Wake Structure Research Articles

FLOW STRUCTURES IN THE WAKE REGION OF TWO INCLINED FLAT PLATES IN A SYMMETRICAL TANDEM ARRANGEMENT

Flow properties and wake structures behind bluff bodies have fascinated many researchers for years. Such interest in this phenomenon is due to various applications of bluff bodies in engineering and industry. In this study, flow structures and the downstream wake behind two inclined flat plates in a symmetrical tandem arrangement have been studied experimentally at Reynolds number of 23,000. Constant-temperature hot wire anemometers (CTAs) were employed to quantitatively measure the near wake properties in terms of shedding frequency, velocity components, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). The effects of gap ratio (<i>g/D</i>) between the plates and the angle of attack (α) on the wake flow structure have been probed in detail quantitatively. It was found that for a given gap ratio <i>g/D</i>, the Strouhal number decreases as the angle of attack increases. Moreover, for a given angle of attack a, the Strouhal number increases as the gap ratio <i>g/D</i> increases. Interestingly, it was observed that for a given gap ratio <i>g/D</i>, the coherent TKE peak production decreases as the angle of attack increases.

Unsteady Loads of a Scaled Rotor on and Near the Landing Deck of the NATO Generic Destroyer with Concurrent Stereo PIV and Surface Pressure Measurements

Rotorcraft shipboard operations are risky and demand high piloting skills. To gain further understanding and familiarize pilots with these complicated scenarios, various methods of computational simulations have been used in the past decades. Yet, some simulation methods may not capture a realistic response of the rotorcraft due to simplified modeling of the interactional aerodynamics in order to achieve real-time capability for pilot training. Thus, improvements to these simulations are required, and experimental data that unveil the interactional aerodynamics and dynamics between the rotor and ship are needed for computational validation efforts. In this study, an extensive experimental investigation of the ship–rotor dynamic interface problem was conducted to gain a general understanding of the interactional aerodynamics between a 1:100 wind-tunnel-scale NATO Generic Destroyer and a representative single main rotor, operating both stationary and dynamically moving in space in the vicinity of the landing deck. Data obtained through simultaneous measurements of rotor hub loads, ship deck surface pressures, and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry flow fields gave valuable insight into the highly coupled aerodynamic phenomena. Results showed that the rotor hub loads exhibited a high dependency on both the wind direction and also the position of the rotor relative to the landing deck. A bifurcation in the regions of high unsteady thrust was observed under certain wind conditions due to the ship airwake, impacting different portions of the rotor disk. The inflow angles across the rotor disk were estimated and assessed through flow field measurement, revealing how the ship airwake altered the rotor inflow and wake structure that contributed to the unique change in rotor loads under various hovering conditions.

Near-moving-wall flows past three tandem elliptical cylinders at low Reynolds number of 150

Dynamic flows past three tandem elliptic cylinders of equal spacing in parallel arrangement with a moving wall are numerically conducted by the lattice Boltzmann method. The gap ratio (G/D, where G and D are the gap between the wall surface and cylinder center and major axis, respectively) from 0.6 to 2.5 and spacing ratio (L/D, where L is the distance of two adjacent cylinder centers) from 1.5 to 10 are examined at Reynolds number of Re = 150 (based on D). The desired analysis correlates variations of hydrodynamic coefficients, wake structures, and spectral analysis in wide space of G/D and L/D with underlying fluid mechanics. The flow is highly adjustable in G/D−L/D space, dividing into six distinct regimes: overshoot, continuous reattachment, alternative reattachment, wavy, meandering, and coshedding, which are spatially classified into four modes because of flow interference, namely, shear layer, primary, two-layered, and secondary vortex shedding modes. The transition between adjacent modes defines three boundaries. The first boundary always occurs behind the middle or downstream cylinder, whereas the second and third boundaries occur between the upstream and middle cylinders and the downstream cylinder wake. Due to the near-wall flow interference, the hydrodynamic coefficients are highly changeable in L/D−G/D space, signifying the crucially lower drag coefficient of the middle and downstream cylinders than that of a single cylinder. A small G/D determines the increase in lift coefficient of the upstream cylinder as a result of the ground effect, while the shadowing effect of the upstream cylinder induces identical Strouhal numbers of the middle and downstream cylinders.

