Separate Structures Research Articles

Alkoxy Modification of the Terminal Group in Nonfullerene Acceptors to Achieve Efficient Ternary Organic Solar Cells With a High Open‐Circuit Voltage

AbstractY‐series nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) usually bear halogenated end groups to achieve narrow bandgaps and tunable molecules crystallinity; however, it results in small open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.8–0.9 V. Here, three Y‐series NFAs BTP‐eC9‐G51, BTP‐eC9‐G52, and BTP‐eC9‐G53 are synthesized by introducing both an electron‐withdrawing fluoro group and electron‐donating alkoxy group to commonly used 2‐(3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroinden1‐ylidene)‐malononitrile (IC) terminal groups. These compounds demonstrate a high Voc larger than 0.9 V when employed as acceptors in organic solar cells (0.91 V for BTP‐eC9‐G51 and 0.95 V for the others). The effect of alkoxy chain length of the molecules on the photoelectric properties is systematically studied. The results show that the dipole moments and aggregation behaviors of these molecules changes obviously with the increase of alkoxy chain length. The active layer based on BTP‐eC9‐G51 shows suitable phase separation structure and good charge transport. Devices based on BTP‐eC9‐G51 achieve a device efficiency of 16.65%, higher than those of BTP‐eC9‐G52 and BTP‐eC9‐G53 based devices (14.33% and 13.24%, respectively). Furthermore, BTP‐eC9‐G51 is introduced into D18:L8‐BO devices as a third component, which improves the Jsc and Voc, reduces the nonradiation energy loss, and the device efficiency is increased to 19.03% with a high Voc of 0.92 V.

Tailoring Metal-Organic Frameworks for One-Step Separation of Alkane/Alkene/Alkyne Mixtures.

The purification of polymer-grade (>99.9%) olefins (mostly C2 and C3) represents a significant yet challenging process in petrochemical industry. The commonly employed method for hydrocarbon separation involves heat-driven distillations. Adsorptive separation based on porous solids offer the potential to purify olefins under ambient conditions, rendering considerable energy and environmental benefits. In particular, one-step purification of alkenes through selective adsorption of their corresponding alkanes and alkynes stands out as a promising technique. Notably, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), possessing finely tunable pore structures (pore size/shape/internal chemical environment), hold great potential in this regard. In this review article, we outline recent progresses in the development of MOFs for one-step adsorptive purification of alkenes from alkane/alkene/alkyne ternary mixtures, with an emphasis on the rational regulation of pore structures for desired separation.

Boosting the Actuation Performance of a Dynamic Supramolecular Polyurethane-Urea Elastomer via Kinetic Control.

The ongoing soft actuation has accentuated the demand for dielectric elastomers (DEs) capable of large deformation to replace the traditional rigid mechanical apparatus. However, the low actuation strain of DEs considerably limits their practical applications. This work developed high-performance polyurethane-urea (PUU) elastomers featuring large actuation strains utilizing an approach of kinetic control over the microphase separation structure during the fabrication process. Additionally, disulfide (DS) bonds were incorporated as dynamic chemical linkages to effectively heal the mechanical damage in the resulting elastomer (PUUDS). Alteration in processing conditions creates notable differences in the rate of phase separation among the multiphase materials. A faster phase separation rate is associated with a reduced degree of microphase separation, increased spacing within hard domains, a higher proportion of disordered hydrogen bonds, and hydrogen bonding index. These changes synergistically improved the electromechanical properties of the PUUDS elastomers, thereby enhancing their actuation performance. The sample processed under the fastest phase separation condition showed the lowest Young's modulus and a pronounced dielectric response at low frequencies. The electrostriction effect accounts for 89% of the total electromechanical coupling, achieving a significant reduction in the driving voltage during actuation. The maximum actuation strain recorded was 21.6% at an electric field of 45 MV/m. Benefiting from the fully reversible dynamic network, the damaged PUUDS elastomer can be healed and restored to its original elongation at break after 3 h at room temperature. Practical application was demonstrated through the development of a miniature butterfly model constructed from a single-layer PUUDS elastomer, showcasing potential applications in soft robotics. These findings highlight the critical role of kinetic control in optimizing the performance of advanced DEs.

Constructing dendrite-suppressing separators based on cellulose acetate and polyoxometalates toward uniform lithium electrodeposition.

