Structural Relationships Research Articles

A genetic assessment of natural barriers for isolating a proposed Greenback Cutthroat Trout reintroduction area

AbstractObjectiveNative inland trout conservation efforts rely on physical barriers to exclude nonnative salmonids from target habitats. We used genetic techniques to evaluate a series of natural waterfalls for their potential to serve as barriers to prevent nonnative salmonids from entering a proposed reintroduction area for federally threatened Greenback Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus virginalis stomias.MethodsGenetic samples were collected from nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis at 11 sampling reaches above and below natural waterfalls (height: ~1–3 m under base flow conditions) along a 33‐km segment of Colorado's upper Cache la Poudre River near the outflow of the proposed reintroduction area. To evaluate whether upstream movement of Brook Trout is restricted by any of these waterfalls, we characterized longitudinal trends in genetic diversity along the river corridor and examined patterns of genetic differentiation and population structure in relation to waterfall locations using a panel of microsatellites.ResultWe found no evidence that the waterfalls served as complete movement barriers for nonnative Brook Trout based on genetic clustering analyses, estimates of population differentiation, and longitudinal genetic patterns. Our multilocus assessment did not identify alleles restricted to downstream reaches, and the river segment was genetically homogenized.ConclusionOur evaluation suggests that the existing waterfalls do not fully prevent upstream movement by nonnative Brook Trout, and thus barrier modification would be needed to establish an isolated Greenback Cutthroat Trout population in the proposed wilderness area.

Empirical study of robotic systems implementation to corporate performance in manufacturing sector

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the impact of implementing various robotic systems in logistics and supply chain management on corporate performance in Jordanian manufacturing companies, focusing on environmental, operational, economic, and social dimensions.Design/methodology/approachUsing a quantitative approach, data was collected through a survey questionnaire to measure the relationship between robotic systems and several performance dimensions. Various established constructs were employed, and the structural relationships were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the complex interdependencies within the model.FindingsThe results of this study indicate that the adoption of robotic systems has a positive influence on the environmental, operational, economic, and social performance of Jordanian manufacturing companies. In contrast to prior research that revealed inconsistencies in the social dimension, our findings align with previous studies highlighting the benefits of robotics in logistics and supply chain management. However, it’s worth noting that this study did not uncover similar inconsistencies, particularly in terms of the impact on social performance.Practical implicationsThe study provides valuable insights for manufacturing companies considering the implementation of robotic systems, highlighting the need to evaluate the environmental, operational, social, and economic consequences. This understanding can help organizations make informed decisions to leverage the benefits of robotics for sustainable growth.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the growing literature on robotics in logistics and supply chain management, specifically focusing on the unique context of Jordanian manufacturing companies. By examining the multifaceted impact of robotic systems, this study extends the understanding of the role of technology in enhancing corporate performance.

EEG-based patient-specific seizure prediction based on Spatial–Temporal Hypergraph Attention Transformer

Background and Objectives:Patient-specific seizure prediction based on Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a challenging and significant neuromedicine study, which could potentially safeguard drug-resistant patients from unforeseen risks in their daily lives. However, prevalent seizure prediction frameworks based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) prioritize local information while overlooking long-range global dependencies and high-order spatial correlations prevalent among brain leads. Methods:To address the limitations above, we propose a novel Spatial–Temporal Hypergraph Attention Transformer (STHAT) framework for extracting the key features in EEG signals. Aimed at the characteristics of epilepsy EEG data, our framework comprises two primary branches: (1) Long-range Temporal Feature Dependencies: This branch aims to capture temporal dependencies within EEG signals by leveraging Swin Transformer and 2D-CNN. Utilizing shifting windows and convolution operations, we encode local and global content dependencies within segmented EEG samples. (2) High-Order Spatial Information Correlations: We construct a raw graph structure using the Pearson correlation coefficient, enabling the extraction of initial node embeddings through graph convolution operations (GCO). Subsequently, a dynamic hypergraph is formed using K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and K-means clustering, allowing us to employ a Hypergraph Attention Network (HAN) to capture structural context relationships among brain regions. By integrating information from both branches, we utilize a linear layer to derive the final seizure prediction outcome. Experiment and Results:Extensive evaluations are conducted on the widely used CHB-MIT dataset. Our comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in achieving superior performance in automatic seizure data prediction, outperforming state-of-the-art algorithms. The STHAT framework effectively exploits both temporal and spatial information within EEG signals, enhancing seizure prediction accuracy.