FLOW STRUCTURES IN THE WAKE REGION OF AN L-SHAPED CYLINDER AND A TRIANGULAR CYLINDER

Researchers have been intrigued by the flow properties and wake structures behind bluff bodies for years, driven by the varied applications of these bodies in engineering and industry. In this study, flow structures and the downstream wake behind a triangular cylinder (TC) and an L-shaped cylinder (LSC) have been studied experimentally at Reynolds number of 18,100. Constant-temperature hot-wire anemometers were employed to quantitatively measure the near wake properties in terms of velocity components and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and similarities and dissimilarities in coherent structure have been addressed in detail quantitatively for the first time. It was found that the wake region behind the LSC exhibits a delay in wake recovery in comparison to the TC. In other words, the dominant status of the vortex shedding phenomena occurs at a higher x/D for LSC in comparison to the TC. The coherent TKE peak of an LSC is about 22% lower than the coherent TKE peak of the TC in the near wake region while on average it is about 20% higher in the far wake region. Finally, it was found that the maximum coherent TKE peak of LSCs occurs at a larger x/D ratio, which can be concluded as an indication of a location delay in the wake region in comparison with the TC case.

Fluid-Solid Interaction Analysis of a Flow Passing Cylinder Based on Variational Mode Decomposition

The fluid-structure interaction problem of cylindrical flow around the cylinder is a classic problem, especially in many fields such as energy engineering, fluid dynamics, engineering structure, energy utilization and development, and environmental protection. In this article, we have heard about the simplified model and analyzed it with the help of the classical cylindrical flow model. In this paper, the flow field was pre-processed on the Workbench software platform, and the pressure distribution and eddy current phenomenon were observed by post-processing given the velocity of the flow field of 1m/s. There is a large number of thunder (2.799552×106) and the Carmen Vortex appears around the cylinder. The vortex falls off periodically, and the wake structure is relatively irregular. The maximum pressure appears at the bottom of the cylinder and the maximum deformation at the top. Then, the pressure term of the simulation results was transferred to the Ansys solver for finite element structural analysis to observe the stresses and strains of the structure under the action of fluids. Finally, the response signal is based on Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). Its periodic signal corresponded to the flow field, and its components were analyzed in detail. The application of VMD in this area provides innovative inspiration for related fields.

Wall effect on the wake characteristics of a transversely rotating sphere

In the present work, the flow over a transversely rotating sphere placed at varying separation from a plane wall at a Reynolds number Re=U∞Dν of 300 is numerically investigated using Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation, where Re is defined based on the free stream velocity (U∞) and the diameter (D) of the sphere. Three values of the non-dimensional rotational speed ω*=ωD2U∞, viz., −1, 0 and 1, have been chosen with ω being the dimensional rotation rate with anticlockwise rotation being positive. The non-dimensional separation gap G=gD between the sphere and the wall is varied from 0.25 to 3.0. Here, g is the dimensional gap between the sphere and the wall. At ω*=0 and G = 0.25, the wall completely suppresses vortex shedding from the sphere, whereas flow is found to be unsteady for other values of ω* and G. As compared to the case in the absence of the wall, the presence of the wall causes an increase in vortex shedding frequency for ω*=0 and 1 and decrease for ω*=−1. Hilbert spectrum reveals that the wake nonlinearity remains unchanged with an increase in G for ω*=0. On the other hand, it increases for ω*=−1 and decreases for ω*=1. Similar to the observation made for vortex shedding, the presence of wall increases drag force on the sphere for ω*=0 and 1 and decreases for ω*=−1. In order to reveal the spatial and temporal behavior of the coherent structures in the unsteady wake, dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) has been performed. For all the values of G, DMD mode 1 is found to be the primary vortex shedding mode.

Jet-flow coupling in heavy-ion collisions and the jetinduced diffusion wake

The diffusion wake accompanying the jet-induced Mach cone serves as a distinctive tool for investigating the characteristics of quark-gluon plasma(QGP) in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. This phenomenon results in a reduction of soft hadrons opposite to the direction of the propagating jet. Our study explores the 3D structure of the diffusion wake induced by γ-triggered jets in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC energy, utilizing the coupled linear Boltzmann transport and hydro model. We identify a valley structure caused by the diffusion wake, superimposed on the initial multiple parton interaction (MPI) ridge in both rapidity and azimuthal angle. This leads to a double-peak pattern in the rapidity distribution of soft hadrons opposite to the jets. In addition, when jet goes through the QGP medium, it will be affected by the flow velocity. So we take a new method to detect the effect of jet-flow coupling in heavy-ion collisions.