Functionalized separators are expected to serve as protective barriers to conquer the lithium dendrite penetration in lithium metal batteries. Herein, a novel self-supporting separator material has been successfully synthesized based on the cellulose acetate and Keggin-type polyoxometalate H3PMo12O40·xH2O (denoted as CA/PMo12). The incorporation of PMo12 facilitates the transformation of the original finger-like structure of the CA separator into a uniform three-dimensional porous grid architecture, which is more effective in inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites. For the obtained CA/PMo12 separator, the mechanical strength, electrolyte uptake capacity, and Li+ anchoring ability are significantly improved. The plentiful ether and carbonyl functional groups of CA can effectively adsorb lithium ions and regulate the uniform lithium plating. More significantly, density functional theory calculations show that the coordination environment formed between PMo12 and CA is conducive to enhancing the adsorption ability of lithium ions and promoting the rapid migration of lithium ions. Meanwhile, PMo12 can act as an "ion sponge" to form a lithium-rich layer, making the distribution of charges on the lithium surface more uniform, while undergoing a reversible transformation between its reduced and oxidized states during repeated plating/stripping processes. Consequently, the Li//Li symmetric cell using a CA/PMo12 separator shows excellent plating/stripping efficiency after 1075 cycles with a low hysteresis voltage of 38.1 mV under 5 mA cm-2 and 1 mA h cm-2. Meanwhile, a LiFePO4//Li cell achieves a superior reversible capacity of 90 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles under 1 C.

Enhancing molecular aggregation and decreasing the optical gap by a dual-additive to reduce the energy loss of all-polymer organic solar cells

1. The introduction of dual-additive extend the aggregation time of PYIT; 2. A better vertical phase separation structure has been formed; 3. Eloss: 0.500–0.476 eV; PCE: 14.58–16.67%.

Deep origin of articulation strategies in panarthropods: evidence from a new luolishaniid lobopodian (Panarthropoda) from the Tulip Beds, Burgess Shale

The evolution of articulated sclerites via soft membranes, termed arthrodization, is arguably one of the most critical innovations in animals. Defining the megaphylum Arthropoda, the arthrodization of appendages, or arthropodization, likely predated that of the body, the combination of both being diagnostic of true arthropods (Euarthropoda) – all of these innovations occurring during the Cambrian explosion. Here, thanks to dozens of exceptionally preserved fossils from the Cambrian Wuliuan Stage Burgess Shale (Tulip Beds locality on Mount Stephen, British Columbia, Canada), we show that a distinct but comparable system of imbricated sclerotic elements evolved in the paraphyletic sister group of arthropods, the lobopodians. Entothyreos synnaustrus gen. et sp. nov. has characteristic body plan features of the Collinsovermidae (order Luolishaniida), including anterior limbs for suspension-feeding and stout anchoring posterior limbs. Uniquely, however, E. synnaustrus also displays segmental sclerotic sheets along the trunk, covered in a thin layer of integument, as well as overlapping sclerotized annuli on posterior-most limbs. While the latter elements likely served a protective function, the dorsolateral trunk sheets, which also carry spines, may have facilitated body erection and suspension-feeding. Other luolishaniids possess separate ring-like structures connecting the base of metameric spines which are covered by the apical layer of the lobopodian integument. E. synnaustrus and related taxa illustrate, therefore, an arguably parallel evolution of arthropod-like morphoanatomical features early during the rise of panarthropods. This finding broadens our perspectives on the uniqueness of major synapomorphies and the importance of including canalization in macroevolutionary narratives. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org.pub:D4A01784-E587-481A-AB04-A812B4AAE422

Optimization of the separation chamber structure of a pneumatic dry low-intensity drum magnetic separator based on a multi-physical field coupling model

ABSTRACT Dry magnetic separator is the workhorse for processing fine-grained magnetite in arid and remote regions. In this study, a pneumatic dry low-intensity drum magnetic separator (PDLDMS) with a side vertical upward feeding was designed and optimized based on a multiphysics numerical model. The structural parameters of the separation chamber were designed and optimized by predicting the separation performance and particle dynamic trajectory of the PDLDMS. All predictions indicated that the structural parameters of the separation chamber affected the capture behavior of particles with different sizes and relative magnetic permeability. An appropriate increase in the spacing of the separation chamber was conducive to reducing the entrapment of the particles with a lower relative magnetic permeability and improving the grade of the concentrate. An appropriate increase in the waveform amplitude of the separation chamber was conducive to improving the recovery of the fine-grained particles with a higher relative magnetic permeability and improving the recovery of the concentrate. The optimum PDLDMS performance was achieved at a separation chamber spacing of 40 mm and a separation chamber waveform amplitude of 20 mm. By comparing the experimental results with simulated results, the accuracy of the PDLDMS recovery and grade prediction results were verified.