The mitochondrial genome sequences of eleven leafhopper species of Batracomorphus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) reveal new gene rearrangements and phylogenetic implications.

Batracomorphus is the most diverse and widely distributed genus of Iassinae. Nevertheless, there has been no systematic analysis of the genome structure and phylogenetic relationships of the genus. To determine the characteristics of the mitogenomes of Batracomorphus species as well as the phylogenetic relationships between them, we sequenced and compared the mitogenomes of 11 representative Batracomorphus species. The results revealed that the mitogenomes of the 11 Batracomorphus species exhibited highly similar gene and nucleotide composition, and codon usage compared with other reported mitogenomes of Iassinae. Of these 11 species, we found that the mitogenomes of four species were rearranged in the region from trnI-trnQ-trnM to trnQ-trnI-trnM, whereas the remaining species presented a typical gene order. The topologies of six phylogenetic trees were in agreement. Eurymelinae consistently formed paraphyletic groups. Ledrinae and Evacanthinae formed sister taxa within the same clade. Similarly, Typhlocybinae and Mileewinae consistently clustered together. All phylogenetic trees supported the monophyly of Iassinae, indicating its evolutionary distinctiveness while also revealing its sister relationship with Coelidiinae. Notably, the nodes for all species of the genus Batracomorphus were well supported and these taxa clustered into a large branch that indicated monophyly. Within this large branch, four Batracomorphus species with a gene rearrangement (trnQ-trnI-trnM) exhibited distinctive clustering, which divided the large branch into three minor branches. These findings expand our understanding of the taxonomy, evolution, genetics, and systematics of the genus Batracomorphus and broader Iassinae groups.

Contribution of Green Supply Chain Management Practices towards a Sustainable Development—Applied Study in the Food Industry in Lebanon

This paper explores the effect of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices on the dimensions of Sustainable Development (SD) in the context of the Lebanese food industry. It aimed to examine to what extent GSCM practices and SD schemes are perceived in the food industry. As there is a growing concern and raising awareness of traceability among consumers in the food supply, researches can have a contribution to develop sustainability in food industry. As such, six GSCM practices, namely Eco-design (ED), Internal Environmental Management (IEM), Investment Recovery (IR), Green Purchasing (GP), Environmental Cooperation (EC) and Reverse Logistics (RL) were employed. These six GSCM variables were used to analyze structural relationships with the three dimensions of the SD, that is to say economic, environmental and social performances. The proposed model was tested using a questionnaire based survey via two modes of face to face and emails using a plant survey, senior managers of 88 food companies in Lebanon. The data were analyzed in SPSS and AMOS statistical programs. An Exploratory (Unrestricted) Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory (Restricted) Factor Analysis (CFA) and multiple regressions were applied. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed that the GSCM practices IR, GP, ED and IEM had significant relationships with one or more of the SD dimensions.On the basis of the findings, implications that may ameliorate the effect of GSCM practices on the SD dimensions can be taken into consideration. For instance, the enhance of the environmental cooperation with the suppliers and customers, improving the image of the company in the mind of their customers, reinforcing the commitment of GSCM from managers, utilization of cleaner technology, activation of internal performance evaluation system, enhancing the labor conditions and performing special training for workers on environmental issues.

