Structure Of Urban Green Space Research Articles

A three-layer evapotranspiration model considering the vertical structure of urban green spaces

Urban green spaces with complex vertical vegetation structures typically have higher capacities for microclimate regulation. The vertical structure comprising "tree + shrub + soil" is a common feature in urban green spaces. The Penman–Monteith and Shuttleworth–Wallace models estimate the evapotranspiration (ET) from trees and soil only, but they do not account for the contribution of shrubs, thereby leading to underestimation of the ecosystem ET. We developed a three-layer model of the vertical structure comprising "tree + shrub + soil" in urban green spaces and its impacts on ecosystem ET. The three-layer model was validated based on data measurements, showing that the root mean square errors of latent heat flux for tree, shrub, and soil were 31.0 W·m–2, 21.3 W·m–2, and 19.1 W·m–2, respectively. The uncertainty of parameters can significantly affect the model’s performance when estimating ET and its components. Sensitivity analysis showed that meteorological parameters, bulk stomatal resistance, and soil surface resistance played important roles in ET estimation using the three-layer model, and these sensitivity coefficients were also influenced by the meteorological conditions and vegetation canopy structure. The three-layer model enhances our understanding of ET in urban green spaces, aiding in their management and planning.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF URBAN GREEN SPACES IN LISBON USING DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS OF ORTHOPHOTO MAPS

Green urbanism, namely in the form of consolidated urban green spaces (UGSs), has gained traction along with the reformist impetus of urban design, based on the ideal of efficient, functional, sustainable cities that promote a better quality of life for their citizens and on the notion of making urban expansion compatible with natural resources. Using a diachronic analysis (1995–2020) of the orthophoto maps of 38 UGSs included in the last version of the main municipality’s legislation, framed within the Plano Director Municipal (PDM), whose first version was approved in 1994, we assessed the situation and evolution of the UGSs in the centre of Lisbon, Portugal. We conclude that with fewer or more incidences, depending on the periods analysed, the structure of UGSs in the centre of Lisbon has undergone significant changes, whether in terms of the implementation and requalification of existing UGSs or in terms of the increment and quality of UGSs (space created), thus respecting to a lesser or greater degree the strategic lines defined in various plans, as is the case of the PDM itself, but also of other important documents, such as the Carta Estratégica 2010–2024, Estratégia de Reabilitação Urbana 2011–2024 and Estratégia Regional de Lisboa 2030.

How Does Vegetation Landscape Structure of Urban Green Spaces Affect Cultural Ecosystem Services at Multiscale: Based on PLS-SEM Model

Benefits of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) of urban green spaces (UGSs) for human health and general well-being have been widely recognized. Optimizing the landscape structure of green vegetation and improving CES are essential to reduce environmental inequality, and detecting the determinant landscape features that influence CES at multi-scale is the first step. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), we evaluated multiscale effects of vegetation landscape structure of UGS on residents’ perceptions of CES in 40 residential communities in Zhengzhou city, China. According to our results, at the micro-scale level in a single residential community, public activity spaces within green spaces, particularly large size of open spaces, was the most critical factor affecting residents’ perceptions of recreational services, which provided a multifunctional landscape, with opportunities for multiple recreational leisure activities and entertainment. Then, the percentage of vegetation coverage in green spaces, and large vegetation patches that can significantly improve residents’ perceptions of CES and were identified in the natural landscape. At the ecosystem level and species community level, although vegetation structure contributed little to the level of CES, an open vegetation structure with a large area of grass cover was particularly beneficial to increase aesthetic services, and both richness of flowers and ornamental trees improved residents’ spiritual perception. However, our findings suggest that improving the management of green space vegetation is the most effective and direct way of improving CES and resolving environmental inequities between residential communities with different vegetation coverage and infrastructure, and we suggest that future research should explore residents’ subjective perceptions of both vegetation and landscape structure of UGS at larger spatial scale.