BAMITA: Bayesian multiple imputation for tensor arrays.

Data increasingly take the form of a multi-way array, or tensor, in several biomedical domains. Such tensors are often incompletely observed. For example, we are motivated by longitudinal microbiome studies in which several timepoints are missing for several subjects. There is a growing literature on missing data imputation for tensors. However, existing methods give a point estimate for missing values without capturing uncertainty. We propose a multiple imputation approach for tensors in a flexible Bayesian framework, that yields realistic simulated values for missing entries and can propagate uncertainty through subsequent analyses. Our model uses efficient and widely applicable conjugate priors for a CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) factorization, with a separable residual covariance structure. This approach is shown to perform well with respect to both imputation accuracy and uncertainty calibration, for scenarios in which either single entries or entire fibers of the tensor are missing. For two microbiome applications, it is shown to accurately capture uncertainty in the full microbiome profile at missing timepoints and used to infer trends in species diversity for the population. Documented R code to perform our multiple imputation approach is available at https://github.com/lockEF/MultiwayImputation.

Effect of Hard Segment Content and Molecular Weight of Liquid Polysulfide on the Microphase Separation Structure–Property of One‐Component Polysulfide Adhesives

Effect of Hard Segment Content and Molecular Weight of Liquid Polysulfide on the Microphase Separation Structure–Property of One‐Component Polysulfide Adhesives

Two-epoch spectral imagery of the outflow system PV Cep

We continue to study the structure and kinematics of Herbig-Haro (HH) flows. HH flows exhibit a large variety of morphological and kinematical structures. Proper motion (PM) and radial velocity investigations are essential for understanding the physical nature of these structures. We investigated the kinematics and PM of spectrally separated structures in the PV Cep HH flow HH 215. We present observational results we obtained with a 6 m telescope (in Russia) using the SCORPIO multi-mode focal reducer with a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. Two epochs of the observations of the PV Cep region in Halpha and SII emission (2003 and 2020-2021) allowed us to study the morphology of the HH 215 jet in detail and to measure the PM and radial velocities for its inner structures. We studied previously known emission knots in the HH 215 flow and new features. Moreover, a newly formed HH knot was revealed. It presumably formed during the large maximum of PV Cep in 1976-1977. We found the high-velocity inner channel in the HH 215 ionized outflow, oriented in the mean direction of the whole HH outflow, and the symmetry axis of the reflection nebula. The position angle of the HH knots located along the axis of the high-velocity channel coincide with its axis (about 325$^ circ $), but others have a completely different value (about 25$^ circ $). This supports the idea that these knots were formed by oblique shocks. We derived a value of i approx 30 for the inclination angle between the flow axis and the line of sight. The total length of the HH 215 outflow probably is about 0.2 pc, and the full length of the bipolar outflow from PV\ Cep (HH 315 + HH 215) can be estimated as 3.6 pc, assuming that the inclination angle is approximately stable.

Real-time pavement distress detection based on deep learning and visual sensors

Pavement ageing significantly affects traffic safety and requires timely maintenance. However, accurately identifying pavement conditions from images captured by in-vehicle cameras remains challenging. This paper proposes a lightweight pavement distress detection method, MASL-YOLO. To address multi-scale defects, the method employs multi-scale channel mix convolution to enhance feature fusion, thereby improving the sensitivity to pavement damage. A multi-path aggregation attention mechanism and deformable convolutions are used to enhance adaptive sampling, strengthening feature extraction in the backbone. Integrating a large-kernel separable structure into the spatial pyramid pooling fusion further enhances the network's generalisation capability in complex environments. Experiments show that MASL-YOLO achieves an mAP of 85.5%, a 5.1% improvement over YOLOv8n and operates at 73.7 frames per second, meeting real-time requirements. The model, integrated with the RealSense D455 visual sensor and the GNSS module on the detection vehicle, achieved fast and effective pavement distress detection in field tests.