Innovative Tillage Practices to Establish Productive and Sustainable Forage Production Systems in Degraded Alfalfa Pastures in Semiarid Regions

ABSTRACTTillage management practices play a critical role in maintaining sustainable forage production systems in degraded alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pastures. However, climate change leads to the precipitation exhibits greater variability, the impacts of tillage practices on alfalfa productivity and forage quality as well as the relationships between water consumption and soil properties remain poorly understood. The field trial conducted from 2018 to 2020 aimed to investigate the impacts of different tillage treatments (i.e., no tillage [CK], strip subsoiling tillage [ST], strip rotary tillage [RT], and strip rotary tillage after strip subsoiling [SRT]) on soil properties, water use efficiency (WUE), and forage productivity. Compared with CK, tillage practices significantly increased forage biomass and crude protein yield (CPY), particularly in the case of the SRT treatment, in which the increase was 20.8% and 25.3% higher, respectively (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the net income in the SRT treatment exhibited the greatest value (US $1922.0 ha−1), showing a 17.0% increase compared with that in the CK treatment. The relationship of soil structure and crop water consumption became evident when tillage practices were applied in the degraded alfalfa pasture. The soil bulk density under the ST, RT, and SRT treatments decreased by 6.9%, 5.4%, and 8.6%, whereas the soil porosity increased by 8.6%, 6.7%, and 10.7% in the 0–60 cm soil layer, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the soil water content at a depth of 0–60 cm increased by 12.1% in the SRT treatment compared with the CK treatment at the harvesting stage, and the SRT treatment obtained the highest WUE of dry matter (16.9 kg ha−1 mm−1) and precipitation use efficiency of dry matter (15.8 kg ha−1 mm−1). In addition, total nitrogen in the ST, RT, and SRT treatments increased significantly by 21.4%, 11.1%, and 27.0%, respectively, and soil organic carbon in the ST, RT, and SRT treatments also increased significantly by 5.5%, 3.3%, and 10.4%, respectively, compared with those in the CK treatment (p < 0.05). Our study has demonstrated that tillage practices can optimize soil structure, improve water utilization, and increase soil fertilizer for enhancing forage productivity. The SRT practice could be a preferable approach for sustainable agricultural production of degraded alfalfa grassland in the semiarid region of China.

Structural relationship among aggression, depression, smartphone dependency, and cyberbullying perpetration

This study aims to examine the structural relationship between aggression, depression, smartphone dependency, and cyberbullying perpetration in youth and explores gender differences in that relationship. We analyzed the 2nd wave data of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 for middle school students. Structural equation modeling results showed that smartphone dependency partially mediated the relationship between aggression and cyberbullying perpetration (β = 0.050, p < 0.01). In contrast, smartphone dependency fully mediated the relationship between depression and cyberbullying perpetration (β = 0.029, p < 0.01). Aggression, depression, and smartphone dependency are the main predictors of cyberbullying perpetration. The effects of aggression and depression on cyberbullying perpetration were different through the mediator variable of smartphone dependency. The positive effect of aggression on smartphone dependency was twice greater in girls (Boys, B = 0.222, p < 0.001; Girls, B = 0.497, p < 0.001), and that of depression on smartphone dependency was three times greater in boys (Boys, B = 0.308, p < 0.001; Girls, B = 0.097, p < 0.05). These results were interpreted as reflecting the boys’ emotional suppression. Adolescent boys tend to suppress depression more than to express it according to the process of masculine emotional socialization. Various educational interventions are needed, such as providing cognitive behavioral therapy to convert adolescents’ relational aggression into a sound coping method considering girls’ sensitivity to relationships. Based on the findings, we present field-oriented practical considerations for improving our understanding of cyberbullying and preventing cyberbullying perpetration.

