Structure Of Language Research Articles

A low-activity cortical network selectively encodes syntax.

Syntax, the abstract structure of language, is a hallmark of human cognition. Despite its importance, its neural underpinnings remain obscured by inherent limitations of non-invasive brain measures and a near total focus on comprehension paradigms. Here, we address these limitations with high-resolution neurosurgical recordings (electrocorticography) and a controlled sentence production experiment. We uncover three syntactic networks that are broadly distributed across traditional language regions, but with focal concentrations in middle and inferior frontal gyri. In contrast to previous findings from comprehension studies, these networks process syntax mostly to the exclusion of words and meaning, supporting a cognitive architecture with a distinct syntactic system. Most strikingly, our data reveal an unexpected property of syntax: it is encoded independent of neural activity levels. We propose that this "low-activity coding" scheme represents a novel mechanism for encoding information, reserved for higher-order cognition more broadly.

Syair in the Life of Contemporary Malays in Singapore

Syair, a form of traditional Malay poetry believed to have been adapted from the Persian or Arab civilization, has been a popular performative art in the Malay world, including Singapore. It has evolved since its first introduction to the Malay Archipelago with the coming of Islam, and what constitutes as syair today is a culmination of its language structure, aesthetics, and depth of author’s insights as a form of the Malay community’s creative art. Once prevalent amongst the Malays until the 1970s, syair has significantly declined in popularity with the emergence of modern poetry and printed prose, and modern-day forms of entertainment, among other things, though it is still familiar to the urban and contemporary Malays in Singapore. Based on the data collected from a research project (2018 to 2020) in Singapore, this paper demonstrates that syair in the form of rare hikayat (tales) texts and manuscripts are still kept as personal collection and family heirloom. Albeit dwindling in number, the art of syair recital is slowly eroding if not for individuals who perceive the preservation of syairtexts and the art of syair recital as their honourable responsibility, akin to preserving the Malays’ social memory and collective wisdom.

Concurrent Immediate Reference Counting

Memory management for optimistic concurrency in unmanaged programming languages is challenging. Safe memory reclamation (SMR) algorithms help address this, but they are difficult to use correctly. Automatic reference counting provides a simpler interface, but it has been less efficient than SMR algorithms. Recently, there has been a push to apply the optimizations used in garbage collectors for managed languages to elide reference count updates from local references. Notably, Fast Reference Counter, OrcGC, and Concurrent Deferred Reference Counting use SMR algorithms to protect local references by deferring decrements or reclamation. While they show a significant performance improvement, their use of deferral may result in growing memory usage due to slow reclamation of linked structures, and suboptimal performance in update-heavy workloads. We present Concurrent Immediate Reference Counting (CIRC), a new combination of SMR algorithms with reference counting. CIRC employs deferral like other modern methods, but it avoids their problems with novel algorithms for (1) immediately reclaiming linked structures recursively by tracking the reachability of each object, and (2) applying decrements immediately and deferring only the reclamation. Our experiments show that CIRC’s memory usage does not grow over time and is only slightly higher than the underlying SMR. Moreover, CIRC further narrows the performance gap between the underlying SMR, positioning it as a promising solution to safe automatic memory management for highly concurrent data structures in unmanaged languages.

Al-Nakirah wa al-Ma'rifah fi Surati al-Naba'/النكرة والمعرفة في سورة النبأ

Surah An-Naba' in the Holy Qur'an is one of the chapters rich in message and meaning. This surah employs both nakirah (indefinite) and ma'rifah (definite) nouns, which play a crucial role in conveying the message and enriching the structure of the Arabic language. To date, studies specifically addressing the types of nakirah and ma'rifah nouns and their grammatical analysis in Surah An-Naba' are limited. Therefore, this research aims to provide an understanding of the "Types of Nakirah and Ma'rifah Nouns and Their Grammatical Analysis in Surah An-Naba'." The objectives of this study are: (1) To identify the types of nakirah nouns and analyze their grammatical roles in Surah An-Naba'. (2) To identify the types of ma'rifah nouns and analyze their grammatical roles in Surah An-Naba'. The research methodology employed by the author in this study is qualitative descriptive research. The method used for data collection is the library research method. The sources of the materials investigated in this study are divided into two types: primary sources and secondary sources. The findings of the research include several key points obtained through the author's procedures, such as: (1) The number of nakirah nouns in Surah An-Naba' is found in thirty-four (34) verses. (2) The number of ma'rifah nouns in Surah An-Naba' is found in thirty-two (32) verses. It can be concluded that the study of nakirah and ma'rifah nouns is essential for understanding the Qur'an. The purpose of this learning is to prevent errors in the interpretation of the Qur'an, the Hadith of the Prophet, and other texts.