Green space settlement landscape optimization strategy under the concept of ecological environment restoration

This article focuses on the urban development strategy and urban overall planning under the concept of ecological environment restoration, and determines planning guidance, planning principles, and planning goals. First of all, the urban green space settlement landscape design based on the ecological concept is jointly carried out from the three aspects of natural landscape, artificial landscape and human landscape. Secondly, in the research on the structural characteristics of urban green space and its temporal and spatial evolution, based on the four phases of remote sensing images, the application of remote sensing and GIS and other spatial information technologies, with the assistance of basic data and sample plot surveys, has achieved a survey. Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the evolution of the quantity structure of urban green space, the evolution of vegetation coverage, and the evolution of vegetation structure are given. The results of the experiment found that the total area of urban green space has shrunk during the study period. Through summarizing and summarizing, the basic design process and elements are derived: the natural landscape emphasizes its ecological diversity from the green space settlement landscape form, slope protection, topography and planting design. In summary, the green space settlement landscape design of natural landscape, artificial landscape, and human landscape is more scientific and complete. Based on the analysis and evaluation of the natural conditions, social economy, urban nature and development planning, the current situation of the urban water system and other background data in the planned area, with the theoretical guidance of landscape ecology and environmental behavior, the case study combines the landscape ecology. The restoration design is used to test the application methods of ecological landscape restoration.

The relationships between the quantity and structure of urban green space and the population density of conurbations: a national scale analysis from Japan

The relationships between the quantity and structure of urban green space and the population density of conurbations: a national scale analysis from Japan

城市绿地与居民健康福祉相关性研究进展——基于生态系统服务供需匹配视角

城市绿地耦合了生态系统服务与人类福祉，兼顾公平与效率的城市绿地空间格局，是提升人居环境和改善民生的重要途径。在厘清相关概念内涵的基础上，基于Citespace软件对城市绿地生态系统服务与健康福祉及其相近概念进行关键词共现图谱与聚类分析，可以发现：研究集聚性强、各集群下研究领域重叠度高，研究尺度逐渐精细化，城市绿地与建成环境、休闲性体力活动与健康空间分异成为近几年研究热点。从供给侧：城市绿地绿地生态系统服务类型以及其估与测度方法，需求侧：居民健康福祉需求测度方法及时空表达，供需匹配：城市绿地生态系统服务供需匹配方法与空间公平，提升与调控：城市绿地时空结构优化与高效服务4个方面系统地综述了绿地生态系统服务与居民健康相关性研究，并指出目前城市绿地生态系统服务供需研究在研究内容、研究逻辑、研究方法及研究结果等方面还需进一步深化与提升。未来研究应重点关注城市绿地生态系统服务空间特征关系与居民健康需求层级的供需匹配程度，通过耦合新数据环境下精细化、规范性居民健康时空行为空间研究，总结供需平衡状态下多维度城市绿地高效服务的空间形态、功能结构与要素组织，并将其应用到城市绿地空间格局研究与绿地系统规划实践中，拓展人居环境优化提质的理论与方法。;Urban green space couples with urban ecosystem services and human well-being. The pattern of urban green space which takes fairness and efficiency into account is an important method to enhance the human settlements environment and improve people's livelihood. On the basis of clarifying the relevant concepts and connotations, based on Citespace software, keyword co-emerging network analysis and cluster analysis of urban green space ecosystem services, residents' health and human well-being and their similar concepts can be found:The research clusters are highly concentrated, the research fields under each cluster have a high degree of overlap, and the research scale is also more refined. The differentiation of urban green space and the urban built environment and leisure physical activity and health spatial has become the research hot spots in recent years. In this paper, the correlation research between urban green space ecosystem services and residents' health is systematically summarized from the following four aspects:1) Supply side, which mainly includes the types of urban green space ecosystem services as well as their evaluation and measurement methods; 2) demand side, that is, the measurement methods of urban residents' health and human well-being needs and their temporal and spatial expression; 3) the matching of supply and demand, relating to the matching method of supply and demand of urban green space ecosystem services and spatial equity; 4) and the promotion and regulation, including optimization of spatial and temporal structure of urban green space and efficient service. It is pointed out that the existing research on the supply and demand matching of urban green space ecosystem services needs to be further deepened and improved in terms of research content, research logic, research methods and results. Future research needs to pay more attention to the spatial characteristics of urban green space ecosystem services and the matching degree of supply and demand at the level of residents' health needs. The spatial form, functional structure and element organization of multidimensional urban green space efficient service under the equilibrium state of supply and demand are summarized through the coupling with refined and normative research of residents' health temporal and spatial behaviors in the context of new data environment. At the same time, it is applied to the research of the spatial pattern of urban green space and the practice of urban green space system planning for expanding the theory and methods of optimization and improvement the quality of human settlements environment.

