Indian Structure Research Articles

Classism, Casteism and Sexism a Curse in the Life of Dalit Women: A Social and Literary Analysis

Class, caste and, gender systems prevail since ancient times in society. Lot has been said and studied about it but yet society is not free from these stigmas. The division of society on the basis of class, caste, and gender has hindered the progress of society at the same time has treated the lowest castes also known as Dalits or former ‘Untouchables’ as underdogs and have tremendously ill-treated this section in the society. The mainstream has made them marginalized and unheard. Dalit women are triple victims and are the most sufferers in Indian community. Though the Indian Constitution talks about equality, freedom, and justice to all Indian Citizens, irrespective of caste, class, creed, religion, and sex there are many who are not privileged for the same. This research paper focuses on the understanding of class and caste system with addition to Dalit women as the triple victim of class, caste, and gender with the background of social structure in India and Dalit and Non-Dalit writers unveiling their plight and sufferings. Select works of major writers such as Mulk Raj Anand, Munshi Premchand, Mahasweta Devi, Urmila Pawar, will be considered for this research. The research makes the unheard voice of Dalit women reach the masses and ignite the spark of justice and respect for them in society.

Disregarding Female Dignity in Valmiki’s Epic Poem ‘Ramayana’ and Premchand’s Story ‘Nirvasan’

This paper is an attempt to present the positions of women in Hindu civilization within the context of justifying the purity of women in Valmiki’s celebrated epic poem ‘Ramayana’ and prominent contemporary Indian writer Premchand’s story ‘Nirvasan’. Even though the date of composing the ‘Ramayana’ is not certain, it is estimated that it took place in literature between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC. On the other side, ‘Nirvasan’ belongs to the date in more recent times as late 19th and early 20th centuries AD. This shows us clearly that the traditions and customs have never changed throughout the centuries. Literary intersections demonstrate how to transfer culture from generation to generation. Patriarchal social structure in India will be discussed with the method of radical feminist theory. Women can be seen as in the second plan compared to the men according to this feminist theory argument. Moreover, women are exposed to physical and psychological violence because of the patriarchal system. Patriarchal society is a structure in which men are superior to women in every sense and women are forced to live under the domination of the men. In this social structure, the authoritarian male has a more respectable position in the family and in social life than the woman. Women can be perceived as the object of men’s power and authority. This study aims to provide an insight to the people about Indian culture through the texts by analyzing above mentioned literary works.

Biological and biochemical diversity in different biotypes of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in India

Because of variation in incidence and severity of damage by Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in different geographical regions, it is difficult to identify stable sources of resistance against this pest. Therefore, the present studies were undertaken on biological attributes (damage in resistant and susceptible genotypes, survival and development) and biochemical profiles (amino acids and lipophilic compound) of C. partellus populations from eight geographical regions to understand it’s population structure in India. There was a significant variation in biological attributes and biochemical profiles of C. partellus populations from different geographical regions. Based on virulence and biological attributes, similarity index placed the C. partellus populations in five groups. Likewise, lipophilic and amino acid profiling also placed the C. partellus populations in five groups. However, the different clusters based on biological and biochemical attributes did not include populations from the same regions. Similarity index based on virulence, biological attributes, and amino acids and lipophilic profiles placed the C. partellus populations in six groups. The C. partellus populations from Hisar, Hyderabad, Parbhani and Coimbatore were distinct from each other, indicating that there are four biotypes of C. partellus in India. The results suggested that sorghum and maize genotypes need to be tested against these four populations to identify stable sources of resistance. However, there is a need for further studies to establish the restriction in gene flow through molecular approaches across geographical regions to establish the distinctiveness of different biotypes of C. partellus in India.

The Rise of the Panchayati Raj Institutions as the Third Tier in Indian Federalism: Where the Shoe Pinches

The idea of forming a two-tier federal structure in India gathered considerable momentum after the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League came together through a Pact in 1916. But the concept of the third tier which was mooted in the Constituent Assembly through the incorporation of panchayats in the Directive Principles of State Policy after detailed deliberation began receiving attention after the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution in 1992 which coincided with the paradigmatic shift in the policy of the Indian State. This Act signified in clear terms the intention of the State to strengthen the process of third tier federalism in India. This article seeks to critically examine the process of evolution of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) as a new tier in the Indian federal system, excluding the Fifth and Sixth Scheduled Areas. An attempt has also been made to analyse despite constitutionalisation of PRIs where the shoe still pinches and wherein lies the ray of hope.