Bibliography as a language communication tool

In scientific inquiry and the dissemination of knowledge, bibliographies emerge as cornerstone elements within the expansive communication system, serving multifaceted roles indispensable to scholarly dialogue and the popularization of scientific findings. This study delves into the intrinsic significance and application of bibliographies, highlighting their roles in the communication process and retrieval of diverse entities, including books, articles, and electronic resources. The construction of bibliography entries utilizes a specialized bibliographic language characterized by its quasi-natural, uncontrolled vocabulary designed to facilitate communication. The strength of this bibliographic language is notably anchored in its grammar, imparting to it a universal communicative capacity that allows for the comprehension of meanings solely through the bibliographic scheme. This research examines bibliographies embedded within scientific texts to confirm references to existing sources, aiming to assert the universality of bibliographies as a language tool in scientific communication. Through an analysis of the functions and structure of bibliographic language, it is demonstrated that such bibliographies not only enhance the flow of information but also play a crucial role in conveying reliable and verifiable data, thereby fostering the advancement of scientific discovery.

An integrated model based on deep learning classifiers and pre-trained transformer for phishing URL detection

The unique nature of website URLs has made phishing detection a challenging task. Unlike natural language, URLs have an unstructured nature with non-linear and sophisticated correlations. Therefore, they should be handled as both natural language and unstructured data sequences. However, the current solutions for phishing URL detection only focused on a single aspect of web page URLs. In this concern, this paper proposes an integrated model based on DL classifiers and pre-trained transformer to examine both the unique nature and the natural language structure of URL sequences simultaneously. The proposed model consists of three modules: RasNet (Keras-ResNet), TCMA (TCN-MHSA), and MPNet (Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understanding). Considering the unique nature of the input data, RasNet combines two Keras embedding techniques to obtain the feature representations of URLs and then fuses them using a Residual Network (ResNet) to balance the weight distribution among the character-level and word-level information. Additionally, TCMA integrates the Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) with the Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHSA) mechanism to optimize feature extraction and improve classification accuracy. Concurrently, MPNet joins the advantages and eliminates the drawbacks of Masked Language Modelling and Permuted Language Modelling to examine the nature language structure of web page URLs. The proposed model was trained and tested on four different datasets, including Ebbu2017, PhishCrawl, 420K-PD, and 1M-PD. The experimental results indicated that the proposed solution outperformed other models in classifying malicious URLs with the highest detection rate of 99.71% on the 1M-PD dataset, improving the performance accuracy of the state-of-the-art approaches by 1.37% to 2.01%.

Unveiling Phonological Patterns: An Introductory Exploration

Phonology is one of the main subjects that make up the study of language, which is called the scientific study of the structure of language. One way to understand the meaning of language is to compare it to other parts of language. Basically, phonology is a science that studies the sound structure of language, as opposed to the study of sentence structure (grammar), word structure (morphology), and language variation over time (history). This definition is too simplistic and unnecessary. The research method used in writing this article is library research, this method is to search for reference materials through previous scientific works, in the form of journals, theses, books, etc. According to Seewoester (2009), humor is the manipulation of language at the linguistic level. Creating confusion and ambiguity with your words can influence many reactions from your audience, including laughter and confusion. Be careful with your language. Some strategies for creating humor in comic situations use sound effects such as sound substitution, deletion, addition, deductive pairing, metathesis, and sound compatibility.

Birhor Society and Culture: A Study on Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of Jharkhand, India

A significant portion of the Indian population consists of tribal communities. The world's highest concentration of tribal people with diverse cultures is found exclusively in India. Tribal people are those who inhabit a specific region, have uniform cultural characteristics, and use basic technology. Tribes are recognized for their unique ethnic and cultural characteristics, but they are losing their unique identities as a result of massive and rapid urbanization and industrialization. Since the beginning of ethnographic research on Indian tribes, scientists have been interested in the unique livelihood practices of the Birhor, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (primitive tribal group) in Jharkhand. They have historically lived in forests and had a nomadic hunting and gathering lifestyle. Large-scale deforestation brought about by urbanization and industrialization has an impact on the entire culture and civilization. Their language and unique socio-cultural structure are undergoing rapid changes as a result of their increased exposure to modern culture through different government initiatives for tribal development, the modern educational system, etc. It is therefore necessary to investigate the evolving sociocultural patterns of the vulnerable "Birhor" tribe and to put appropriate strategies and programmes in place for the self-initiated preservation of indigenous tribal culture and identity. Keywords: Oral tradition, Social life, Economic life, Birhor, Jharkhand.

