Text Structure Research Articles

Effects of Refutational Texts and Seductive Pictures on Conceptual Change

As educators, we often seek to engage students’ prior knowledge to help them learn new and potentially difficult science content. However, sometimes our experiences with the world lead us to create misconceptions that run counter to the scientific consensus. Refutational texts have been shown to be more effective at changing individuals’ misconceptions compared to traditional (i.e., expository) texts. Sometimes, conceptual change materials might include irrelevant but interesting pictures geared toward increasing engagement or positive affect while learning. These are referred to as seductive pictures, and although they are intended to promote the situational interest of readers, they may hinder learning since they might cause cognitive overload. The current study sought to investigate the effects of text structure and seductive pictures on individuals’ knowledge of genetically modified foods, situational interest, and cognitive loads. We found significant learning advantages for the refutational text groups and significant disadvantages for the seductive pictures groups. Additionally, the individuals who were exposed to seductive pictures demonstrated higher levels of extraneous cognitive load than those who were not. Implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.

A Short-Text Similarity Model Combining Semantic and Syntactic Information

As one of the prominent research directions in the field of natural language processing (NLP), short-text similarity has been widely used in search recommendation and question-and-answer systems. Most of the existing short textual similarity models focus on considering semantic similarity while overlooking the importance of syntactic similarity. In this paper, we first propose an enhanced knowledge language representation model based on graph convolutional networks (KEBERT-GCN), which effectively uses fine-grained word relations in the knowledge base to assess semantic similarity and model the relationship between knowledge structure and text structure. To fully leverage the syntactic information of sentences, we also propose a computational model of constituency parse trees based on tree kernels (CPT-TK), which combines syntactic information, semantic features, and attentional weighting mechanisms to evaluate syntactic similarity. Finally, we propose a comprehensive model that integrates both semantic and syntactic information to comprehensively evaluate short-text similarity. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed short-text similarity model outperforms the models proposed in recent years, achieving a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.8805 on the STS-B dataset.

Facile Synthesis of Silicon-Based Materials Modified Using Zinc(Ⅱ) 2-Bromoacetic as Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates

Much effort has been devoted to the development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into high-value chemicals. Generally, the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides is considered a green and atom-economic reaction for the production of cyclic carbonates. Based on this, three kinds of silicon-based catalysts modified using zinc(Ⅱ) 2-bromoacetic (Si-ZnBA-n, n = 1, 2, 3) were facilely synthesized and employed for the chemical fixation of CO2 to epoxides with the use of potassium iodide (KI). A series of characterization techniques were used to characterize the textual structures and physicochemical properties of Si-ZnBA-n. The synergistic effects of Zn, –NH2, –OH and the nucleophilic group guaranteed the catalytic activity of Si-ZnBA-n. Si-ZnBA-1 exhibited the best catalytic activity among Si-ZnBA-n because Si-ZnBA-1 possessed the highest Zn content. Additionally, the effects of the reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, time and catalyst loadings) were also discussed. The propylene carbonate (PC) yield could reach 97% under 130 °C, 2 MPa, for 5 h without the employment of organic solvent, and its selectivity was 99%. In addition, the recycling property of Si-ZnBA-1/KI was also investigated, and the catalytic system exhibited good cycle performance. Meanwhile, the catalyst showed outstanding versatility for CO2 application to various epoxides, and a possibly synergistic reaction mechanism was proposed. Finally, a dynamic model was developed to discuss the activation energy of the CO2 cycloaddition reaction over the Si-ZnBA-1 catalyst.