Base pressure fluctuations on levitated freestream-aligned circular cylinder

Base pressure fluctuations associated with the large-scale wake structures behind a freestream-aligned circular cylinder and aerodynamic force fluctuations related to them are experimentally investigated in the wind tunnel tests. Measurements at ReD=6.97×104 and 1.04×105 were conducted using pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) and a magnetic suspension and balance system (MSBS) for creating a supportless condition. The obtained pressure fields were mainly analyzed by a modal decomposition combining azimuthal Fourier decomposition and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The pressure fluctuations caused by large-scale vortex shedding were observed from the results of frequency analysis for mode coefficients. The states of the fluctuations were classified into three patterns, which are anticlockwise/clockwise circular and flapping patterns. These patterns have been observed in the previous studies for velocity fluctuations in the wake of a freestream-aligned circular cylinder. The conditional sampling analysis revealed that the trend in the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations is different by the state, and the flapping pattern causes a large pressure difference across the cylinder axis. Furthermore, the relationship between the antisymmetric pressure fluctuations and lift fluctuations, which act in the lateral direction of the cylinder, is confirmed.

On the evolution of flow structures around a track cyclist

In this study, flow structures and their evolution over a track cyclist were investigated through wind tunnel tests. In supplement to the experiment, high-fidelity numerical simulations were also conducted to demonstrate the origins of global flow structures. In wind tunnel tests, a full-scale track cyclist mannequin was built based on the three-dimensional scanning of an elite track cyclist in a riding position of a sprint event, and a Cobra probe was used to measure the wake structures. The results show that the preeminent flow structures around the track cyclist mannequin are the streamwise vortices originating from different body parts. The evolution of these vortices involves strong vortex interactions and performs differently on each side, resulting in a dominant streamwise vortex merged behind the right thigh, which is associated with aerodynamic drag productions. In particular, leg position affects the lateral displacement between the elbow vortex and upper thigh, which is the reason for the distinct flow behaviors on each side. This study helps to better understand the flow around a track cyclist, facilitating the development of drag-saving strategies in the future.

Unsteady wake interference of unequal-height tandem cylinders mounted in a turbulent boundary layer

The unsteady wake interference of unequal-height tandem finite wall-mounted cylinders (FWMCs) fully submerged in a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) was investigated using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. The aspect ratios of the cylinders were fixed at $h/d = 5.3$ for the upstream cylinder (UC) and $H/d = 7.0$ for the downstream cylinder (DC) to achieve a height ratio of $h/H = 0.75$ , where d is the diameter of the cylinders. The Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter was $Re = 5540$ and the submergence ratio was $\delta /H = 1.2$ , where $\delta $ is the TBL thickness. Three main flow regimes of tandem FWMCs were examined by varying the centre-to-centre spacing ( $s$ ) between the cylinders: extended-body ( $s/d = 2$ ), reattachment ( $s/d = 4$ ) and co-shedding ( $s/d = 6$ ) regimes. These test cases denoted as SR2, SR4 and SR6, respectively, were compared with a reference isolated cylinder (SC) with an aspect ratio similar to that of the DC. Spatio-temporal analysis of the flow field showed that the gap region of SR2 is characterized by a strong downwash of alternating low- and high-momentum fluid induced by the approach flow that is deflected from the unsheltered portion of the DC. In contrast, the gap region of SR4 and SR6 exhibited both downwash and upwash flow with a saddle point that moves closer to the mid-height of the UC as the spacing ratio increases. The upwash and downwash shear layers were associated with small-scale vortices with Strouhal numbers larger than that of the Kármán vortex shedding in the spanwise shear layers. The wake structure behind the DC was significantly altered compared with the SC due to sheltering effects, and the spacing ratio had a significant impact on the spatio-temporal evolution of the vortices.

