Structural Interactions Research Articles

Understanding HLA-DQ in renal transplantation: a mini-review

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching, particularly with HLA-DQ, significantly impacts the development of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and transplant outcomes. HLA-DQ antibodies are highly immunogenic and detrimental, necessitating advanced high-resolution HLA typing to improve mismatch assessment and clinical risk evaluation. Traditional serological or low-resolution typing often misclassifies mismatches, leading to inaccuracies in assessing immunogenicity and predicting outcomes. Emerging molecular mismatch algorithms refine immunogenicity assessments by analyzing amino acid differences and structural interactions. These tools show promise for personalizing transplant protocols but have limitations, such as variability in predicting individual patient outcomes. Immunogenicity of mismatches also depends on evolutionary divergence and specific amino acid differences, with studies revealing that certain evolutionary lineages and polymorphisms influence T-cell alloreactivity and DSA development. Complexities in HLA-DQ protein expression, including combinatorial diversity of heterodimers and inter-isotypic heterodimers, further complicate risk evaluation. Expression levels, influenced by tissue specificity and inflammatory stimuli, and alternative splicing of HLA-DQ transcripts add additional layers of variability. Future clinical applications, enabled by high-resolution HLA typing, may include refined graft selection, improved DSA monitoring, and individualized therapy. However, understanding the precise mechanisms of HLA-DQ immunogenicity remains a priority for advancing transplantation science and enhancing patient outcomes.

D-stem mutation in an essential tRNA increases translation speed at the cost of fidelity.

The efficiency with which aminoacyl-tRNA and GTP-bound translation elongation factor EF-Tu recognizes the A-site codon of the ribosome is dependent on codons and tRNA species present in the polypeptide (P) and exit (E) codon sites. To understand how codon context affects the efficiency of codon recognition by tRNA-bound EF-Tu, a genetic system was developed to select for fast translation through slow-translating codon combinations. Selection for fast translation through the slow-translated UCA-UAC pair, flanked by histidine codons, resulted in the isolation of an A25G base substitution mutant in the D-stem of an essential tRNA LeuZ, which recognizes the UUA and UUG leucine codons. The LeuZ(A25G) substitution allowed for faster translation through all codon pairs tested that included the UCA codon. Insertion of leucine at the UCA serine codon was enhanced in the presence of LeuZ(A25G) tRNA. This work, taken in context with the Hirsh UGA nonsense suppressor G24A mutation in TrpT tRNA, provides genetic evidence that the post-GTP hydrolysis proofreading step by elongation factor Tu may be controlled by structural interactions in the hinge region of tRNA species. Our results support a model in which the tRNA bending component of the accommodation step in mRNA translation allows EF Tu time to enhance its ability to differentiate tRNA interactions between cognate and near-cognate mRNA codons.

Cryo-EM structure of Sudan ebolavirus glycoprotein complexed with its human endosomal receptor NPC1

Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), like Ebola ebolavirus (EBOV), poses a significant threat to global health and security due to its high lethality. However, unlike EBOV, there are no approved vaccines or treatments for SUDV, and its structural interaction with the endosomal receptor NPC1 remains unclear. This study compares the glycoproteins of SUDV and EBOV (in their proteolytically primed forms) and their binding to human NPC1 (hNPC1). The findings reveal that the SUDV glycoprotein binds significantly more strongly to hNPC1 than the EBOV glycoprotein. Using cryo-EM, we determined the structure of the SUDV glycoprotein/hNPC1 complex, identifying four key residues in the SUDV glycoprotein that differ from those in the EBOV glycoprotein and influence hNPC1 binding: Ile79, Ala141, and Pro148 enhance binding, while Gln142 reduces it. Collectively, these residue differences account for SUDV’s stronger binding affinity for hNPC1. This study provides critical insights into receptor recognition across all viruses in the ebolavirus genus, including their interactions with receptors in bats, their suspected reservoir hosts. These findings advance our understanding of ebolavirus cell entry, tissue tropism, and host range.