Building a community of allies and upstanders: Using The Assignment to disrupt hate, bias and antisemitism

PurposeRecognizing that hate crimes and antisemitic attacks are increasing, the purpose of this article is to discuss ways The Assignment by Liza Wiemer, a contemporary young adult novel that depicts curriculum violence and its effects on students, acts as a “disruptor” in young adult literature. The authors present a rationale for using young adult literature on The Holocaust in high school classrooms to challenge the status quo and identify ways to become upstanders in the face of hate.Design/methodology/approachThrough a content analysis using a critical literacy framework, the authors analyzed The Assignment for pedagogical ways to use the novel to challenge educators and students to examine and rethink how they feel about hate, bias and antisemitism.FindingsFour ways the novel can be used as a disrupter were identified: text structure and language, pedagogical practices and curriculum violence, the student/peer/authority figure power dynamic and challenging accepted beliefs that can lead to bias, hate and antisemitism.Practical implicationsAlthough all individuals can be impacted by hate and antisemitism, this article focuses on young adults as they are the novel’s target audience. However, the authors believe people of all ages have the potential to disrupt societal practices and become upstanders and suggest ideas in this article be applied broadly to other novels and teaching situations.Originality/valueA focus is on the ways the novel can build a community of allies and upstanders – students as agents of change rather than complacent bystanders. As bias, hate and antisemitism are on the rise, this article presents a unique way to combat it through literature and critical discussion.

Text Image Super-Resolution Guided by Text Structure and Embedding Priors

We aim to super-resolve text images from unrecognizable low-resolution inputs. Existing super-resolution methods mainly learn a direct mapping from low-resolution to high-resolution images by exploring low-level features, which usually generate blurry outputs and suffer from severe structure distortion for text parts, especially when the resolution is quite low. Both the visual quality and the readability will suffer. To tackle these issues, we propose a new text super-resolution paradigm by recovering with understanding. Specifically, we extract a text-embedding prior and a text-structure prior from the upsampled image by learning to understand the text. The two priors with rich structure information and text-embedding information are then used as auxiliary information to recover the clear text structure. In addition, we introduce a text-feature loss to guide the training for better text recognizability. Extensive evaluations on both screen and scene text image datasets show that our method largely outperforms the state-of-the-art in both visual quality and recognition accuracy.

Knowledge-Fusion-Based Iterative Graph Structure Learning Framework for Implicit Sentiment Identification.

Implicit sentiment identification is a significant classical task in text analysis. Graph neural networks (GNNs) have recently been successful in implicit sentiment identification, but the current approaches still suffer from two problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of structural information carried by the single-view graph structure of implicit sentiment texts to accurately capture obscure sentiment expressions. On the other hand, the predefined fixed graph structure may contain some noisy edges that cannot represent semantic information using an accurate topology, which can seriously impair the performance of implicit sentiment analysis. To address these problems, we introduce a knowledge-fusion-based iterative graph structure learning framework (KIG). Specifically, for the first problem, KIG constructs graph structures based on three views, namely, co-occurrence statistics, cosine similarity, and syntactic dependency trees through prior knowledge, which provides rich multi-source information for implicit sentiment analysis and facilitates the capture of implicit obscure sentiment expressions. To address the second problem, KIG innovatively iterates the three original graph structures and searches for their implicit graph structures to better fit the data themselves to optimize the downstream implicit sentiment analysis task. We compared our method with the mainstream implicit sentiment identification methods on two publicly available datasets, and ours outperformed both benchmark models. The accuracy, recall, and F1 values of KIG on the Pun of the Day dataset reached 89.2%, 93.7%, and 91.1%, respectively. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method for the implicit sentiment identification task.

Кулинарный код культуры в демотиваторах и современная интернет-коммуникация

Quite a lot of works are devoted to the study of creolized texts, in which the structure of such texts is investigated, as well as their impact on the recipient, verbal features and visual characteristics are revealed. Aim. The main purpose of this study is to study the polycode creolized text of the demotivator, visually and/or verbally related to culinary and gastronomic topics, from the point of view of the value aspect and actualization of certain axiological dominants existing in the modern world.
 Methodology and research methods. Demotivators thematically related to the field of gastronomy served as the material for the study. The main research methods are semantic, descriptive, as well as analysis and systematization of the material. Results. Special attention is paid to two types of demotivators: demotivators of the weight-reflexive type and those one in which social status is marked (the group is considered on the example of students). It was revealed that the first type reflects modern stereotypes about proper nutrition, harmful and healthy foods, and meal times. In the second type, the main qualities and traits of students are marked, namely, they investigate how such components as 1) poverty / affluence are displayed with the help of food, 2) hunger / satiety and connection with intellectual abilities, 3) study / work. Scientific novelty. The novelty of the work is connected with the definition of the value properties of household items, using the example of culinary / food preferences of the subject of communication, as well as with the emphasis on existing modern stereotypes and axiological guidelines in the field of nutrition and beyond. Practical significance. The materials and conclusions of this work can be used in the development of courses on media and Internet communication, lexicology and active processes of the modern Russian language.