Enhancement of flying wing aerodynamics in crossflow at high angle of attack using dual synthetic jets

To address the asymmetric flow field of the flying wing under cross-flow conditions at high angles of attack, dual synthetic jet actuators (DSJAs) are positioned at the leading edge of the windward side. DSJ control effectively affects the flow separation structure on the windward side, thereby enhancing leading-edge suction. This leads to both lift enhancement and drag reduction. Furthermore, it strengthens the stabilizing roll moment and improves lateral static stability. Additionally, the effective suppression of the separation zone significantly reduces the aerodynamic load fluctuations of the flying wing after control. In terms of excitation frequency, low-frequency excitation more effectively generates lift, transfers energy downstream, promotes momentum transfer, and results in an 8.2% increase in lift. Moreover, the DSJ excitation exhibits fast response characteristics, with the entire flow establishment process taking only 190 ms. Therefore, through DSJ control, the asymmetric flow under lateral conditions can be effectively corrected, expanding the flight envelope and enhancing the maneuverability and reliability of the aircraft.

A new deep learning forward BSS (D-FBSS) algorithm for acoustic noise reduction and speech enhancement

To enhance the speech signal in noisy environments, a Forward Blind Source Separation (FBSS) structure is frequently employed. This structure retrieves speech signal at the output from two noisy observations at the input. However, most speech enhancement methods based on FBSS use manual Voice Activity Detection (VAD) system. In this work, we propose a new algorithm based on FBSS and a Deep Neural Network (DNN) system for automatic VAD (denoted DVAD). This algorithm uses a multi-classification mechanism to identify various types of noise, and a deep DVAD for each specific type. We constructed, in the first part, the DNN models using the TIMIT database with various types of noise. The dataset was subsequently partitioned into three segments: 75% for training, 15% for validation, and the remaining portion for testing purposes. After preparing the recordings, we combined them with six different types of noise from another collection called NOISEX-92. In the second part, we integrated the DVAD system in the FBSS to cancel the noise component from noisy observations. This algorithm yields better results even under negative SNR environments. We show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in terms of objective and subjective criteria.

Research on unsteady flow characteristics of turbocharger turbine stage with coupling inlet and exhaust casings

The inlet and exhaust casings of marine turbochargers are closely coupled to the axial flow turbine. These are crucial parts that work with the axial flow turbine and have the ability to raise the power plant’s output power even higher. Their final stage of the axial flow turbine and the exhaust casing’s complex flow due to their close relationship will have a significant effect on each other’s aerodynamic performance. However, most existing studies have not paid sufficient attention to this coupled transient interaction. In this paper, the flow interaction between the axial flow turbine and the inlet and exhaust casings is studied. Particular attention is paid to the study of the coupled flow characteristics under design and variable operating conditions. This study is carried out using coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The computational domain consists of an inlet casing, 28 stator blades, 43 rotor blades, and an exhaust casing. The commercial CFD software ANSYS CFX solver and the SST turbulence model are used to simulate the unsteady flow field of the turbocharger axial turbine coupled to the inlet and exhaust casings. In this paper, the turbine flow field and the inlet and exhaust casings flow fields are analyzed, and the influence of the exhaust casing on rotor surface pressure fluctuation is discussed. In addition, the flow field distribution and performance parameters of the axial flow turbine coupled with the inlet and exhaust casings under three different operating conditions have been calculated and analyzed. The results show that the inlet casing affects the circumferential distribution of the stator leading edge pressure, while the asymmetric back pressure caused by the exhaust casing flow field causes the low-frequency pressure fluctuation at the rotor blade surface. At the trailing edge of the suction surface, the complex flow separation and vortex structure in the exhaust casing are the main factors causing rotor-stator interaction. The low-frequency fluctuation amplitude caused by the exhaust casing is greater than that caused by the high-frequency fluctuation of the rotor-stator interaction. Moreover, as the flow coefficient increases, the low-frequency fluctuation amplitude is much greater than the high-frequency fluctuation amplitude.

Analysis of the Effect of Structural Parameters on the Internal Flow Field of Composite Curved Inlet Body Hydrocyclone

To enhance the classification efficiency of hydrocyclones, this study introduces a novel hydrocyclone design featuring a composite curved-inlet-body structure. Through numerical simulations, the internal flow field characteristics of this structure are thoroughly investigated. The results reveal several key findings: when the diameter of the overflow tube is reduced below a critical threshold, the axial velocity exhibits predominantly downward movement within the outer cyclone, accompanied by substantial recirculation, leading to a loss of effective separation. Moreover, both static pressure and tangential velocity are largely independent of the insertion depth of the overflow tube. In contrast, the diameter of the bottom flow opening plays a crucial role in determining flow dynamics within the hydrocyclone. An excessively large or small bottom opening leads to flow instabilities, causing fluctuations that disrupt the uniformity of the flow field. Additionally, a small height-to-diameter ratio exacerbates flow instability, increasing turbulence intensity and resulting in irregular fluctuations in the LZVV. These findings provide important theoretical insights for the design of more efficient hydrocyclone separation structures.