Use of Syzygium cumini biomass as reinforcing filler in polyvinyl chloride and their antibacterial and biodegradation properties

AbstractThis study explores the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass derived from Syzygium cumini seeds (S. Cumini) as an eco‐friendly reinforcing filler for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites. The need for sustainable and biodegradable materials in polymer applications motivated this work, particularly to address environmental concerns associated with conventional PVC. Composite films with varying concentrations of S. Cumini seed filler were prepared using solution casting technique. The structural integrity and interactions within the composites were confirmed through X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The SEM analysis showed an average particle size of 6–14 μm and also revealed the modifications in morphology upon filler addition. Biodegradability was assessed using hydrolytic degradation and soil‐burial tests, indicating enhanced environmental compatibility compared to pure PVC. The hydrophilicity of the composites improved, as indicated by an increasing in the water contact angle from 79.4° (hydrophilic) to 107° (hydrophobic). Suppressed S. aureus activity of the PVC composite film has shown its antimicrobial behavior. These properties suggest that S. Cumini – reinforced PVC composites can serve as promising materials for polymer‐based medical devices, offering enhanced resistance to bacterial contamination while addressing sustainability challenges.Highlights Lignocellulosic biomass S. Cumini was used as reinforcing filler in PVC films. S. Cumini extract improved the antimicrobial properties of the films. Hydrolytic dehydration and soil‐burial tests showed enhanced biodegradability. Hydrophilicity increased, as evidenced by a rise in the water contact angle. Better bacterial resistance enhances the use in polymer‐based medical devices.

Prolamin-pectin complexes: Structural properties, interaction mechanisms and food applications.

Prolamin, a class of plant protein mainly derived from grains, and pectins, complex-structured polysaccharides, are natural biological macromolecules with versatile functional properties. The interactions between prolamins and pectin have been widely studied and applied, demonstrating that both covalent and non-covalent interactions play pivotal roles in the formation of prolamin-pectin complexes. These interactions impart exceptional physicochemical and functional properties to the complexes. This review also details the main applications of prolamin-pectin complexes, including emulsions, nanoparticles, hydrogels and films. The similarities in their reaction principles are based on the interaction of complexes that improve their physicochemical and functional properties, while the difference lies in the specific modes of action, involving the emulsifying properties, self-assembly properties, gelling properties and film-forming properties of prolamin and pectin. By delving into the intricate mechanisms underlying prolamin-pectin interactions and their diverse applications in the food industry, this review offers valuable insights for advancing the development and utilization of these complexes.

Efficient Pd/Cu-MOF-2 catalysts: Enhancing stability and performance in glycerol oxidative carbonylation through structural optimization and surface interaction analysis

Efficient Pd/Cu-MOF-2 catalysts: Enhancing stability and performance in glycerol oxidative carbonylation through structural optimization and surface interaction analysis

Al doped silica glass: investigation of structural response and defect interactions based on crystalline models.

High purity quartz glass is an important material in high-tech industries like semiconductors and photovoltaics due to, among other properties, its good mechanical performance at high temperatures. Small amounts of Al in silica glass (in the range between 20 ppm and 100 ppm) have previously been shown to increase the viscosity of the SiO2 glass. The underlying mechanism for this increase is, however, not well understood. In this paper we report on the local structural and electronic effects of the presence of Al in the SiO2 structure by density functional theory (DFT). Comparing the quartz and cristobalite polymorphs, we found that the driving force for Al substitution is larger in the denser quartz structure compared to cristobalite, and that oxygen vacancy (Vo) formation is most stabilized in the nearest neighbour position relative to Al in both polymorphs. Al was not found to inherently strengthen the SiO2 network in the two crystalline polymorphs considered. However, our results suggest that Al preferentially substitutes Si in denser ring configurations, which combined with local Vo formation could lead to locally favourable SiO2 network reconstructions in SiO2 glasses (likely towards 6-membered rings), which could propagate causing an increase in the viscosity. Furthermore, we show that the presence of Al can lower the stability of OH groups due to increased electrostatic interactions between the substitutional Al and H2O which may also be a contributing factor in the increased viscosity of Al doped SiO2 glass. The modelling results are in line with the experimental fluorescence and FT-IR spectroscopy data confirming that the presence of Al in the glass causes formation of oxygen vacancies and correlates with a lower fictive temperature which typically corresponds to a larger average Si-O-Si angle in the glass structure. Our results suggest that Al's contribution to high glass viscosity is not solely due to the substitution of Si atoms by Al atoms in the glass structure but rather due to structural changes of the silica network the substitution causes.