Using SPOT Data and FRAGSTAS to Analyze the Relationship between Plant Diversity and Green Space Landscape Patterns in the Tropical Coastal City of Zhanjiang, China

Urban green spaces provide a host of ecosystem services, the quantity and structure of which play an important role in human well-being. Rapid urbanization may modify urban green spaces, having various effects on plant diversity. Tropical coastal cities have urbanized rapidly in recent decades, but few studies have been conducted with a focus on their green spaces. We studied the responses of cultivated and spontaneous plants, both key components of urban flora, to the landscape structure of urban green spaces and possible social drivers. We analyzed existing relationships between plant diversity indices, urban green space landscape metrics (using Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) data,), and social factors, including the type, population density, construction age, and GPS coordinates of each Urban Functional Unit, or UFU. We found that UFUs with more green space patches had higher cultivated and spontaneous species richness than those with fewer green space patches. Spontaneous species richness decreased when green space patches became fragmented, and it increased when green space patches were more connected (e.g., via land bridges). Conversely, cultivated species richness increased with green space patch fragmentation. The phylogenetic diversity of both cultivated and spontaneous plants were weakly associated with green space structure, which was strongly driven by land use. Old UFUs and those with larger populations had more green space patches overall, although they tended to be small and fragmented. Green space patch density was found to increase as the UFU age increased. From the viewpoint of knowledge transfer, understanding the effects and drivers of landscape patterns of urban green spaces could inform the development of improved policies and management of urban green space areas.

Ассоциированная структура газонно-травяного покрова городского ландшафта

The features of the conjugated structure of plants of the lawn-grass cover of the city of Minsk as an unique object of a natural-anthropogenic landscape and a phyto-indicator of the current state of urban green spaces of Belarus are established. The basic composition of 35 species of native flora, which form 10 conjugated groups and reflect diversity of ecological niches, is determined. Their composition and the nature of the bonds indicate a tendency toward xerophytization of the soil cover. The data obtained reflect the initial stage of its transformation and can serve as a starting point for monitoring climate and anthropogenic changes in the structure of urban green spaces.

The state of vegetation in the landscaping system of Ulan-Ude

This paper presents the results of the study of squares vegetation ecological state in Ulan-Ude based on the results of green spaces inventory (20162018). The data were obtained on the species diversity and structure of urban green spaces. The families of Rosaceae (12) and Pinaceae (5) are represented to the greatest extent in the studied squares. In quantitative terms plantations of squat elm (Ulmus pumila L.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), ash maple (Acer negundo L.) and berry apple (Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.) predominated in the squares of Ulan-Ude. The analysis of the assortment composition of Ulan-Ude squares showed that it was quite poor. The age structure of existing plantations on the territory of the studied squares varies widely; a significant part of the plantations is approaching the age of its physiological old age. During the research period the quality of flower beds and lawns was assessed at landscaping facilities. At the present moment their condition is improving due to the improvement in the quality of nursing work. An indicator of the total projective cover was determined at the grassy layer. The obtained data on the vegetation state indicate that the state of plantings is weakening in most of the studied squares. The study results can serve as the basis for further monitoring of Ulan-Ude green areas.