Bonds versus Equities: Information for Investment

ABSTRACTWe provide a simple model of investment by a firm funded with debt and equity and empirical evidence to demonstrate that, once we control for the debt overhang problem with credit spreads, asset volatility is an unambiguously positive signal for investment, while equity volatility sends a mixed signal: Elevated volatility raises the option value of equity and increases investment for financially sound firms, but exacerbates debt overhang and decreases investment for firms close to default. Our study provides a simple unified understanding of the structural and empirical relationships between investment, credit spreads, equity versus asset volatility, leverage, and Tobin's .

Mitochondrial genome of the Indian spot-billed duck and its phylogenetic and conservation implications.

The Indian spot-billed duck, Anas poecilorhyncha is a large dabbling and non-migratory breeding bird. The identification and phylogenetic relationship of A. poecilorhyncha remain uncertain due to the presence of overlapping meristic characters and hybridization with closely related species. Molecular data aids when there are challenges in morphological identification. However, genetic characterization of A. poecilorhyncha has been paid less attention. Apart from their functional and physiological role, mitochondrial genome can also be used for various purposes, including species identification, phylogenetic analysis, understanding the domestication history of species etc. Therefore, the present study aimed to sequence the mitochondrial genome of A. poecilorhyncha and its closely related domestic species A. platyrhynchos (mallard duck) to understand their mitochondrial genome structure and phylogenetic relationships. The length of mitochondrial genome of A. poecilorhyncha and A. platyrhynchos was 16,608 and 16,604bp respectively. Mitochondrial genome contained 37 genes and a non-coding control region. Overall, the characteristics of mitochondrial genome of both species were found to be conserved. The phylogenetic tree exhibited seven major clades (A to G) with a high bootstrap support. Notably, the Indian A. poecilorhyncha population formed a distinct clade (C) whereas the A. poecilorhyncha that were probably sampled from China grouped along with A. zonorhyncha (clade B). Besides, one of the A. poecilorhyncha probably sampled from China was placed in the clade A, which predominantly consisted of A. platyrhynchos. It suggests that Indian A. poecilorhyncha population is genetically different from Chinese A. poecilorhyncha population. Further, it sheds light on the importance of conducting a comprehensive phylogenetic study on these species. The newly sequenced mitochondrial genome of A. poecilorhyncha and A. platyrhynchos would be useful not only to have a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of Anas species but also to help in the conservation of A. poecilorhyncha which is under constant threat from rapid urbanization, interspecific hybridization and other human activities.

An ISM-MICMAC approach for analyzing the relationship between blockchain adoption criteria in a pharmaceutical supply chain: Tunisian case

Purpose In the context of digitalizing the supply chain of different sectors, the blockchain technology (BT) is emerged and becomes one of the most interesting and debated research topics. A few years ago, this technology was implemented for the first time in the financial sector, which is currently extended to be used in many other areas, mainly the health-care sector. The success of this technology stems from its ability to enhance the performance, security, consistency of sharing medical data within the whole system and the analysis of medical records. Technically, the BT is defined as a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions between the stakeholders in a supply chain. Thus, they could gain better control and find severe mistakes and the unsafe ones in the medical field. The purpose of this paper is to address a preliminary study of the BT adoption in a real pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) of the Tunisian case. Design/methodology/approach Indeed, the authors propose an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) combined with the cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis. This methodology is known as an effective one used to identify the criteria that influence the implementation of the BT, analyze the relationships between them and delighting the most impactful ones. Findings The readiness criteria for the adoption of the BT for the considered system are identified which are 10 ones and the structural relationship between them is uncovered through many interviews with experts. Hence, the found results define the most crucial criteria that should be valorized amongst the other criteria. Originality/value The originality of this study stems from its theoretical and practical relevance regarding the potential of the pharmaceutical system and the importance of the integration of new technologies as the BT. The ISM-MICMAC approach seems to be very performant for such preliminary study of the BT adoption in the Tunisian pharmaceutical system.