Computational simulation of cranial soft tissue expansion on the cranium during early postnatal growth in humans.

The importance of interactions between neighbouring rapidly growing tissues of the head during development is recognised, yet this competition for space remains incompletely understood. The developing structures likely interact through a variety of mechanisms, including directly genetically programmed growth, and are mediated via physiological signalling that can be triggered by structural interactions. In this study, we aimed to investigate a different but related potential mechanism, that of simple mechanical plastic deformation of neighbouring structures of the head in response to soft tissue expansion during human postnatal ontogeny. We use computational modelling and normative real-world data to evaluate the potential for mechanical deformation to predict early postnatal cranial shape changes in humans. We test some aspects of the spatial packing hypothesis applied to the growing brain and masticatory muscles, and their effects on the cranium, with a particular focus on the basicranium and face. A simple finite element model of an early postnatal human cranium, brain and masticatory muscles was created from CT and MRI. Growth of the brain and muscles was simulated using a tissue expansion material. The effect of the expanding soft tissues on the cranium was assessed using geometric morphometrics, comparing the baseline model to simulation results, and also to normative cranial shape data collected from neonatal MRI (0-4 months of age). Findings revealed that cranial shape changes present in the normative sample were consistent with cranial base flexion and were largely allometric (size-linked). Simulation of brain expansion produced broadly similar shape changes of the basicranium with most growth occurring in the cranial vault, while masticatory muscle expansion produced smaller and more widespread changes throughout the cranium. When simulated together, expansion of the masticatory muscles exerted a constraining effect on the results of brain expansion. Our findings that the simple growth simulations were able to mimic biological growth suggest that the relationship between regions of the developing head may be partly structural within the first few months of postnatal ontogeny in humans.

Bioinformatics exploration of identified garlic-derived antimicrobial peptides: a food-based approach to quorum sensing inhibition in foodborne pathogens

The growing frequency of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms requires novel antimicrobial methods. Quorum Sensing (QS), a bacterial communication system, is critical for controlling virulence factors and biofilm development, contributing to many foodborne bacteria' pathogenicity. Garlic, a natural substance, is a widely consumed plant with antimicrobial properties and antibacterial capabilities, although its peptide components are poorly unknown. This study evaluated garlic-derived peptides' ability to inhibit QS in foodborne bacteria. Two garlic-derived peptides, including VS-9 and F3-3-c, undergo bioinformatics research to determine their structural features, bioactivity, physicochemical parameters, and potential interactions with target modeled proteins of LasR QS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Biofilm-associated surface protein (Baps) from Staphylococcus aureus, and sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus. VS-9 has the most favorable structure properties, which could be essential for its inhibitory activity against LasR, Baps, and SrtA proteins. We have modeled, characterized, and docked garlic-derived peptides to assess their antimicrobial properties. Even though VS-9 showed more anti QS activity than F3-3-c, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and maximize their therapeutic potential.

Phased characterization of soy protein gel modified by lactobacillus plantarum JYLP-326 in cooperation with acidic tremella fuciformis fruiting body polysaccharide: Focus on structural network, interaction and gel properties.

Soybean protein isolate (SPI) and acidic tremella fuciformis fruiting body polysaccharide (AP) were used to prepare phased products "sterilized soft gel (SPI-AP)" and "fermented strong gel (FSPI-AP)" to study the structural network, interaction and gel characteristics. The contents of α-helix (20.43% to 25.36%) and β-sheet (31.24% to 35.12%) of FSPI-AP increased compared with that of SPI. The introduction of AP and microorganisms improved the orderliness of peptide chain through non-covalent and covalent interactions, with hydrophobic (33.33%), electrostatic (26.77%), and disulfide bonds (24.45%) being the dominant forces in the formation of gels. Furthermore, AP could decrease the crystallinity and disrupt the regular rigid structure of protein molecules, so FSPI-AP had stronger cohesion to resist external force. FSPI-AP had the highest proportion of interaction (12.57%) in the interaction network, while SPI-AP was 9.07%. This study will provide a new idea for innovating the application of protein-polysaccharide gel systems.

Digital Image Correlation and Numerical Analysis of Mechanical Behavior in Photopolymer Resin Lattice Structures.