Impact of exciton fine structure on the energy transfer in magic-sized (CdSe)13 clusters

Magic-sized (CdSe)13 clusters (MSCs) represent a material class at the boundary between molecules and quantum dots that exhibit a pronounced and well separated excitonic fine structure. The characteristic photoluminescence is composed of exciton bandgap emission and a spectrally broad mid-gap emission related to surface defects. Here, we report on a thermally activated energy transfer from fine-structure split exciton states to surface states by using temperature dependent photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the broad mid-gap emission can be suppressed by a targeted Mn-doping of the MSC leading to the characteristic orange luminescence of the 4T1 → 6A1 Mn2+ transition. The energy transfer to the Mn2+ states is found to be significantly different than the transfer to the surface defect states, as the activation of the dopant emission requires a spin-conserving charge carrier transfer that only dark excitons can provide.

Preparation of 3DOM PI–Ion Gel Composite Electrolyte Membranes for Li Metal Batteries

The electrolyte used in Li metal batteries (LMBs) contributes to high cycle performance, coulombic efficiency and safety. In particular, highly flammable electrolytes limit an operating temperature of LMBs around room temperature to keep safety, so that an introduction of cooling system is necessary, resulting in a reduction of the energy density of LMBs. Therefore, a use of safer electrolytes is required. Ion gel (IG) electrolytes have attracted attention as a candidate for electrolytes with high safety. Ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes have been incorporated in a polymer matrix. A large amount of polymer matrix has been needed to prepare thinner membranes of IG electrolytes, due to achieve high mechanical strength of mebranes. In contrast, the amount of polymer matrix is minimized to achieve higher ionic conductivity. This trade-off relationship between mechanical strength and ionic conductivity of IG electrolyte membranes must be solved by different approaches. This problem may be solved by IG electrolyte membranes incorporated into a separator framework. This separator does not contributes only to mechanical strength and ionic conductivity, but also to electrochemical performance of Li metal anode, such as Li metal deposition and dissolution and its coulombic efficiency. Therefore, a selection of separator used in the composite electrolyte membrane is very important. We have developed a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous polyimide (3DOM PI) separator that has a good affinity with IL electrolytes. In this study, the mechanical strength and ionic conductivity of the IG electrolyte membranes are improved by using a 3DOM PI separator as the framework. In addition, the more uniform porous structure of the 3DOM PI separator provides a high reversibility of Li metal dissolution and deposition. Three types of electrolytes were used in this study: pristine IG electrolyte membrane, surfactant-coated polypropylene (PP 25 μm)–IG composite electrolyte membrane, and 3DOM PI (30 μm) –IG composite electrolyte membrane. Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and N-metyl-N-Propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide mixture with a molar ratio 1:1 was used as the IL electrolyte. Polymeric precursor solution for IG composite electrolyte was prepared from methyl methacrylate (MMA), 5 wt% of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDGMA) to MMA, and 0.2 wt.% of 2,2’-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) to MMA. The polymeric precursor was casted on the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheet, PP separator, or 3DOM PI separator and sandwiched between PTFE sheets and then heated at 75 °C for 12 hours for polymerization in the separator. In the case of pristine IG electrolyte, the thickness of the self-standing membrane was at least 300 μm. The 3DOM PI separator was prepared by using a colloidal template method. An ionic conductivity measurement was performed to investigate an effect of separators on ionic conductivities of membranes. Figure 1 (a) shows the Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity of the membranes. The pristine IG electrolyte membrane exhibited the highest ionic conductivity, followed by 3DOM–IG composite membrane and PP–IG composite membrane. There was no significant difference in the slope of Arrhenius plots, indicating that the ionic conduction mechanisms of these electrolytes were not different each other. The unique pore structure of the 3DOM PI separator provided higher ionic conductivity than the surfactant-coated PP separator. The thickness of the membrane between the anode and cathode is an important parameter for an internal resistance of cell. Therefore, a conductance of real electrolyte membranes should be discussed. Figure 1 (b) shows the Arrhenius plots of the conductance of the electrolytes. The 3DOM PI–IG composite electrolyte exhibited both higher mechanical strength and conductance compared with those of other electrolytes. In conclusion, the composite electrolyte membrane between 3DOM-PI and IG is the most promising separator. Figure 1