Teaching text structure in science education

Outcomes from a body of research on reading education stress the importance of text structure instruction and the integration of reading instruction in content learning in primary schools. We conducted an analysis of Dutch textbooks and workbooks of the seven most frequently used science teaching programs developed for grades 3-6 in order to find out to what extent these materials are appropriate for text structure instruction. The results show that the materials do offer opportunities for text structure instruction but are not suitable for a step-by-step implementation and practice of knowledge and skills related to text structure. The textbooks offer too few clear organized single-structured texts and not all text structures are sufficiently represented. Also, the programs differ strongly in text length, text segmentation and use of introductions. Illustrations and assignments hardly connect to the text structure. We finish the paper with recommendations for educational publishers.

Literary Translation for New Soviet People: Anglophone Literature in Soviet Latvia of the 1950s−1960s

ABSTRACT The Soviet regime tended to play a crucial and decisive role in the transformation of people’s values. Latvia was subjected to different types of oppression, restriction and control and, as regards translation policy, was dependent on Moscow’s position. To grasp the scale of imperative activities – both conspicuously visible and masterfully veiled – taken by the regime authorities to ensure ideological indoctrination of society, institutional, individual and socio-cultural domains are to be examined and analysed. The present work studies, as an indispensable part of the translation policy implemented under the Soviet rule, important external structures of text – interpretation, facts – as represented in forewords and/or afterwords of Latvian publications of Anglophone literature issued in the years of 1953–1964, during the Khrushchev’s time, which can be characterised by the acute confrontation in the Cold War. To mould Latvians into New Soviet People – collectivistic, patriotic, loyal to the Communist Party – various channels to address the society were exploited. By applying the postcolonial perspective, culture-historical approach, and comparative method the research focuses on examining the ways the translated literature was manipulatively presented and represented in Soviet Latvia aimed at being included in the narrative of constructing a New Soviet Person.

Textual analysis and detection of financial fraud: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms

With the increasing complexity of financial statement manipulation, relying solely on quantitative financial data may not effectively detect financial fraud. While textual analysis can provide additional insight, little research has been conducted on its multiple dimensions. Using 579 listed Chinese manufacturing firms in 2020, we select readability, forward-looking, similarity, matching degree, and positive and negative sentiment indicators from textual language structure, quality, and expression of management discussion and analysis texts, in combination with financial indicators, to detect financial fraud. Our findings indicate that fraudulent firms tend to be overly cautious in their financial reporting, express fewer positive sentiments, and conceal financial fraud by increasing the complexity of their annual reports and using more degree adverbs to modify forward-looking information. This study also highlights the importance of considering textual language expression in detecting financial fraud in state-owned and non-state-owned firms.

Немецкие дискурсивные маркеры в текстах различных функциональных стилей

The aim of the study is to determine the functions of German discourse markers in texts of various functional styles. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the functions of German discourse markers in texts of various functional styles have been described for the first time. As a result, it has been shown that discourse markers are found in the scientific, publicistic, literary and colloquial styles. In the texts of the colloquial style, several functions of discourse markers are manifested: the linking function, which is expressed through the establishment of causal relations and additive relations; the function of signaling the transition to another topic of conversation; the function of mitigating the categoricity of what is being said; the function of explaining what was said earlier. It is quite obvious that discourse markers are involved in the structuring of an oral text. In scientific and publicistic texts, discourse markers serve to structure the information, ensure text coherence and also organize the line of reasoning. In literary texts, discourse markers perform not only the structuring function, but also develop rhetorical relationships in combination with rhetorical means to achieve communicative goals.