Hydrodynamics and shape reconstruction of single rising air bubbles in water using high-speed tomographic particle tracking velocimetry and 3D geometric reconstruction

Time-resolved tomographic particle tracking velocimetry (TR-3D-PTV), also called 4D-PTV, is used here to obtain the instantaneous 3D liquid flow field information in the wake of a single rising bubble in water. Simultaneously, the bubble shape, size and velocity are determined by tomographic reconstruction of the 3D bubble shape. Both, tracer particles for PTV and bubbles, are imaged in a shadow mode with background illumination. The Lagrangian method used in this paper, especially combined with the shake the box algorithm, has big advantages compared to particle image velocimetry, in situations, where only low particle per pixel values can be obtained. In this research, single air bubbles of different sizes, with diameters of around 2.4 mm, 4.0 mm, 6.0 mm and 9.6 mm, were injected into stagnant de-ionized water. Their shape was reconstructed in 3D, and an equivalent bubble diameter was determined from this reconstruction. Compared to conventionally used 2D shadow imaging, this diameter is about 13% smaller. The 3D bubble trajectory can be analysed and decomposed into a sinusoidal function curve lateral projection and an ellipsoidal shape vertical projection. As the bubble diameter increases, the radius of the spiral trajectory is decreasing as well as the amplitude of vertical sinusoidal oscillation. The wake structure in the liquid behind the bubbles is also changing with bubble size: from simple vortex pairs for smaller bubbles to an intertwined structure of several twisted vortices for the bigger ones.Graphical abstractThree-dimensional bubble reconstruction (grey surface) and liquid stream lines coloured with velocity magnitude around an ascending air bubble in de-ionized water.

Influences of the wall distance and initial shape on the dynamic behaviors of near-wall bubbles

The phenomenon of buoyancy-driven bubbles near a fluid-solid interface is common in both natural settings and industrial processes, such as oil and gas exploration and production. The intricate dynamics of bubbles are profoundly shaped by their interactions with adjacent solid walls. In this study, a direct numerical simulation of bubbles rising near a wall is conducted using the volume of fluid method. The motion behavior and wake vortex structure of bubbles with three types of migration trajectories (linear, zigzag, and spiral) are analyzed. The influences of the initial shape and wall distance of the bubbles on their motion trajectory, rising velocity, and wake structure is investigated. The results show that the presence of a nearby wall obstructs the diffusion of eddies across a bubble surface, and the repulsive force induced by the wall increases as the distance between the bubble and the wall decreases. Remarkably, at a dimensionless wall distance of 0.6, a change in the lateral lift direction triggers a collision between a zigzagging bubble and the wall, consequently setting the bubble into a bouncing motion mode. In the case of spiral-moving bubbles, proximity to the wall enhances the likelihood of oscillations within the bubble's migration trajectory along the x-y plane while maintaining stability along the z-y plane. While variations in the initial aspect ratio of bubbles have marginal impacts on the migration paths of linear and zigzagging bubbles, the initial shape affects the migration trajectory of spiral bubbles to some extent. The bubble migration trajectory first experiences oscillations when the initial deformation reaches its maximum.

High-fidelity numerical investigation of a real gas annular cascade with experimental validation

This study aims at investigating real gas flow in the complex geometry of the Cambridge University annular turbine cascade using numerical simulations. The objectives include validating the numerical approach and understanding the loss mechanisms in this configuration. The numerical results are compared to experimental measurements obtained at various locations in the domain. Two turbulence modeling techniques, large Eddy simulation (LES) and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS), are employed to assess the influence of turbulence models and inlet turbulence levels. The results show good agreement between numerical simulations and experimental measurements in regions upstream of the trailing edge. However, discrepancies arise in the transition region of the suction side boundary layer, and RANS results are influenced by the choice of turbulence injection. In the wake of the blade, both RANS and LES accurately predict the stagnation pressure ratio, with some slight differences in shock positions and total pressure levels. The analysis reveals that large vortical structures at the hub contribute significantly to the overall losses in this annular configuration. The study quantifies losses due to boundary layers, the wake, and vortical structures using a loss coefficient, with RANS and LES producing slightly different results. These differences, while calling for further experimental measurements, also hint at the possible inaccuracy of the present turbulence models in the context of real gas flows for which a dedicated modeling effort is required.