National Cadet Corps (NCC): Its Role in Integrating North Eastern Region (NER) with Mainstream India

To the North Eastern Region (NER) of India, lie the unexplored states of the Indian Union. This region holds a unique place in the federal structure of India. This article attempts to scrutinise the diversity of NER, along with the potential of the National Cadet Corps (NCC) as a medium to change, uplift and assimilate it with pan India. The article aims to comprehend how NER can accommodate the regional identities and cultural affinities with Indian mainstream identity through the intervention of NCC at college and university level. The methodology of this article is based on secondary resources such as published books, journals, web pages, reports, newspapers and online sources. The article is analytical and descriptive in nature based on thematic approach.

Improving corrosion resistance of reinforcement steel rebars exposed to sulphate attack by the use of electroless nickel coatings

Fe-600 grade steels are recommended for high rises and other structures in India that require high-load carrying capacity (particularly in seismic zones) due to its excellent mechanical properties. But structures in food processing, agricultural waste handling, etc., industries and high rises are subjected to attack of sulphates as well as acid rain. The present work investigates the efficacy of electroless nickel coatings in corrosion prevention of Fe-600 grade rebars exposed to aggressive sulphate environment. Ni-P, Ni-P-W and Ni-P-Cu coatings were deposited on the rebars. Electrochemical tests such as potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to investigate the corrosion behaviour in 0.5 M sulphuric acid. It was seen that corrosion potential of rebars was nobler when they were coated with electroless nickel ternary variant coatings. Electrochemical impedance spectra also validated the same. Scanning electron microscope images of the surface of the bare rebars post electrochemical tests revealed a completely cracked morphology due to severe attack of sulphates. Whereas the surface of Ni-P-W coated rebar revealed the least damage and highest corrosion resistance.

Fire Resistance and Elevated Temperature in Reinforced Concrete Members: Research Needs for India

Fire and elevated temperature are important considerations for design of concrete structures, for both normal and nuclear facilities. In India, the present design guidelines for concrete subjected to fire and elevated temperature are limited to prescriptive minimum dimension and minimum cover. The other approach suggested is fire test based, and being resource intensive, is considered only for special cases of design. The various provisions of Indian standards are discussed and compared to the international standards. Fire test data for concrete/reinforcement properties at elevated temperature for Indian materials are scarce, and hence, the calculation methods are difficult to apply for Indian concrete. Validation of such methods for India is required, which again can only happen after generation of adequate database. The article highlights the present research needs for fire design of Indian concrete, along with development of analysis methodologies/guidelines for fire design of concrete structures, assessment of fire-affected concrete structures, and combination of the fire/temperature load with other extreme loads such as impact, seismic load, or missile load using advanced approaches. This article could serve as reference for designers as well as the starting point for several research initiatives in India and thereby is expected to improve the state of the art of fire design of concrete structures in India in the long term.

Performance of Precast Shear Wall Connections Under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading: A State-of-the-Art Review

Industrialized building system (IBS) is the term used to represent the concept of prefabrication, and it has been widely used worldwide. In the last few decades, all the reinforced concrete structures in India were constructed adopting the cast-in-situ construction. Many problems were encountered during the cast-in-situ construction, such as incompletion of work at specified time due to weather conditions, design methods, lack of workmanship, congestion due to traffic, and curing time. These issues can be highly reduced by choosing precast construction as each structural element is manufactured in the factory and only erection is done at the site. This process has a considerable reduction in construction time and ensures the quality of the elements. Tall buildings are the need of the hour for affordable housing projects in India. In tall buildings, the strength and stiffness are generally provided by the wall system, which comprises shear walls. The shear wall system should be effective with wind loads and earthquake loads, if not it will lead to catastrophic failure. Connections play an important role in the lateral load resistance of the precast wall system because it is the weakest link in the precast wall system. The biggest challenge is the behaviour and possible failure of the connections due to severe lateral loads against earthquake or wind excitations. A brief review of various horizontal and vertical connections of shear walls and their behaviour under various loading conditions are discussed.