Students' Learning Strategy in Using YouTube Videos for Self-Regulated Learning

The objectives of the research were (1) to find out the dominant learning strategy that students employ in using YouTube videos for self-regulated learning and (2) to describe students' learning strategies activity in using YouTube videos for self-regulated learning by tenth-grade students of SMAN 1 Sintang. The data in this research was collected through the instrument of the SILL Questionnaire by Rebeca Oxford which adapted and modified with the context of using YouTube videos for self-regulated learning. The total population of this research was 110 students. The researcher used purposive sampling to select 66 students who were suitable for the characteristics of this study. The research findings revealed that most students used the compensation strategy (19.72%), and the less dominant use strategy was the social strategy (11.66%) in using YouTube videos for self-regulated learning. Specifically, students are greatly helped in using YouTube videos for self-regulated learning by the subtitle feature, and students can also pause the videos to enhance their understanding in finding new vocabulary and phrases, as well as knowing the language structure in the learning videos.

A Study on English-to-Chinese Translation Strategies of Country Driving from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation

Country Driving is one of the China trilogy by American writer Peter Hessler. Based on what he saw and heard in his driving around mainland China, he presents with concise language and rich cultural connotations. Its simplified Chinese version was translated by the translator Li Xueshun. Since its publication, it has been well-received by the majority of readers, which proves its literary and documentary value. Country Driving is a typical non-fiction literature work. Based on Newmark’s theory, this paper will analyze the Chinese translation version of Country Driving under the guidance of communicative translation and semantic translation in terms of language structure, rhetoric, culture-loaded words, and special language forms. It is hoped that this paper will enrich the research on the translation of non-fiction Chinese translation literary works and provide some references for future translation practice of documentary literature from the perspective of Newmark’s translation theory.

The Passive Voice in Urdu: A Syntactic Investigation and Transformational Analysis

This paper explores passive structures in the Urdu language. It aims to understand their syntactic configuration and how to convert active sentences into passive ones. Limited research exists on Urdu's passivization compared to English. The research questions focus on the structure of passive sentences in Urdu and the necessary modifications for passivization. A qualitative research methodology is used, analyzing written texts and daily conversations of native Urdu speakers. The literature review compares Urdu's passive structures with English, including the standard "be" passive and less common "get passive" and "have passive." Findings show that Urdu passives use the auxiliary “Gaya” and the agent can be explicitly mentioned using "from-PP" rather than "by-PP." The paper also covers passivization in imperative sentences, using “ja:” and “cha:hi:e” morphemes. Moreover, voice neutrality is examined, showing that passive and active sentences in Urdu often convey the same event with similar agent-patient relationships. The study’s conclusive remarks on passive construction in Urdu have the potential to ignite future research in this domain. The paper contributes to the knowledge of passive constructions in Urdu which can significantly impact translation accuracy and interpretation between Urdu and English. This research also adds to the big picture of how languages work.

Assessing the missions and visions of NCI-designated cancer centers and their affiliated hospitals.

e23118 Background: Mission and vision statements (MVS) help convey an institution's identity and priorities. Missions describe objectives and responsibilities, while visions describe overarching directions for the future. Effectively communicating MVS is particularly important for cancer centers and hospitals seeking to inspire and reach patients and employees. We sought to assess the composition, readability, and topics addressed for MVS provided by NCI-designated cancer centers and their affiliated hospitals. Methods: We extracted MVS data from institutional websites for 65 NCI-designated cancer centers and 59 affiliated hospitals in 2023 (6 cancer centers did not have an affiliated hospital). We determined the composition of statements using word counts and time to read. We assessed the readability of statements using Flesch-Kincaid (FK) reading ease and grade level scores. We reviewed the MVS to determine the presence of four topics: equity, quality care, training, and research. We used descriptive statistics to compare these issues in MVS for cancer center versus the hospital. Results: Among the 65 cancer centers, we found mission statements for 93.9% (61/65) and vision statements for 63.1% (41/65). All affiliated hospitals provided a mission statement and 86.4% (51/59) had a vision statement. Data for composition, readability, and topics addressed for MVS are provided in the table. Overall, readability of MVS was difficult based on FK reading ease scores, with relatively high reading grade levels. Mission statements for cancer centers had a significantly lower reading ease and higher grade level compared with hospitals. In general, mission statements were slightly longer than vision statements, more frequently addressing the topics of quality care, training, and research. Compared with hospitals, cancer centers had a significantly lower frequency of mentioning the topic "training" in their MVS. Conclusions: We found that the majority of NCI-designated cancer centers report mission statements, but fewer provide vision statements. We demonstrated difficult readability for the MVS provided, highlighting a need to consider simpler diction and structure of language. Additionally, our work provides an overview of topics addressed for these statements including equity, quality care, training, and research. These topics underscore the values and priorities of an institution, and this review of MVS provides insights into the messaging that cancer centers communicate. [Table: see text]