Effect of filament length on the flow field of a rotationally oscillating cylinder with an attached filament

Experimental studies are conducted to examine the effect of filament length on the flow field and forces in the flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder with an attached filament. The diagnostics are flow visualization through planar laser-induced fluorescence technique and characterization of the velocity and vorticity field using planar particle image velocimetry measurements. The streamwise force is estimated through control volume analysis, using an improved expression, described in Sunil et al., J. Fluid Mech. 930, A3 (2022). With an increase in the filament length, the wake structure transitions from a Kármán wake to a reverse Bénard–Kármán wake and subsequently to an asymmetric wake. This happens at a Strouhal number of StA = 0.25 and 0.6, respectively. The transition from a Kármán wake to a reverse Kármán wake precedes the drag-to-thrust transition. Thrust generation is observed to be a function of both the cylinder forcing parameters and the filament length. Shorter filaments (L/D = 0.5 and 1) produce drag, whereas longer filaments (L/D = 2, 3, and 4) produce thrust at FR≥ 2.5. Normalized values of circulation scale well with the filament length, L, and the filament tip velocity, VTE, in the case of longer filaments. The effect of filament length on vortex dynamics and thrust generation is examined through a time evolution of the instantaneous vorticity, velocity, and kinetic energy data. Maximum momentum and kinetic energy content is observed in the flow field near the instants when the vortices are shed in the wake.

A Comprehensive Study on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Electrically Controlled Rotor Using Lattice Boltzmann Method

An electrically controlled rotor (ECR) is a kind of swashplateless rotor that implements the primary control via the trailing-edge flap system instead of a swashplate and demonstrates great potential in vibration reduction and noise alleviation. In this paper, the mesoscopic numerical simulation method known as the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of an ECR. In the LBM, the discretized Boltzmann transport equation is solved to simulate the macroscopic motion of the fluid, and the D3Q27 model is applied for this study. The effects of the flap deflection on the ECR aerodynamic characteristics can be accurately included with the appropriate refined wall lattice resolution. On this basis, the adaptive wake-refinement strategy is applied to track the evolution of the wake and adequately capture details of the wake structure in the wake flow field. Based on this method, an aerodynamic analysis model for the ECR can be established on the XFlow simulation platform. The aerodynamic analysis model is validated, and the results indicate that the LBM can accurately capture the details of the rotor flow field and calculate blade aerodynamic load, as well as predict the downwash of the rotor. Therefore, based on this model, the ECR aerodynamic characteristics under hovering and forward flight conditions are analyzed, and the effects of the flap deflection on the wake structure, induced inflow, and disc load can be captured. The results indicate that a relatively large flap deflection required to trim the rotor will cause the additional intense flap wake vortex in the ECR wake flow field, apart from the concentrated vorticity at the blade tip and root demonstrated in the conventional rotor wake flow field, and thus significantly change the distributions of the disc-induced inflow and aerodynamic load.

Impact of flapping trajectory and foil gap on induced thrust of a flapping foil

Wings and fins with tandem configuration are commonly observed in a flock of birds or schools of fish for enhanced performance while flying and summing. Emerging study on these subject underpinned by flapping foil is challenging. However, our study focuses on the tandem hydrofoil by varying the conventional (vertical heave and pitch motion) flapping motion to two new flapping trajectories: (i) elliptical and (ii) fishtail flapping trajectories. The hydrodynamic efficiency, such as propulsive efficiency and wake structure of the tandem hydrofoil, are examined using computational methods. The effect of Strouhal number (St) and inter-foil spacing are also discussed along with the flapping trajectories. The results show that by implementing the two new flapping trajectories, the induced thrust of the hind foil can be enhanced up to 45% compared to the simple flapping. This study shed new light on improving the biomimetic propulsion device, as it aims to enhance the elicited thrust of the hydrofoil.

Wall-bounded periodic snap-through and contact of a buckled sheet

Fluid flow passing a post-buckled sheet placed between two close confining walls induces periodic snap-through oscillations and contacts that can be employed for triboelectric energy harvesting. The responses of a two-dimensional sheet to a uniform flow and wall confinement in both equilibrium and post-equilibrium states are numerically investigated by varying the distance between the two ends of the sheet, gap distance between the confining walls and flow velocity. Cases with strong interactions between the sheet and walls are of most interest for examining how contact with the walls affects the dynamics of the sheet and flow structure. At equilibrium, contact with the wall displaces the sheet to form a nadir on its front part, yielding a lower critical flow velocity for the transition to snap-through oscillations. However, reducing the gap distance between the walls below a certain threshold distinctly shifts the shape of the sheet, alters the pressure distribution and eventually leads to a notable delay in the instability. The contact between the oscillating sheet and the walls at post-equilibrium is divided into several distinct modes, changing from sliding/rolling contact to bouncing contact with increasing flow velocity. During this transition, the time-averaged contact force exerted on the sheet decreases with the flow velocity. The vortices generated at the extrema of the oscillating sheet are annihilated by direct contact with the walls and merging with the shear layers formed by the walls, resulting in a wake structure dominated by the unstable shear layers.