Amine-Terminated Silver Nanoparticles Exhibit Potential for Selective Targeting of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) demonstrate potential in treating aggressive cancers such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in preclinical models. To further the development of AgNP-based therapeutics for clinical use, it is essential to clearly define the specific physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles and connect these properties to biological outcomes. This study addresses this knowledge gap through detailed investigations into the structural and surface functional relationships, exploring the mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of AgNPs in targeting TNBC. The surface functionality of nanoparticles is crucial not only for their internalization into cancer cells but also for enhancing their toxicity toward tumor cells. Although the nanoparticles internalized into cancer cells, they failed to exhibit their full toxicity against the cancer. Herein we report a solvent-assisted synthesis amine, mercaptohexanol and bifunctional silver nanoparticles and performing comparative study to understand their selectivity and toxicity toward TNBC cells. The nanoparticles are fully characterized by UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering measurement (DLS). The synthesis method achieves an extremely high yield and surface coating ratio of synthesized colloidal AgNPs. Our findings reveal that the amine-capped AgNPs exhibit significant selective toxicity against TNBC cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 at a concentration of 40 µg/mL without affecting normal breast cell lines MCF10A. This study underscores the potential of functionalized AgNPs in developing safe and targeted therapeutic approaches for treating aggressive cancers like TNBC, laying the groundwork for future clinical advancements.

Linking Destination Image and Event Quality with Tourist Satisfaction to Increase Tourism Loyalty in Sampang Regency

The purpose of this study is to examine the structural relationship between destination image, event quality, tourist satisfaction, and tourist loyalty in the context of Madurese cultural arts performances in Sampang Regency, especially those held at Lon-Malang Beach, Toroan Beach and Camplong Beach. The proposed structural model relationship between variables was tested using structural equation modeling with data from 190 respondents utilizing the bootstrapping method. The study findings show a direct correlation between event quality and destination image with the level of tourist satisfaction during their visit to tourist loyalty. There is evidence that tourist satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between destination image and tourist loyalty. This study emphasizes the importance of including event quality in the tourism destination model, and shows that events such as Madurese cultural arts performances are an integral part of a marketing plan aimed at improving destination image, tourist satisfaction, and tourist loyalty.

Study on the Influence of Sex Ratio on Ecology Based on Improved Lotka-Volterra Model

In a pioneering study of lamprey population dynamics, we employ an enhanced Lotka-Volterra model to illuminate the profound influence of sex ratio shifts on ecosystems. This exploration delves into how such changes affect resource availability, ecosystem equilibrium, and sustainability. We employ dynamic differential equations to simulate population fluctuations among males, females, and predators, incorporating elements like birth rate, mortality rate, competition coefficient, mating success rate, and predation rate. The differential equations are numerically resolved using the Runge-Kutta method, enabling us to analyze population dynamics across various scenarios. Concurrently, we construct Jacobian matrices to appraise ecosystem stability and equilibrium points. The refined Lotka-Volterra model effectively encapsulates the impact of sex ratio variations on reproductive and predation processes, offering profound insights into predator-prey interactions and ecosystem dynamics. Our pivotal discoveries underscore the influence of sex ratio modifications on reproductive capacity, population growth rates, social structure, genetic diversity, and predator-prey relationships. This study emphasizes the criticality of comprehending the repercussions of sex ratio shifts on ecosystems and communities.

Atomic-level design of biomimetic iron-sulfur clusters for biocatalysis.

Designing biomimetic materials with high activity and customized biological functions by mimicking the central structure of biomolecules has become an important avenue for the development of medical materials. As an essential electron carrier, the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters have the advantages of simple structure and high electron transport capacity. To rationally design and accurately construct functional materials, it is crucial to clarify the electronic structure and conformational relationships of Fe-S clusters. However, due to the complex catalytic mechanism and synthetic process in vitro, it is hard to reveal the structure-activity relationship of Fe-S clusters accurately. This review introduces the main structural types of Fe-S clusters and their catalytic mechanisms first. Then, several typical structural design strategies of biomimetic Fe-S clusters are systematically introduced. Furthermore, the development of Fe-S clusters in the biocatalytic field is enumerated, including tumor treatment, antibacterial, virus inhibition and plant photoprotection. Finally, the problems and development directions of Fe-S clusters are summarized. This review aims to guide people to accurately understand and regulate the electronic structure of Fe-S at the atomic level, which is of great significance for designing biomimetic materials with specific functions and expanding their applications in biocatalysis.