Cellular structures are increasingly utilized in modern engineering due to their exceptional mechanical and physical properties. In this study, the deformation and failure mechanisms of two energy-efficient lattice structures-hexagonal honeycomb and re-entrant honeycomb-were investigated. These structures were manufactured using additive stereolithography with light-curable Durable Resin V2. The experimental testing of the topologies under two perpendicular loading directions employed the 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system to capture strain fields and deformation patterns, providing insights into structural behavior and failure mechanisms. The unit cells of the topologies were scaled up to enable precise optical measurements while preserving their structural interaction characteristics. Numerical simulations, conducted using the SAMP-1 material model in LS-DYNA and calibrated with tensile and compression test data, accurately replicated the behavior of the studied topologies and demonstrated good agreement with experimental results. The hexagonal structure, loaded along axis 2, showed the best fit, with deviations within 5%, while the re-entrant honeycomb structure exhibited weaker yet reasonable agreement. By integrating experimental and numerical approaches, the research validates the SAMP-1 model's predictive capabilities for lattice structures and provides a framework for analyzing energy-absorbing lattice topologies.

Identification of novel cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors from marine natural products.

Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are crucial regulators of cell cycle progression and represent important therapeutic targets in breast cancer. This study employs a comprehensive computational approach to identify novel CDK4/6 inhibitors from marine natural products. We utilized structure-based virtual screening of the CMNPD database and MNP library, followed by rigorous filtering based on drug-likeness criteria, PAINS filter, ADME properties, and toxicity profiles. From an initial hit of 9,497 compounds, 2,344 passed drug-likeness and PAINS filters. Further ADME filtering yielded 50 compounds, of which 25 exhibited non-toxic profiles. These 25 candidates underwent consensus molecular docking using seven distinct algorithms: AutoDockTools 4.2, idock, LeDock, Qvina 2, Smina, AutoDock Vina 1.2.0, PLANTS, and rDock. Based on these results, six top-scoring compounds were selected for comprehensive 500 nanosecond all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate their structural stability and interactions with CDK4/6. Our analysis revealed that compounds CMNPD11585 and CMNPD2744 demonstrated superior stability in their interactions with CDK4/6, exhibiting lower RMSD and RMSF values, more favorable binding free energies, and persistent hydrogen bonding patterns. These compounds also showed lower Solvent Accessible Surface Area values, indicating better compatibility with the CDK4/6 active site. Subsequent in-vitro studies using MTT assays on MCF-7 breast cancer cells confirmed the cytotoxic effects of these compounds, with CMNPD11585 showing the highest potency, followed by CMNPD2744.

LLM models in economics: New approaches to data analysis

Subject. The article considers LLM models and their key elements in the context of economic research. Objectives. The aim is to develop a tuple model that formalizes the main components of LLM models, and a methodological approach that defines the essence of the use of LLM models based on GPT-4o in the interpretation of economic texts. Methods. Based on the analysis of literature on functional and structural interactions of LLM components, a tuple model was developed: LLM = (Data Preparation, Data Processing, Text Generation), enabling to present the mechanism of operation of artificial intelligence algorithms in text generation. Results. The findings show that using the tuple model helps understand how the key elements of LLM models interact with each other, which hyperparameters of the model allow influencing its creativity in forming answers to questions. The paper offers a methodological approach and proves the effectiveness of its application on pretrained models based on GPT-4o for "temperature" hyperparameter regulation. Conclusions. The developed approach and the tuple representation of LLM models can be effectively used for further study, including in the framework of economic processes. The results of the analysis can contribute to the creation of strategies aimed at optimizing the use of LLM models in various sectors of the economy, and improving decision-making based on data analysis.

Structural insights into binding-site access and ligand recognition by human ABCB1.