Evolution of wake structure with aspect ratio behind a thin pitching panel

The evolution of wake structures behind thin pitching panels at Reynolds number 1000 is studied numerically for a wide range of aspect ratios (0.54≤AR≤16). At the maximum pitching angle (θmax) of 5° and 15°, simulations are performed for pitching frequency St=0.5,1. The higher pitching angle and frequency promote thrust generation for all the AR. Although the propulsive power grows with AR in the thrust cases, the propulsion efficiency remains insensitive to the AR. Higher AR imparts stabilizing effect on the flow in the drag regime, though it triggers instabilities with asymmetric vortex pairing in the thrust cases. Wake topology for the drag cases reveals the emergence of horseshoe vortices and bridgelets-type vortex structures within the range of AR studied. The wake consists of entangled vortices undergoing subsequent reconnections in the thrust cases. A smaller θmax and St induces organized 3D structures for AR≤4, although the end instabilities diffuse for increasing AR, resulting in a 2D wake signature at larger AR. The spanwise circulation data show the dominant influence of primary instability in rendering a high horizontal velocity-compressed separated region in the drag regime.

Forced oscillations of a cylinder in the flow of viscoelastic fluids

We investigate the effects of fluid elasticity on the flow forces and the wake structure when a rigid cylinder is placed in a viscoelastic flow and is forced to oscillate sinusoidally in the transverse direction. We consider a two-dimensional, uniform, incompressible flow of viscoelastic fluid at $Re=100$ , and use the FENE-P model to represent the viscoelastic fluid. We study how the flow forces and the wake patterns change as the amplitude of oscillations, $A^*$ , the frequency of oscillations (inversely proportional to a reduced velocity, $U^*$ ), the Weissenberg number, $Wi$ , the square of maximum polymer extensibility, $L^2$ , and the viscosity ratio, $\beta$ , change individually. We calculate the lift coefficient in phase with cylinder velocity to determine the range of different system parameters where self-excited oscillations might occur if the cylinder is allowed to oscillate freely. We also study the effect of fluid elasticity on the added mass coefficient as these parameters change. The maximum elastic stress of the fluid occurs in between the vortices that are observed in the wake. We observe a new mode of shedding in the wake of the cylinder: in addition to the primary vortices that are also observed in the Newtonian flows, secondary vortices that are caused entirely by the viscoelasticity of the fluid are observed in between the primary vortices. We also show that, for a constant $Wi$ , the strength of the polymeric stresses increases with increasing reduced velocity or with decreasing amplitude of oscillations.

Experimental and numerical investigations on the performance and wake characteristics of a tidal turbine under yaw

This paper presents an extensive examination of the wake characteristics and hydrodynamic performance of a 1:60 scale horizontal axis tidal stream turbine under yawed inflow conditions. Experimental investigations were conducted in a laboratory flume, while numerical simulations utilized the actuator line method and large-eddy simulation technique. The turbine was subjected to an inflow turbulence intensity of 6% and was tested at five different yaw angles (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 30°). The findings demonstrate a substantial reduction in the power coefficient as the yaw angle increases, with a notable drop of 47.1% recorded at a yaw angle of 30°. Furthermore, numerical simulations of wake characteristics, including mean velocity and turbulence intensity, were examined and compared with measurements, yielding satisfactory agreement. The yawed wake flow exhibited asymmetrical distributions of mean velocity and deviations from the centerline. Additionally, distinct deformations of the yawed wake in the y-z cross sections were observed, indicating a discernible curled kidney shape that intensified with larger yaw angles. Moreover, interactions between the turbine wake and support structures affected the width and turbulence intensity of the near wake, introducing additional unsteadiness that accelerated wake recovery.