Defeminization of the Labor Market in the Liberalized Period: A Study of Recent Changes in Employment Structure in India

The paper dwells into the changes in employment structure of women workforce in India in recent period. It also examines whether there has been any qualitative change in women employment in rural India in the liberalization period. The Indian economy has undergone rapid structural transformation with respect to output and employment generation in recent time. However, there has not been much occupational diversification in women’s employment in rural area, but in contrast to this there has been relatively higher structural change in women employment in urban area. Agriculture and the informal sector remain the main source of livelihood of women in India. The significance of the study is that it looks into the specific disadvantages faced by women in labor market.

Gender Roles in Parenting and Family Structures in India: An Analytical Study

This paper closely examines whether there are any potential correlations between parents' gender role attitudes (GRA) and that of their children. It also looks at whether an individual’s gender has anything to do with their ideologies regarding gender roles. The analytical literary review considers present and historical approaches on GRA, theories of GRA, and past experimental approaches and their findings. A survey consisting of a sample of n=114 was conducted among a few parents and their kids (n=114) to investigate the kind of values and ideas they possessed. First, the GRA of both parents and their children were statistically analyzed, and it was found that parents’ GRA had a significant impact on that of their children. Surprisingly, no correlation was found between a person’s GRA and their gender.

Structural Transformation, Profit and Cost: What Drive(s) Mission Drift in Indian Microfinance?

During the recent past, all over the globe, many privately managed microfinance institutions (MFIs) have transformed into professionally managed companies, which has brought the mission drift discussion to the forefront. Along this line, over the last decade, the Indian counterparts also have changed their positions and moved towards commercialisation of their business. Keeping transformation in the background, this article tries to capture the mission of drift magnitude and its dimensions and to identify the drivers of drift. With the help of empirical data, it is observed that there is a significant percentage of institutions falling under the drifted category. Many of those that are new and sustainable are found to have drifted from their mission. A noticeable change in their capital structure in India, with a strong tilt towards financial sustainability among the regulated and professionally managed category, is being observed. Among the capital structure variables, the influence of capital assets ratio (CAR) on mission drift is found significant. Though the profit motive is not established, the increasing pressure to remain financially viable because of a higher level of equity infusion forces MFIs to drift further from their mission.

Using Amaranth as a Model Plant for Evaluating Imperfect Storages: Assessment of Solar-refrigerated and Evaporatively-cooled Structures in India

Some storages have limited control over their internal environment and undergo daily and seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and humidity, which cause variation in the metabolic activity of stored products. As a result, it is difficult to assess and compare the performance of these imperfect storages using measures of environmental control. We propose using measures of plant senescence as a proxy for estimating storage performance of these “imperfect” storages based on the premise that physiological processes integrate changes of temperature and/or humidity in a predictable, mathematically describable manner. We evaluated amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) as a model plant for evaluating imperfect storages using a red-leaf cultivar Pusa lal chaulai and a green-leaf cultivar Pusa kiran. Amaranth is a leafy vegetable grown worldwide and is a highly nutritious and versatile food. Cumulative respiration, a measure of integrated metabolic activity, was regressed against leaf abscission, chlorophyll loss, and leaf yellowing of amaranth stems for four storages having different, variable, temperature profiles. Storages included 1) an evaporatively cooled (EC) structure; 2) a solar-refrigerated and evaporatively cooled (SREC) structure; 3) an uncooled laboratory (UL); and 4) a household refrigerator (REF). We found that the rate of abscission, chlorophyll loss, and leaf yellowing differed markedly for the four storages; however, these measures of senescence were linearly related to estimates of cumulative respiration. The ease of measuring leaf abscission, chlorophyll loss, and leaf yellowing permits data collection even with minimal resources. We propose that amaranth would make an effective model plant for comparing the performance of storages differing dramatically in temperature control. A 10% leaf abscission in amaranth is proposed as a target for comparing storages.