ABCB1 is a broad-spectrum efflux pump central to cellular drug handling and multidrug resistance in humans. However, how it is able to recognize and transport a wide range of diverse substrates remains poorly understood. Here we present cryo-EM structures of lipid-embedded human ABCB1 in conformationally distinct apo-, substrate-bound, inhibitor-bound, and nucleotide-trapped states at 3.4-3.9 Å resolution, in the absence of stabilizing antibodies or mutations. The substrate-binding site is located within one half of the molecule and, in the apo state, is obstructed by the transmembrane helix (TM) 4. Substrate and inhibitor binding are distinguished by major TM rearrangements and their ligand binding chemistry, with TM4 playing a central role in all conformational transitions. Furthermore, our data identify secondary structure-breaking residues that impart localized TM flexibility and asymmetry between the two transmembrane domains. The resulting structural changes and lipid interactions that are induced by substrate and inhibitor binding can predict substrate-binding profiles and may direct ABCB1 inhibitor design.

Hiatus and pelvic floor failure patterns in pelvic organ prolapse: A 3D MRI study of structural interactions using a Level III conceptual model.

A large urogenital hiatus in Level III results in a higher risk of developing pelvic organ prolapse after birth and failure after prolapse surgery. Deepening of the pelvic floor and downward rotation of the levator plate have also been linked to prolapse. Currently we lack data that evaluates how these measures relate to one another and to prolapse occurrence and size. This study uses measurements from a published conceptual model to compare women with and without prolapse to determine the magnitude of difference between cases and controls and to quantify the interrelationships among different aspects of pelvic floor shape and structure. Ninety-one women with anterior predominant prolapse and uterus in situ who had 3D MRI and 30 similar women with normal support were studied. Resting scans were used to avoid the influence of the prolapse dilating the hiatus. Measurements assessed three domains: hiatus size (urogenital and levator hiatus); length of the surrounding pelvic floor muscles (pubovisceral, puborectal, iliococcygeal muscles); the shelf-like posterior pelvic floor (levator plate shape, levator bowl volume), and bony pelvic dimensions. Effect sizes were calculated and principal component shape analysis performed to evaluate levator plate shape. A-scores were calculated and a value greater than 1.68 (95th percentile) was considered the "failure" criterion. Frequency and severity of structural support site failure were analyzed by prolapse size. Resting urogenital and levator hiatal areas were 68% and 59% larger in the prolapse group compared to controls. These area enlargements were 2-4 times larger than the anterior-posterior dimension enlargements (urogenital hiatus 36%; levator hiatus 13%). The greatest muscle length differences between groups occurred in the pubovisceral (34%) and puborectal (25%) muscles compared to the iliococcygeal muscle (8%)-roughly half the area differences. Levator bowl volume was 63% deeper with prolapse. Urogenital hiatus and levator hiatus areas were strongly correlated with pubovisceral and puborectal muscle length (.7 to .8), while iliococcygeal muscle length had lower correlations (.4 to .5). Levator bowl volume correlated strongly with hiatal enlargement (.7 to .8) and muscle length (pubovisceral and puborectal muscles), moderately so with levator plate and iliococcygeal muscle, and weakly with bony dimension. Failure frequency increased with prolapse size for urogenital hiatus anterior-posterior (p=.001) and area (p=.019). By contrast, levator hiatus area was similar for all prolapse sizes (p=.288), while levator hiatus anterior-posterior failure was more common in larger prolapses (p=.018) but with smaller percentages of failure than levator hiatus area (p<.01). Both levator bowl volume (p=.015) and levator plate (p=.045) trended toward increasing failure with larger prolapse sizes. Among women with enlarged urogenital hiatus at straining, 43% and 28% had normal urogenital hiatus anterior-posterior and area at rest, respectively. Changes in the shape and dimensions of the pelvic floor are complex and are not captured by a single measure (such as the urogenital hiatus anterior-posterior dimension, which does not capture its lateral expansion). The failure patterns were different between small and large prolapses. Understanding why could lead to improved prevention and treatments for Level III failures.

I-motif formation in the promoter region of the B-MYB proto-oncogene.

Understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis is essential to combat cancer. The search for alternative targets for anticancer therapy has gained interest, particularly when focused on upstream pathways. This strategy is particularly relevant when the encoded target proteins are known - or believed - to be "undruggable", as has been reported for the B-MYB oncogene. This gene, which regulates survival and cell cycle regulation, is overexpressed in cancer and correlates with an unfavorable prognosis. In this study, we focused on the identification of the i-motif (iM) structures in the promoter region of B-MYB as a possible anticancer target, with a complete biophysical characterization and in cell formation assessment using iM-CUT&Tag. Additionally, the interaction of the iM structures with a library of small molecules was investigated.