Structure of urban green space and its associations with heat and air pollution related deaths

Structure of urban green space and its associations with heat and air pollution related deaths

Assessing Impacts of Urban Form on Landscape Structure of Urban Green Spaces in China Using Landsat Images Based on Google Earth Engine

The structure of urban green spaces (UGS) plays an important role in determining the ecosystem services that they support. Knowledge of factors shaping landscape structure of UGS is imperative for planning and management of UGS. In this study, we assessed the influence of urban form on the structure of UGS in 262 cities in China based on remote sensing data. We produced land cover maps for 262 cities in 2015 using 6673 scenes of Landsat ETM+/OLI images based on the Google Earth Engine platform. We analyzed the impact of urban form on landscape structure of UGS in these cities using boosted regression tree analysis with the landscape and urban form metrics derived from the land cover maps as response and prediction variables, respectively. The results showed that the three urban form metrics—perimeter area ratio, road density, and compound terrain complexity index—were all significantly correlated with selected landscape metrics of UGS. Cities with high road density had less UGS area and the UGS in those cities was more fragmented. Cities with complex built-up boundaries tended to have more fragmented UGS. Cities with high terrain complexity had more UGS but the UGS were more fragmented. Our results for the first time revealed the importance of urban form on shaping landscape structure of UGS in 262 cities at a national scale.

ASSESSING URBAN GREEN SPACE DISTRIBUTION IN A COMPACT MEGACITY BY LANDSCAPE METRICS

The pattern and structure of urban green space (UGS) plays a significant role in the landscape and ecological quality (LEQ) of UGS, especially in a compact city with limited space. Based on landscape metrics, this study proposes an innovative method to quantify the effects of UGS pattern and structure on LEQ. Taking Shanghai, China as the study area, we calculated all landscape-level spatial metrics in FRAGSTATS, used correlation analysis in SPSS for data reduction, and adopted factor analysis and cluster analysis to statistically analyze the metrics and assesse the LEQ of UGS. These methods bridge the research gap of UGS distribution assessment for LEQ value by landscape metrics. Results showed that new districts usually have higher LEQ of UGS than old towns. Of the 17 districts in Shanghai, Chongming has the highest LEQ of UGS and Hongkou has the lowest. For the UGS pattern and structure, the eight old towns are similar, in contrast to the new districts of Chongming and Pudong, which are more dissimilar than the other districts for LEQ of UGS. The findings could help compact cities having limited UGS to develop and achieve better LEQ.

Impacts of population density and wealth on the quantity and structure of urban green space in tropical Southeast Asia

Urban green spaces provide ecosystem services, including climate regulation, food, and opportunities for recreation. The quantity and structure of green space in a city may therefore have consequences for human well-being. Cities in Southeast Asia are rapidly changing as they must accommodate larger populations, and their residents are becoming wealthier. Such changes may have impacts on urban green spaces and the ecosystem services that they provide. To assess the potential impacts of future urbanisation in the region, we analysed existing relationships between city size, wealth, and population density, and (1) the percentage cover of green space, (2) the quantity of green space per capita, and (3) the aggregation of green space. We used remote sensing analysis of Landsat 7 data to classify green space in 111 urban areas in Southeast Asia. Cities with higher population densities had less green space and less green space per capita. Cities with higher GDP per capita had higher percentage coverage of green space. Larger cities had lower percentage coverage of green space and less green space per capita. Cities with higher percentage cover of green space had more aggregated green spaces. Authorities in developing cities should consider protecting ecological assets such as remnant forest patches and river corridors, as re-creating habitats at a later stage of development rarely provides comparable levels of ecosystem services.

Using high-resolution LiDAR data to quantify the three-dimensional structure of vegetation in urban green space