Public Debt Current Account Deficit and Economic Growth A Study on Indian Context

External debt and internal debt form main components of the public debt structure in India. India’s debt profile shows increasing external debt and simultaneously increasing the deficit in current account which have impact on economic growth of India. Our study assesses the impact of India’s Gross External Debt (GED), Internal Debt (IND) and Current Account Deficit (CAD) on economic growth (GDP) by using time series data from 1998-99 to 2018-19. We intend to find long-run as well as short run relationship between the variables with the help of Eviews software. Stationarity of data is tested by considering Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test statistics and used Johansen Co-integration test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The result shows co-integration among the variables with one equation. The result of VECM shows existence of long-run relationship among the variables. But the study fails to find the short-run causality among the variables. The results show external debt (GED), internal debt (IND), and Current Account Deficit (CAD) have negative and statistically insignificant relationship with GDP. It shows increase in public debt and deficit in current account results in decrease in GDP growth.

Which Wheel Gets the Grease? Constituent Agency and Sub-national World Bank Aid Allocation

Questions of aid allocation have long focused on discerning the motivation of development donors. Less attention has been paid to the interests and agency of recipient state governments and even less to the interests and agency of constituencies within those states. An implicit assumption is often that the ‘poor’ either passively receive the patronage of their benefactors or they don’t. In this paper, we instead suggest that depending on the motivation of a donor, their sensitivity to needy subnational constituencies in aid allocation also depends on the political empowerment of those groups. In particular, we take advantage of the unique socio-cultural structure in India to examine if the political agency of scheduled castes and tribes (SC/STs) can explain patterns of district-level allocation of World Bank education aid. Using district-level data on a multi-year World Bank education program, district-level proportions of SC/ST population and of members of parliament we identify poor, but empowered, constituencies. We find that SC/ST districts receive more aid, even when controlling for baseline poverty and educational performance, but that these results are strongest when these districts are politically empowered. Our findings suggest that while donors may indeed respond to recipient needs, those recipients who also speak loudly for themselves fare better, highlighting the importance of constituent agency.

Pharmaceutical Market Structure in India & Competition Concerns

Health Status of any country depends upon its preventive, curative, and promotive measures. But to implement these measures with available skilled human resources, and infrastructure, the growth of the pharmaceutical market is an essential one. Health Status is a function of health professionals, health infrastructure, invention, and innovations in the health sector, and the nature of government programs and policies. The Government of India exposed ‘Pharma Vision 2020’ aimed at making India a global leader in end-to-end drug production. Permission time for new facilities has been reduced to boost investments. Further, the government introduced devices such as the Drug Price Control Order and the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority to deal with the issue of affordability and availability of medicines (www.idma.com). India’s cost of making is significantly lower than that of the US and almost half of that of Europe. It gives a competing edge to India over others. (Sectoral Report / Sep 2016). The competition in these markets is very crucial for making quality drugs at affordable prices to consumers. Competition law plays an essential role in dealing with anti-competitive issues in the sector and maintains competitive markets. Hence the researcher attempted to view the status of existing Indian pharmaceutical market structure, government regulations, an,d common anti-competitive concerns in the sector. Too much regulation reduces competition in the market. An equal act of management and maintaining competition is required to benefit human society in reducing theirs out of pocket expenditure for pharmaceutical products.

Growth and structure of India’s foreign trade since the post reform period

Growth and structure of India’s foreign trade since the post reform period

LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE INDIAN MODEL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARKS AND SPECIFIC ECONOMIC ZONES AS THE KEY ELEMENTS OF THE INNOVATION STRUCTURE

The article details important historical and legal aspects of the creation and operation of science and technology parks and specific economic zones as the major elements of the innovation structure in India, a set of measures that stimulate innovation.The author notes that in India much attention is paid to the formation of a common legal framework for innovation, established bodies, associations, funds that support companies.The author reviews the legislation of India on issues of activities of science and technology parks and specific economic zones, their features as innovative structures in India, legislation on technological innovations, tax benefit, exemption of export operations from duties and export taxes. The author traces the history of the development of legislation on science and technology parks and specific economic zones in India from the moment of their creation to modernity.The article is an exposure of the research on the state regulation of India’s innovation structure elements: research institutions, science and technology parks, and specific economic zones, problems in the legal regulation of activities, the reasons for the economic success of India as a whole and trends in the further development of elements of the innovation structure of the state.The author examined the current state of science and technology parks and India’s specific economic zones, the policy of tax and customs incentives for science and technology parks and specific economic zones, identified types of tax and customs benefits, the specifics of labor legislation, energy tariffs, preferential loans, and the overallprocess of state support for science and technology.The article discloses the tax benefits available to the Software under government STPI scheme presented to promote software exports, which has helped make India one of the world's leading centers for software and business outsourcing.