Optimizing plant species composition of green roofs for ecological functionality and biodiversity conservation

Green roofs provide vital functions within the urban ecosystem, from supporting biodiversity, to sustainable climate-positive ESS provisioning. However, how plant communities should best be designed to reach these objectives, and how specific green roof systems vary in their capacity to support these functions is not well understood. Here we compiled data on plant traits and plant–insect interaction networks of a regional calcareous grassland species pool to explore how designed plant communities could be optimised to contribute to ecological functionality for predefined green roof solutions. Five distinct systems with practical functionality and physical constraints were designed, plant communities modelled using object-based optimization algorithms and evaluated using five ecological functionality metrics (incl. phylogenetic and structural diversity). Our system plant communities supported a range of plant–insect interactions on green roofs, but not all species were equally beneficial, resulting in wide-ranging essentiality and redundancy in ecological processes. Floral traits were not predictive of pollinator preferences, but phylogeny was observed to govern the preferences. Large differences in ecological functionality can be expected between green roofs depending on system design and the extent of the plant community composition. Multifunctionality covariance diverged between systems, suggesting that ecological functionality is not inherently universal but dependent on structural limitations and species pool interactions. We conclude that informed system design has a potential to simultaneously support ecosystem services and urban biodiversity conservation by optimising green roof plant communities to provide landscape resources for pollinating insects and herbivores.

Design of a TSR-based project learning strategy for biochemistry undergraduate teaching and research labs: a case study

Given the exponential growth of biochemical data and deep effect of computational methods on life sciences, there is a need to rethink undergraduate curricula. A project-oriented learning approach based on the Triangular Spatial Relationship (TSR) algorithm has been developed. The TSR-based method was designed for protein 3D structural comparison, motif discovery and probing molecular interactions. The uniqueness of the method benefits students’ learning of big data and computational methods. Specifically, students learn (i) how to search proteins of interest from the PDB archive, (ii) basic supercomputer skills, (iii) how to prepare datasets, (iv) how to perform protein structure and sequence analyses, (v) how to interpret the results, visualize protein structures and make graphs. Five specific strategies have been developed to achieve students’ highest potentials. (i) This lab exercise is designed as a project-oriented learning approach. (ii) The skills-first and concept-second approach is used. (iii) Students choose the proteins based on their interests. (iv) Students are encouraged to learn from each other to promote student–student interactions. (v) Students are required to write a report and/or present their studies. To assess students’ performance, we have developed an assessment rubric that includes (i) demonstration of supercomputer skills in job script preparation, submission and monitoring, (ii) skills in preparation of datasets, (iii) data analytical skills, (iv) project report, (v) presentation, and (vi) integration of the TSR-based method with other computational methods (e.g., molecular 3D structural visualization and protein sequence analysis). This project has been introduced in undergraduate biochemistry research and teaching labs for 4 years. Most students have learned the basic supercomputer skills as well as structure data analysis skills. Students’ feedback is positive and encouraging. It can be further developed as a module for an integrated computational chemistry lecture course.

Alternative forms of placement of children deprived of parental care under martial law

The article examines alternative forms of placement of children deprived of parental care, such as: patronage, adoption, guardianship, foster care, foster families, family-type orphanages in conditions of martial law. The authors analyze the main aspects related to alternative forms of placement of children deprived of parental care, especially in conditions of martial law. Special attention is paid to studying the issue of children left without parental care due to hostilities, evacuation, loss of contact with the family or death of parents. Traditional forms of care, such as adoption or placement in orphanages, often face a number of logistical, social and legal obstacles. In such conditions, alternative forms of placement become an important tool for ensuring the well-being and safety of these children. In addition, an important role in this process is played by the interaction of state structures, public organizations and international partners in creating an effective system of assistance to children. It is important to take into account the need for rapid response, adaptation of the regulatory framework to the challenges of wartime, and development of psychological support for children and families that accept them. Consideration of alternative forms of placement, such as foster families or temporary care, allows ensuring the sustainable development of the child even in the most difficult circumstances.

How structural interactions and receptor phosphorylation shape strigolactone signaling in rice

How structural interactions and receptor phosphorylation shape strigolactone signaling in rice