The spatial arrangement and vertical structure of vegetation in urban green spaces are key factors in determining the types of benefits that urban parks provide to people. This includes opportunities for recreation, spiritual fulfilment and biodiversity conservation. However, there has been little consideration of how the fine-scale spatial and vertical structure of vegetation is distributed in urban parks, primarily due to limitations in methods for doing so. We addressed this gap by developing a method using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to map, at a fine resolution, tree cover, vegetation spatial arrangement, and vegetation vertical structure. We then applied this method to urban parks in Brisbane, Australia. We found that parks varied mainly in their amount of tree cover and its spatial arrangement, but also in vegetation vertical structure. Interestingly, the vertical structure of vegetation was largely independent of its cover and spatial arrangement. This suggests that vertical structure may be being managed independently to tree cover to provide different benefits across urban parks with different levels of tree cover. Finally, we were able to classify parks into three distinct classes that explicitly account for both the spatial and vertical structure of tree cover. Our approach for mapping the three-dimensional vegetation structure of urban green space provides a much more nuanced and functional description of urban parks than has previously been possible. Future research is now needed to quantify the relationships between vegetation structure and the actual benefits people derive from urban green space.

Patterns and its Disaster Shelter of Urban Green Space in Mining Cities: Empirical Evidence from Jiaozuo City, China

Urban green space system has a strong function of disaster prevention and reduction. In this paper, taking Jiaozuo as an example, the composition and structure of urban green space with its disaster shelter space is studied. The per capita area of medium and long-term shelters in urban green space of Jiaozuo raise from 5.60 m2 to11.34 m2 during 1999 and 2007.It is far exceed the basic average level. The per capita green space temporary shelters shows rise-decline trend. Firstly from 1.84 m2 in 1999 rise to 3.55 m2, 3.24 m2 in 2003 and 2005, then gradually descend 2.80 m2 in 2007.It basically above the basic per capita green space for temporary shelter area. Per capita green space of emergency shelter presents the process of gradually declining, its per capita area from 2.61 m2 in 1999 gradually decline to 0.98 m2 in 2007, which are under the warning line of 1.2 m2 .

北京城市绿地的蒸腾降温功能及其经济价值评估

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北京城市绿地的蒸腾降温功能及其经济价值评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201203150345 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院 地理科学与资源研究所,环保部 南京环境科学研究所,中国科学院 地理科学与资源研究所,中日友好环境保护中心 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 环保公益性行业科研专项(201209027);中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所"一三五"战略科技计划项目(2012ZD007) Preliminary evaluation of air temperature reduction of urban green spaces in Beijing Author: Affiliation: Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Science,Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China,Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Science,Sino-Japan Friendship Center for Environmental Protection Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:尽管已有大量研究证实,城市绿地具有明显降温作用,但是从生态经济学角度定量评估城市绿地降温功能及其价值的研究不多。以夏季高温热害显著的北京建成区为研究区,在前人多项绿地降温功能实测结果基础上,利用第七次园林绿地资源调查数据,定量评估了城市绿地夏季蒸腾降温的功能及其价值。结果表明:北京建成区6.1万hm2 绿地每年夏季蒸腾吸热可达4.61×1015 J,平均每公顷绿地每天吸热8.4×108 J,相当于10台1000瓦空调的降温作用。参照居民用电价格,建成区绿地夏季降温价值为6.4亿元,单位绿地降温价值约1.05元/m2。此外,不同绿地类型和区县绿地的降温功能差异较大,主要受绿地面积和组成结构的影响。 Abstract:Climate change is the most serious problem we face in the 21st century. Accompanied by the rapid expansion of cities worldwide, the phenomenon of urban heat islands has become a critical environmental issue in many large cities, since it is associated with a warmer climate. An exposure to higher temperatures can result in a spectrum of outcomes in the realms of human health and well-being. These outcomes range from mild discomfort to life-threatening medical conditions. Fortunately, trees and vegetation in the urban environment help to cool urban climates. This occurs through shading and evapotranspiration. Although there have been numerous studies on microclimate-adjusting effects of urban green spaces, few of these studies quantify the economic value of air temperature reduction provided by these spaces. This is especially true for cities suffering from the heat island effect. Urban heat island conditions have been observed for more than half a century in the city of Beijing. The area affected by this heat island rapidly expanded from 111 km2 in 1987 to 292 km2 in 2009, and the percentage of heat island to built-up area increased sharply from 11% to 27%. Therefore, it is very important for city managers to estimate and achieve economic benefits of the cooling effect of green spaces. Based on a number of empirical studies and inventory data concerning urban green spaces in Beijing (2009), this study estimates the economic effects of the city's green space on air temperature reduction through evapotranspiration. The results show that green areas in Beijing could reduce the temperature by 0.8-4.8℃. As a consequence, urban green spaces totaling 6.1×104 hm2 in built-up areas of the city could absorb 4.61×1015 J of heat via evapotranspiration during summer. The average heat absorbed by these spaces could reach 8.4×108 J·hm-2·d-1, which corresponds to the cooling effect of ten 1000-W air conditioners. According to the price for residential electricity, the summer temperature reduction from the urban green spaces could save 641 million RMB of the cost of electric energy consumption per year. This figure is based on annual average savings reaching 1.05 RMB/m2 for urban green area with temperature reduction. In addition, the temperature reduction effects of urban green spaces varied with type and location. The amount of heat absorption of protected green zones was significantly less than those of public, roadside, affiliated, and productive green spaces. Average values of air temperature reduction per unit area of green space in Dongcheng District, Xicheng District, Miyun County, and Yanqing County were significantly higher than those of the districts of Pinggu, Fengtai and Shijingshan. These cooling effect variations may be related to differences in area and structure of urban green spaces. Therefore, evidence is provided to support the commitment of resources to urban green infrastructure enhancements. Furthermore, such evidence conveys the importance of the structural characteristics of green land. Urban foresters, ecologists, and landscape planners should take advantage of this type of data to plan, design and manage green spaces in heat island areas. In this way, communities can realize energy savings, and cities and urban neighborhoods can be made more livable. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure of urban green space