The Role of Typological Feature Prediction in NLP and Linguistics

Abstract Computational typology has gained traction in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in recent years, as evidenced by the increasing number of papers on the topic and the establishment of a Special Interest Group on the topic (SIGTYP), including the organization of successful workshops and shared tasks. A considerable amount of work in this sub-field is concerned with prediction of typological features, for example, for databases such as the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) or Grambank. Prediction is argued to be useful either because (1) it allows for obtaining feature values for relatively undocumented languages, alleviating the sparseness in WALS, in turn argued to be useful for both NLP and linguistics; and (2) it allows us to probe models to see whether or not these typological features are encapsulated in, for example, language representations. In this article, we present a critical stance concerning prediction of typological features, investigating to what extent this line of research is aligned with purported needs—both from the perspective of NLP practitioners, and perhaps more importantly, from the perspective of linguists specialized in typology and language documentation. We provide evidence that this line of research in its current state suffers from a lack of interdisciplinary alignment. Based on an extensive survey of the linguistic typology community, we present concrete recommendations for future research in order to improve this alignment between linguists and NLP researchers, beyond the scope of typological feature prediction.

LANGUAGE IN MODERN LINGUISTICS

Language, the foundation of human communication, has long fascinated scholars. Modern linguistics, with its diverse methodologies and theoretical frameworks, offers a vibrant and ever-evolving lens through which to examine this complex phenomenon. This article delves into the key areas of inquiry within modern linguistics, highlighting the intricate interplay between language structure, function, and social context.

ENCODE CHILDREN IN UKRAINIAN

The article is devoted to the study of the alphabet of the Ukrainian language according to the educational course “My Friends” for children 4-6 years old abroad, which is intended for learning the Ukrainian language at the elementary level (according to the “Standardized requirements for the levels of proficiency in the Ukrainian language as a foreign language A1-C2”): A1 – the initial level, which certifies a partial acquaintance with the structure and system of the Ukrainian language and the possibility of simple, short and thematically limited communication in predicted everyday situations. The article states that the “My Friends” manual is an educational complex that includes: 1. “My Friends”. Educational book. Workbook, part 1; 2. “My friends”. Educational book. Workbook, part 2 and 3. “My friends”. Help for the teacher, online. The focus is on the fact that the educational manual “My Friends” was created in accordance with the New Ukrainian School – a key reform of the Ministry of Education and Science from September 2017 and from February 2018 in accordance with the new Law “On Education”. The manual is intended to help children (aged 4-6 years) familiarize themselves with the Ukrainian alphabet, understand and consolidate the acquired skills of oral and written communication, learn new grammatical models, as well as facilitate the child’s pronunciation of each letter and bring it closer to Ukrainian proper, in general, contribute to the pupil’s development as competent, versatile person. In order for classes to be quite easy and fun, as well as beneficial, the author of the article emphasizes the need to develop a certain strategy and follow it in everything. The educational complex “My Friends” consists of 17 topics and 34 lessons. A separate lesson is developed for each letter in alphabetical order. Each lesson begins with brief information for the teacher: 1. Lesson topic. 2. Determination of the level. 3. The proposed letter. 4. Important words. 5. Situational dictionary. 6. Tasks of the lesson (lexical and grammatical component). 7. Exercises for writing, listening, repeating, speaking and learning letters. We offer to get to know the study guide together with interesting characters (boy Андрій (Andriy), girl Юлія (Yulia) and their pets – Левко (Levko) the lion and Мудрик (Mudryk) the robot). Key words: alphabet, Ukrainian as a foreign language, level A1, foreign language audience, communicative competence.