Improving the Thermal Stability of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Separator Protective Film Made By Novel Materials

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in the portable electronics, power tools, and electric vehicle power markets. As the demand for higher battery density and energy density increases, improving the safety of LIBs has become an important issue. The separator in a LIB maintains physical isolation between the cathode and anode and allows the movement of lithium ions through the electrolyte through the porous separator structure during cycling. Therefore, cycle life and energy density are important components for achieving high battery performance.Generally, most separators are porous polyolefin films made of polyethylene or polypropylene. Polyolefin separators have excellent mechanical strength and chemical stability, but they shrink significantly at high temperatures, and internal short circuits occur under conditions such as abnormal heating. In order to improve the thermal stability of the separator, many methods have been reported for coating the surface of the separator with inorganic powder, and most of them use dip coating or simple bar coating. The coating layer formed on the surface of the separator has a porous structure and is several microns thick. Coated separators reduce thermal shrinkage while ensuring ion transport, but there are concerns that increased film thickness may reduce the battery's energy density.In this study, the coating was carried out on porous membranes such as separators at 50 °C by spray pyrolysis using methylaluminoxane diluted with N-methylpyrrolidone. The solution penetrated the separator during spraying and deposited an ultrathin layer on the side walls of the internal pores. These layers were suggested to be fine polycrystalline Al2O3. In the obtained film, most of the pores were exposed on the surface, and there was almost no increase in film thickness. Furthermore, it has ionic conductivity equivalent to that of film and has improved thermal stability. This method was considered to be an effective technique for improving the functionality of separators used in LIB.

Unlocking the potential of CuNi bimetallic catalyst: Structural innovation in phase-separated design for efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction

Bimetallic catalysts are widely used in electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (ECRR). However, the study of structural effects of bimetallic catalysts on ECRR is still limited. Herein, two kinds of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported CuNi bimetallic catalysts with alloy structure (CuNi/NC-alloy) and phase-separated structure (CuNi/NC-PS) were prepared, respectively, and their ECRR performance were studied. Interestingly, compared with CuNi/NC-alloy, the unique phase separation structure in the CuNi/NC-PS catalyst made the d-band center of Ni the most moderate, balancing the bonding strength with *COOH and *CO, making it not only exhibited relatively low CO2 activation barrier but also not been poisoned by CO, thus exhibiting higher CO selectivity. Therefore, CuNi/NC-PS exhibited superior catalytic activity (−0.86 V vs. RHE, FECO = 94.03 %, jCO = 37.06 mA cm−2) compared to CuNi/NC-alloy. In the membrane electrode assembly, based on CuNi/NC-PS catalyst and Co/Mo metal–organic frameworks (Co/Mo-MOF) catalyst, the coupling of formaldehyde oxidation and CO2 reduction could save 22 % energy consumption at the current density of 100 mA cm−2 and obtain high value-added anode product HCOO−. This study will lay a foundation for understanding the structural effects of CuNi based bimetallic catalysts on their electrocatalytic activities.

Developing an Ontology on Battery Production and Characterization with the Help of Key Use Cases from Battery Research

Materials science research faces challenges due to diverse and evolving measurements, materials, and methods. Managing research data in a way that is understandable, comparable, and reproducible is essential for high data quality, particularly for data science and machine learning applications. In Li‐ion batteries research data storage concepts and structures vary widely between institutions and researchers, leading to difficulties in data comparison and understanding. To address the issue of data structuring, battery production and characterization ontology (BPCO) is developed. The ontology builds on existing ontologies like the Platform MaterialDigital core ontology and quantities, units, dimensions, and types ontology to model standard battery production processes, characterization methods, and materials. The BPCO is based on a workflow structure to be accessible to nonexperts and, unlike highly specialized existing ontologies, models the whole production process removing the need for separate data structures and enabling the identification of dependencies between parameters. This work builds upon a previously published paper in which the taxonomy and fundamental strategies for ontology development are established. The article presents the developed ontology and its use for structuring research data in three key use cases, that is, different experiments performed to validate the ontology's capabilities, provide feedback, and ensure its applicability.