always a wise decision? Such questions remain largely unexplored and require answers. This research provides answers to these questions by integrating congruence, and network theory to investigate how government contracting impacts private suppliers' financial performance and how suppliers' supply chain network connections moderate this relationship. Results using panel data over several years suggest that while contracting with government bolsters' short‐term financial performance (ROA), it negatively affects long‐term supplier performance (Tobin's Q). In addition, the prominence of a firm's connections (i.e., who they know) and the composition of these connections enhances the performance gains, highlighting the critical role of a firm's network structure on their performance within the contracting relationship. We therefore find that the power of supply chain network connections enhances the short‐term positive effects and mitigates the long‐term adverse effects when contracting with government buyers, as the relationship is not always universally positive.

The influence of the social contract on the stability of Moroccan society after its Independence

ABSTRACT Whilst the challenges brought about by the Arab Spring have been severe to many Middle Eastern and North African countries, the political stability of Morocco has offered a sharp contrast in the eyes of academics. Prompting one to ask what has caused such an exception? In examining the historical development of Morocco after its independence, we find that the answer to this question lies in the regime’s ability in providing different social groups with economic and political deliverables through the use of social contracts, thus maintaining the country’s stability. This article argues that it was this proficient management of social contracts that allowed Morocco to strive, as opposed to the tumultuous fate of its neighbours. Despite several social protests, the regime was able to successfully maintain the validity of its social contract through timely political and economic adjustments. The structure and effectiveness of such social contracts are intrinsically tied to Morocco’s historical factors and power structure. Alongside with the successful management of its social contracts, the regime also, fairly proficiently, utilized patriotism, political manipulation and military control. The result being a relative stable society during the transitional periods in its social contracts.