Decentering Narratives: A Deconstructive Exploration of Contingent Identities and Ruptured Realities

The ongoing study examines the concept of contingent identities and the fragmented reality in Exit West (2017) through the deconstructive lens. The deconstruction theory holds that language and power structures generate meaning rather than being intrinsic. Employing this paradigm, the research will examine how Hamid depicts people whose identities are in flux, owning to migration, conflict, and the mythical aspect of magical doors, such as Nadia and Saeed. Examining the ruptured realities people encounter as they cross geographical lines and explore imaginative novel settings will further highlight the deconstruction of established identities. The study's objective is to present a powerful lens for understanding the fragmented identities of expatriates in foreign lands. It also reveals the inflictions of fixed identities and exposes the significant confluence of migration on our perceptions.

Bridging Meaning and Tradition: A Transitivity Examination of Makassar Aruk Texts in Wedding Discourse

This study delves into a comprehensive analysis of language structures within the aruk text. Employing a qualitative approach, the research focuses on a meticulous examination of the transitivity system. The findings reveal the existence of six distinct process types within each clause, intricately involving the relationships among participants and their respective circumstances. Notably, the study identifies consistent predicate patterns in the formation of aruk texts, particularly prevalent in the context of wedding expressions within the metafunction of the Makassar language. Furthermore, the research uncovers that the articulation of meaning, based on linguistic data, encompasses ideational, interpersonal, and textual dimensions. This multifaceted analysis enables a nuanced understanding of meaning, elucidating the metafunction of language through the exploration of words, phrases, and clauses pertaining to the speaker's conceptual domain.

Membangun Koneksi Individu: Strategi Berbahasa Indonesia Sebagai Alat Penting Komunikasi Interpersonal di Tempat Kerja

This study aims to examine the use of Indonesian as a tool to improve the effectiveness of interpersonal communication in the workplace, strengthen work relationships, and create a collaborative work environment. The method used is qualitative with data collection techniques, namely interviews. Data analysis is carried out qualitatively consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The results of the analysis show that good and appropriate use of Indonesian in the workplace is very important to maintain a level of professionalism, by paying attention to PUEBI guidelines and language structure, and avoiding the use of double, ambiguous words, or terminology unfamiliar to the interlocutor. The way a person speaks reflects their identity and culture. Interpersonal communication plays an important role in the work environment, affecting productivity and relationships between individuals. Improving interpersonal communication in the office environment involves a variety of strategies, from consistency in language adjustment to participating in activities outside of work hours and maintaining a positive attitude and openness to the opinions of others. Thus, effective interpersonal communication is not only the key to success in the workplace, but also supports the growth and development of both individuals and the organization

Unlocking the Role of Language and National Culture: Effects on Supply Chain Operations in a Global Context

We investigate how language, an essential part of culture, affects manufacturing firms’ supply chain operations management practices, including the cash conversion cycle and its components. Based on the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, which theorizes that a language's structure may affect how its speakers think, prior studies have established that using the future tense to describe future events increases one's mental distance from the future, reducing a person's concern about it. Building upon this foundation, we hypothesize that firms in weak future-time reference countries are likely to be better prepared for future volatility in demand for their products and therefore carry higher inventory to avoid potential stockouts. We also hypothesize that firms in weak future-time reference countries are more apprehensive about long-term relationships with their customers and hence extend longer credit terms to them. Finally, we hypothesize that firms in weak future-time reference countries have longer operating and cash conversion cycles due to carrying higher levels of inventory and extending longer credit terms to customers. The empirical results using a large global sample of 193,625 firm-year observations from 45 countries support our hypotheses. In terms of economic significance, on average, the cash conversion cycle of firms in weak future-time reference countries is ∼ 11% longer than that of firms in strong future-time reference countries. We also find that the effect of language is dominant over the influence of traditional cultural dimensions. Together, the results suggest that time encoding in the language of a firm is a determining factor in its supply chain operations.

The Development of Lucid Expressions of Preschool Children: A Study in Vietnam

Objective: This article deals with the development of lucid expressions for 5- to 6-year-old preschool children in urban, mountainous, and rural areas. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises imperical method. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires. Results and Discussion: The results show that the children in the city area have a good level of lucid expression compared with the other two groups living in mountainous and rural areas. The lucid expression also shows that a good level of lucid expression is not only a sign that the psychological aspects of the child have improved and clearly developed in terms of quality, but also an extremely valuable piece, helping children to be confident when entering higher education levels. Research Implications: There is a need for more in-depth studies on issues related to the development of lucid expressions, not only in the composition, characteristics, and structure of language, but also studies on the environment and other factors influencing factors, from which profound conclusions can be applied to the practice of language development. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the practice by providing evidence of lucid speech development that can help teachers, educationists find suitable ways and aspects to help children have better expressions in their speeches.