Structural insights into the membrane-bound proteolytic machinery of bacterial protein quality control.

In bacteria and eukaryotic organelles of prokaryotic origin, ATP-dependent proteases are crucial for regulating protein quality control through substrate unfolding and degradation. Understanding the mechanism and regulation of this key cellular process could prove instrumental in developing therapeutic strategies. Very recently, cryo-electron microscopy structural studies have shed light on the functioning of AAA+ proteases, including membrane-bound proteolytic complexes. This review summarizes the structure and function relationship of bacterial AAA+ proteases, with a special focus on the sole membrane-bound AAA+ protease in Escherichia coli, FtsH. FtsH substrates include both soluble cytoplasmic and membrane-incorporated proteins, highlighting its intricate substrate recognition and processing mechanisms. Notably, 12 copies of regulatory HflK and HflC proteins, arranged in a cage-like structure embedded in the bacterial inner membrane, can encase up to 4 FtsH hexamers, thereby regulating their role in membrane protein quality control. FtsH represents an intriguing example, highlighting both its similarity to cytosolic AAA+ proteases with respect to overall architecture and oligomerization as well as its unique features, foremost its incorporation into a membrane-bound complex formed by HflK and HflC to mediate its function in protein quality control.

How does brand authenticity influence brand loyalty? Exploring the roles of brand attachment and brand trust

PurposeThe study aims to delve into the interactive relationships among brand authenticity, brand attachment, brand trust and brand loyalty using the ERC authenticity framework, exploring the potential mechanisms and different configurations affecting brand loyalty through brand authenticity.Design/methodology/approachAbout 446 valid samples were collected through an online survey of Chinese consumers of international sports brands. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) were employed to test the research hypotheses.FindingsSEM results indicate significant positive correlations among brand true-to-ideal authenticity, true-to-fact authenticity and true-to-self authenticity. All dimensions of brand authenticity exert notable positive impacts on brand attachment, brand trust and brand loyalty. Brand true-to-ideal authenticity, true-to-fact authenticity and true-to-self authenticity not only directly influence consumer brand loyalty but also indirectly affect it through brand attachment and brand trust; fsQCA results reveal five heterogeneous configurations to predict brand loyalty.Originality/valueThis study not only uses SEM to validate the structural relationships among the three dimensions of brand authenticity and their linear relationships with brand attachment, brand trust and brand loyalty but also uses fsQCA to identify nonlinear relationships between concepts. It extends complexity theory to the research field of brand authenticity–brand loyalty. Furthermore, based on the research results, this study provides management suggestions for brand managers and marketers.

Anthropogenic disturbances alter the trophic niche structure and ecological relationships of understory bat communities in the Ecuadorian Andean Chocó

Human disturbances have reduced the three basic niche dimensions for the survival of some mammalian species (space, time, and resources). Anthropic activities cause the extinction of ecological functionalities faster than species extinctions. In this study, we identified four types of habitats in the Ecuadorian Andean Chocó: primary forest (PF), secondary forest in natural regeneration (SF1), secondary forest in assisted regeneration (SF2), and pastures for cattle (P). The main objective was to determine the responses in the trophic niche and the ecological relationships of understory phyllostomid bat communities. We captured bats with mist nets and obtained fecal samples from 21 species. These were analyzed to quantify seeds, pollen, insects, and vertebrates consumed by each individual, with counts organized by species and habitat type. We conducted an ecological relationship analysis to understand the structure of bat–fruit networks and their dietary preferences. We calculated niche breadth and niche overlap to understand the trophic niche composition of each species. We applied null models to evaluate if there is evidence of trophic niche partitioning among these species. Despite a relatively small sample size, the results obtained are nevertheless interesting. While niche breadth was not useful for detecting the effects of human disturbances, niche overlap was significantly higher in disturbed habitats (SF1, SF2 and P), where ecological relationships were weaker. Most of the species were related to the consumption of seeds from the genus Piper. These results indicate that bat communities and their ecosystem services may be highly endangered due to anthropogenic disturbances. Network interactions in bats are highly variable in geographic space and time, and little is known about the community structure of bat–seed interactions. Studying mutualistic networks in bats and seeds is crucial because of their role in ecosystem support, supply, and regulation services that depend on them.