A functional network of green space is important for the maintenance of the ecological dimension of a sustainable urban landscape. We used avian ecological diversity as a proxy for evaluating the functionality of different types of urban green space. The urban landscape of the municipality of Örebro in Sweden was stratified into four strata (City centre, Residential, Greenway and Periphery). Bird species found in these strata were classified into four ecological groups with decreasing degree of specialisation (woodpeckers, hole-nesters, forest birds and urban birds). Overall there was lower bird species richness in the City centre and Residential areas compared to the Greenway and Periphery. Woodpeckers, hole-nesters and forest birds showed an increasing trend in the number of species as well as individuals from the City centre to the Periphery while urban birds showed the opposite trend. The amount and quality of green space as well as natural vegetation increased from the City centre to the Periphery. Species richness of woodpeckers, forest birds and hole-nesters were positively correlated with tree density while urban birds showed an inverse correlation. There was no dead wood in City centre, Residential and Greenway in contrast to the Periphery, which held some dying trees, stumps and old windthrows. Our findings emphasise the importance of urban green space with natural structures to maintain high ecological diversity. Finally, we discuss how conflicts between habitat for biodiversity maintenance and other functions of green space could be handled by zoning.

Urban Economic Indicators for Green Development in Cities

This paper is part of the European Union project on the Development of Urban Green Spaces to Improve the Quality of Life in Cities and Urban Regions (URGE). † The paper aims to describe urban economic indicators for the evaluation of existing urban green structures and green spaces by using a taxonomy of indicators and to develop an economic framework for the development and management of green spaces in cities. A functional typology of urban green spaces based on a set of indicators of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which is described as pressure–state–response (PSR) indicators, is used for the determination of the relevant economic dimensions, criteria and indicators of urban green space. From an economic perspective, there are four relevant dimensions of urban green spaces that refer to the functions that have an impact (directly or indirectly) on environmental sources, welfare and quality of urban life, financing and management of urban green. This economic framework provides an opportunity to discuss the complex relationships of the multi-dimensional structure of urban green spaces. It provides also a useful framework for the social, ecological and planning perspectives, policies and management issues. ● Urban green

The ecology and structure of urban greenspaces: E.L. Goldstein-Golding, in: Habitat structure, ed S.S. Bell & others, (Chapman & Hall), 1991, pp 392–411

The ecology and structure of urban greenspaces: E.L. Goldstein-Golding, in: Habitat structure, ed S.S. Bell & others, (Chapman & Hall), 1991, pp 392–411