SkillSim: voice apps similarity detection

Virtual personal assistants (VPAs), such as Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant, are software agents designed to perform tasks or provide services to individuals in response to user commands. VPAs extend their functions through third-party voice apps, thereby attracting more users to use VPA-equipped products. Previous studies demonstrate vulnerabilities in the certification, installation, and usage of these third-party voice apps. However, these studies focus on individual apps. To the best of our knowledge, there is no prior research that explores the correlations among voice apps.Voice apps represent a new type of applications that interact with users mainly through a voice user interface instead of a graphical user interface, requiring a distinct approach to analysis. In this study, we present a novel voice app similarity analysis approach to analyze voice apps in the market from a new perspective. Our approach, called SkillSim, detects similarities among voice apps (i.e. skills) based on two dimensions: text similarity and structure similarity. SkillSim measures 30,000 voice apps in the Amazon skill market and reveals that more than 25.9% have at least one other skill with a text similarity greater than 70%. Our analysis identifies several factors that contribute to a high number of similar skills, including the assistant development platforms and their limited templates. Additionally, we observe interesting phenomena, such as developers or platforms creating multiple similar skills with different accounts for purposes such as advertising. Furthermore, we also find that some assistant development platforms develop multiple similar but non-compliant skills, such as requesting user privacy in a non-compliance way, which poses a security risk. Based on the similarity analysis results, we have a deeper understanding of voice apps in the mainstream market.

Problems of Translating Kurdish Legal Texts into English

جذبت المشاكل التي تحتويها ترجمة النصوص القانونية انتباه المحامين و المترجمين و اللغويين و الباحثين على حد سواء، و درس العلماء هذا الموضوع من نواح مختلفة في مختلف اللغات، تتشارك النصوص القانونية في مشاكلها و لكن صعوبتها قد تزداد حسب عوامل مختلفة. تهدف هذه الدراسة لتقديم التعاريف المتداولة للترجمة القانونية و تعريف اللغة القانونية و ميزاتها اللغوية، و بعد ذلك تحديد الطرق و التقنيات التي يوظفها المترجمون القانونيون المحترفون ثم التحقق منها في العينات المختارة لتقييم مدى فعاليتها. ولتحقيق الاهداف المذكوره اعلاه تم وضع الفرضيات التالية: اولاً، ان عدم وجود لغة كوردية موحدة تشكل عائقا للمترجمين عامة و للمترجمين القانونيين خاصة، ثانياً، ان اهمية الصيغة في النصوص القانونية قد يدفع المترجم القانوني الاستمرارفي اتباع الترجمة الحرفية حتى في اماكن غير مناسبة، ثالثاً، المصطلحات التقنية هي غالبا ما تشكل عائقا للمترجم القانوني بسبب ارتباطها بمجتمع و النظام القانوني في مكان معيين، رابعاً، المترجمون القانونيون لا يواجهون صعوبة في ترجمة تركيبات الجمل في النصوص القانونية الكوردية، خامساً، استخدام الطريقة او الاستراتيجية المناسبة يمكنها سد الثغرات التي تنشأ من الاختلافات في النظام القانوني و اللغة، سادسا، يرتكب اساتذة قسم الترجمة اخطاءاً قواعدية و املائية اقل من المترجمين المحلفين. وتشتمل عينة البحث على نصيين قانونيين باللغة الكوردية قام بترجمتهما الى اللغة الانجليزية اربعة مترجمين. وللتحقق من صحة الفرضيات، تم تطبيق النموذج المختار على العينات و تم اثبات صحة الفرضيات و كيف ان استخدام استراتيجيات الترجمة المناسبة يمكنها حل هذه المشكلات، و توصل الباحثان لاستنتاج ان ترجمة اساتذة قسم الترجمة اكثر احترافاً و تحتوي اخطاءاً اقل و لكنهم يواجهون الصعوبة ذاتها التي يواجهها المترجمون المحلفون عند ترجمة المصطلحات القانونية.