Implementation and Investigation of Net Metering: Proposing Real-Time Tariffs for Residential Consumers in Maharashtra State

This article presents two practical methods used for lowering residential consumers' electricity bills. The first method is the implementation of net metering, which is used in many areas, such as Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, India, South America, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina [1]-[3]. One example of the implementation and analysis of net metering is discussed in case study 1. The second method is the implementation of time of day (ToD). This is examined in case study 2 and is available in other countries for residential consumers, whereas in India, it is available only for nonresidential consumers. This article also presents a survey of electricity tariffs in different countries and various tariff structures in India. To optimize the electricity bill, a ToD tariff model is reviewed. This ToD model is used in many countries like the United States, Germany, Japan, and China. But in India, ToD is available only for the nonresidential sector. This article proposes a real-time tariff (RTT) model for the residential sector without significantly affecting the current structure. The proposed tariff structure is tested and verified by considering the case study of a middle-class residential family in India. A detailed analysis shows that the proposed structure is very useful to consumers, utilities, and the nation in general.

Economic Contact Intensity Index for India

In a remarkable feat, India has been rather successfully observing an almost 100% lockdown over more than two weeks now, and there is an increasing speculation that the current lockdown may get extended further. While such a lockdown - and extensions of it - are imperative to arrest the spread of virus, but given the heterogeneous nature of Indian economy, the economic costs of a blanket lockdown can pile up sooner than we think, and be more acute than we can imagine. And this begets the question: is 100% lockdown too excessive for India? To address this, I ask the following: can the lockdown policy be fine-tuned to internalize the economic structure of India? The key premise is the following: At the heart of both virus transmission and economic activity is the human-to-human contact. Intuitively, the economic activities differ widely in terms of the frequency with which one has to “transact” with other economic agents. To capture this variance, I define and create a measure of “economic contact-intensity” (ECI Index) using the data available on Indian industries, at the district and industry sector level. The results suggest substantial variation across industrial sectors and the districts, and therefore highlighting an important first-order role for economic contact-intensity to be useful in rationalizing the lockdown policy. Policy implications: I propose a geographical and industry based strategic approach to effectuating the unwinding or the extensions of the lockdown policy. I identify districts and economic sectors, with a combination of lower ECI Index and higher output share which can be preferred to have a lenient lockdown without necessarily compromising on either the virus transmission or the economic output. Also, ceteris paribus, the economic costs for industrial sectors and geographical locations which are on the higher end of contact-intensity are likely to be relatively greater in the event of a lockdown. Therefore, such an identification of the low and high contact-intensity sectors (or districts) could be a useful device for policy makers, if, for instance, fiscal transfers (taxes or subsidies) are instituted in future, to partially mitigate the asymmetric cost implications of a blanket lockdown.

Assessment of Regional Inequality in Female Work Participation: Measurement of Disparity and Determinants

The regional difference of complex Indian social structure and customs have a different impact on the nature of women’s work participation. The present study aims at unravelling the influence of social, cultural and economic forces in differentiating the level of women work participation in different eco-regions of West Bengal. The study is based purely on secondary sources and data have been collected from the Census of India. It is in the rural areas that the female work participation is directly linked to agriculture and allied activities and the study confines itself to an understanding of work participation of women only in the rural areas. The modern technological implication as a result of green revolution has a worse impact on women work participation particularly in the South Bengal plain and some parts of East Rarh Plain region. The high gender gap is noticed in Nadia district located in the middle part of South Bengal Plain causes very high withdrawn of female from there. Effect of socioeconomic variables, work participation of Scheduled component in main economic activity is also varied from the non-scheduled component. Non-scheduled worker participated more in non-agricultural sector rather than the scheduled counter parts. Subsequently, the low growth rate of female work participation represents a distress picture in work force structure which is a cause of worried also.