유아기 자녀를 둔 부모의 제품구매 태도가 ESG 교육 및 홍보 필요도에 미치는 영향: ESG 중요성의 매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of parents with young children's product purchasing attitudes on the need for ESG (environmental, social, and governance) education and promotion. Additionally, the study aims to explore the mediating effect of ESG importance in this relationship Methods The study participants consisted of 254 parents with young children residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Gyeongsang. The trends and normality of the research variables, as well as their reliability coefficients, were examined using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0. The relationships among the research variables were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Additionally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the structural relationships. Furthermore, the mediating effect was investigated using the bootstrapping method. Results The research findings are as follows. First, the mean of the research variables was above 4.0, indicating high levels. Additionally, the data met the assumption of normality. Second, the findings indicate a positive correlation between the need for ESG education and promotion and product purchasing attitudes, as well as the importance of ESG and its subfactors, which include environmental importance, social importance and governance importance. Third, the results revealed that attitudes towards product purchasing had a statistically significant impact on the importance of ESG and the need for ESG education. However, attitudes towards product purchasing did not have a statistically significant impact on the necessity of promoting ESG. Additionally, the importance of ESG was found to influence both the need for ESG education and the need for ESG promotion. Fourth, in the process where attitudes towards product purchasing influence the need for ESG education, the importance of ESG partially mediates the relationship. However, in the case of the need for promoting ESG(environmental, social, governance) practices, the importance of ESG fully mediates the relationship. Conclusions The research findings suggest the importance of promoting early awareness of the concept of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) through play.Additionally, the study aims to propose practical approaches to promoteESGpractices, distinguishing between initiatives focused on thehomeenvironment and collaboration in early childhood education.

부모의 그릿과 삶의 만족이 전환기 자녀의 그릿에 미치는 영향: 자녀의 삶의 만족의 매개효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of parents and early adolescents on the impact of two sub-factors of grit, consistency of interest and perseverance of effort, on life satisfaction. Methods The survey was conducted using data from 2,554 parents and students from the second (5th grade) to fourth (1st middle school) waves of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) 2018 to analyze the structural relationships between parents' and early adolescents' grit and life satisfaction. Results First, parental grit had a positive effect on perseverance of effort, a subfactor of child grit. Second, parental life satisfaction had a positive effect on children's life satisfaction and children's perseverance of effort. Third, in the interaction of parental grit and life satisfaction with child grit, child life satisfaction acted as a positive mediator of child perseverance of effort. Conclusions In order to promote grit and life satisfaction in children during transition, parents need to pay attention to their own grit and life satisfaction.

Structural relationship between perceived value, subject norms, consumer satisfaction, and intention to continue using virtual reality for sports viewing

This study investigates the factors that influence sports audiences’ sustained use of virtual reality (VR) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was conducted among sports viewers in the Southwest region, and data were analyzed using correlation and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that perceived value significantly enhances subjective norms and consumer satisfaction, both of which positively impact the intention to continue using VR for sports viewing. These findings provide crucial insights into how perceived value, subjective norms, and consumer satisfaction drive the continued adoption of VR in sports, offering strategic implications for enhancing audience engagement within the industry.