УБАКТЫЛУУ-КӨРҮНҮШТҮК ФОРМА – МОРФОЛОГИЯЛЫК ДЕҢГЭЭЛДИН БИРДИГИ

From the point of view of the morphological level, some phenomena beside the system are a systematic part of a higher level of integration, which proves that language is a global phenomenon. When creating the grammar of the text, it is at the functional-verbal level, i.e. it is necessary to consider the structure of the invariant scheme created in the text and the discovery of integrative relations. Analyzing the text's structural regularity, finding its complex parallel dependencies based on an integrative approach to a significant extent, makes understanding the text possible. The plan of the conversation is the level of narration, the plan of the plot is the level of the text. Temporal-visual form is a unit of morphological level. When they enter as a structural element at the level of narrative, or at the level of text, they create multiple levels simultaneously. This feature shows the features of the text structure, its multiplicity and other features. Also, in the temporal-visual form, the spoken and written forms of the language involved and they differ from each other. The communication situation is implemented by the oral form of communication, and the plot situation by the written form.

Projections in Indenesian Newspapers' Headlines

People cannot attain a communicative goal unless their words address specific cultural or contextual challenges. Thus, language is viewed as a social tool to assist humans in conveying meaning; but, this meaning cannot be obtained if words are conveyed in isolation. As a result, we require contexts or settings in which more phrases and words can be placed in order for listeners or readers to comprehend the meaning behind utterances and words. By applying Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory, this study aims to observe one of three types of meanings, it was ideational meanings. It focuses on language which is used by people in both types of local and regional newspapers to convey information or messages about the experiences of the speakers. Each speaker used different clauses which contained dependent and independent clauses that we call clause complex. To analyze the aspect of projection; Hypotactic Locution, Paratactic Locution, Hypotactic Idea, Paratactic Idea, and Quasi-Projection which were used or appeared in Indonesian newspapers’ story texts. The significance of the study is to improve students’ linguistic knowledge and their writing skill by mastering text structures.

ANALISIS WACANA PEMBERITAAN MEDIA ONLINE KOMPAS. COM MENGENAI KASUS RAFAEL TRISAMBODO

The problem to be studied in this research is how the discourse is developed in the online news of Rafael Trisambodo case. This research aims to describe the text structure (macro structure and microstructure, social cognition, and social context in online news discourse). The method used is descriptive qualitative with Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis model with reading and writing data collection techniques. Two strategies were carried out when analyzing the study data, namely identifying, clarifying, and interpreting the data. Researchers analyzed one trending news discourse, the Rafael Trisambodo case. Based on the findings of this study, it is known that the text illustrates the involvement of several discourse elements, namely semantic aspects, syntactic aspects, and lexicon stylistics. So that the description of the critical discourse analysis study is seen from the three discourse structures of Van Dijk's model and its elements regarding the text of the Rafael Trisambodo case. From the whole discourse critically analyzed in the online news text, the dialect in the news related to social cognition is used to influence and emphasize the Rafael Trisambodo case.

PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS TEKS BERITA BERFOKUS PADA STRUKTUR TEKS MENGGUNAKAN METODE NATURE LEARNING PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VIII DI SMP ANGKASA LANUD HUSEIN SASTRANEGARA

This study is motivated by the low ability of students in writing news texts. This is because educators are less creative in choosing learning methods and less motivating students to write. The formulation of the problem compiled by the author is the author's ability to plan, implement, apply the ability to write news texts focusing on text structure using the nature learning method, the ability before and after using the nature learning method, and the difference in the ability of students to write news texts after using the nature learning method. The objectives of this study include to test the author in planning, implementing, applying, and evaluating the nature learning method in writing news texts, testing the ability of students before and after using the nature learning method, and testing the difference in the ability to write news texts using the nature learning method. The method used is quantitative method. The object of this research is students of class VIII of SMP Angkasa Lanud Husein Sastranegara Bandung, using two classes as experimental and control classes. The results showed that the ability to write news texts of grade VIII students at SMP Angkasa Lanud Husein Sastranegara Bandung was in the good category. This is supported by the data of the average results of the pretest of 40.00 and posttest of 84.80. Thus, the nature learning method is effectively used to improve the ability to write news texts. In addition, the nature learning method is significant in improving the ability to write news texts, this is proven based on the results of statistical calculations using the Mann Whitney-U Test which shows that the Asymp. Sig. 0,021<0,05. Based on the results of the study, the nature learning method is effective and can be used as an alternative in learning to write news texts in class VIII.

VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN LINGUISTICS

In the process of communication, verbal communication is the main natural form of concretization of thoughts and desires of every person. However, despite the fact that verbal communication is the primary means of carrying out communication, non-verbal means of achieving optimal information, their role in communication cannot be ignored. According to type of situation, the structure of the spoken text and non-verbal means, many factors affecting communication should be considered. Thus, there are basically two forms of communication: verbal and non-verbal communication. While verbal communication uses symbols of human language, non-verbal communication uses facial expressions, human body, gestures, etc. Regardless of its structure, no language can exist without communication. The main object of this study is the information used in verbal and non-verbal communicatin. It deals with different types of communication, their characteristic features and influence to each other. This article expresses the main problems that we can face during non-verbal and verbal communicatin and the research focuses on different methods of verbal and non-verbal communication and analyses the main problems which may occur during the communication. According to the result of this research,we can say that, the richer the language, culture, and traditions of the people, the richer the conceptual space and, therefore, the conceptosphere of that nation. The conceptosphere is the totality of human concepts. The cognitive and communicative aspect of each language directly reflects the culture of that language and its speakers.

Артефакты истории в современном медийно-рекламном дискурсе

This article is devoted to the study of the problem of historical artifacts integration into the structure of modern media and advertising discourse. This work systematizes scientific research on the problem of advertisers’ appeal to images of the past, analyzes the semiotic codes of advertising related to the problem of historicity and their role in the construction of social reality images. The research outlines the concept of an artifact, which can refer to any creation (either physical or mental) used within the cultural and semantic field. The artifact of history in the structure of a polymodal advertising text is understood as a cognitive model represented by verbal, visual and acoustic means, connected with historical reality through images of personalities, events, and entire eras. This study is based on a large empirical foundation, encompassing over 250 Russian and foreign advertisements which were dispersed in the media from the 90s till the present day. Examining empirical materials allowed us to identify the most common ways of depicting historical artifacts in modern media and advertising discourse: through the images of historical figures, by presenting facts and events, and showcasing the functional-stylistic code of a particular historical era and the associated way of thinking. The basis of the complex research method was the structural and semiotic analysis and functional approach, which made it possible to identify ways of representing historical artifacts in the structure of the advertising text and to analyze the role of the functional and stylistic codes of the past in the organization of media and advertising discourse. The results of a sociolinguistic study showed that the use of artifacts of national history in the structure of an advertising text can arouse interest among potential consumers, positively affects the degree of memorability of an advertising message, and makes an advertising message more effective.

Новостной франкоязычный текст политической тематики со структурой «Пирамида» для моно- и двойного адресатов

The aim was to study and compare the structural components of political news texts with the Pyramid structure, targeting only children aged 8 to 12 (mono-addressee) and a mixed readership of children and teenagers aged 10 to 15 (dual-addressee). The material for this study was political news texts, selected by the method of continuous sampling from French-language magazines: “1jour1actu” and “GEO”. The analysis of the material showed that in the identified news texts the information can be presented according to the “Pyramid” structure. This structure of the news text is used more often for mono-addressing. According to the results of the study, news texts with the “Pyramid” structure for mono- and dual addressees record both common and different structural components, which together are aimed at holding the attention of young readers and influencing them. Only in news texts for mono-addressees was it noted that the “Intro” ends with phrases that set the reader up for an easy perception of the text content, and it is also followed by a “Key Paragraph” that once again mentions the news event and emphasizes its importance. In addition, news texts targeting only children aged 8 to 12 recorded a variation in the format of information presentation. It is noted that in such texts the information after the “Intro” can be given not as a printed text, but as a video clip, but with full preservation of the elements of the “Pyramid” structure.