Template Structure Research Articles

Crafting Tunable Hollow Particles Using Antisolvent‐Driven Interlocking of Micron‐Sized Building Blocks

AbstractThe contribution of a hollow structure on the rheological behavior of granular suspensions remains un‐investigated due to the challenge of water impermeability. Here starch is used to fabricate water‐permeable hollow particles, as a model for granular suspensions and investigated the resulting microstructures and rheological behavior. The hollow structure is fabricated based on a bottom‐up method by assembling micron‐sized building blocks into a superstructure. A Pickering emulsion is heated to fuse the starch interface, then, upon antisolvent precipitation, the polymer strands interlock to form a rigid shell around the oil template. When the template is removed a hollow particle remained. These particles exhibited a specific volume >5‐times higher than unmodified starch and consequently a higher viscosity. Larger particles showed higher viscosity but are also more fragile. The template structure can be manipulated to fine‐tune their functionality. These micro‐sized building blocks made from edible materials can be used as the next generation of texturizers. Additionally, these water‐permeable colloidosomes present an innovative approach to understanding how micro‐architectures impact the rheological behavior of granular suspensions.

Size Investigation and Engineering Application of Pull Screw Aluminum Alloy Template

As one of the aluminum alloy formwork systems, the pull screw aluminum alloy template is widely used in construction projects. However, in the template design, due to the inability to fully understand the structural measures of the template, the pull screw aluminum alloy template produced by various enterprises has different sizes, which makes it difficult for different enterprises to use the system template interchangeably, and the non-standard rate of the template is extremely high. In this paper, through the investigation of enterprises, the structure and size information of the system template are understood, and the application of the template in the design and construction of the template is summarized in combination with the engineering examples. The conclusions are as follows: The transverse and longitudinal stiffeners of rectangular and trapezoidal sections are arranged in the structure of the pull screw aluminum alloy template. The size of the template is: length 2600mm, 2700mm, width 500mm, 400mm, thickness 4mm. In the project, the pull screw aluminum alloy standard template is preferentially matched, and the wall surface is flat and smooth after use, which meets the requirements of facing and fair-faced concrete without plastering.

Intelligent templates to prevent geometric parameterization failure in ship superstructure structural detail design

ABSTRACT Ship superstructures, as typical examples of non-standard design elements, require diverse structural geometric designs and frequent adaptations to meet evolving demands and simulation requirements during the detail design process. However, the utilization of current ship computer-aided design (CAD) systems for detail design presents several limitations, and traditional parametric methods often fall short in complex geometric parameterization. This paper proposed intelligent templates via knowledge-based engineering (KBE) to enhance CAD models' robustness and applicability. The study focused on three specific geometric problems that restrict the validity of parameterization: varying types of input conditions, multiple solutions in offsets and arc fillets, and non-topological transformations. Three representative structural component templates were developed on CATIA V6, showcasing effectiveness compared to traditional methods through a ship design task. Furthermore, this approach provides the basis for the implementation of modular design, design automation, and integrated design simulation.

Dynamic estimation method for pulsar periods based on photon energy distribution folding and image template matching

The accuracy of the pulsar period estimation directly affects the restoration effect of the signal profile. A more accurate pulsar profile will help improve the accuracy of pulsar delay estimation and thereby improve the performance of X-ray pulsar navigation. This paper proposes a pulsar period estimation method based on photon energy distribution folding and image template matching (PETM). This method uses the probability distribution information of photon energy for weighted epoch folding. The one-dimensional (1D) profile information was converted into two-dimensional (2D) image information through reverse space-filling curve (SFC) encoding. Then, a feature matching was performed between the target structure and the template structure. At the same time, the criterion of Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to quantitatively evaluate the matching effect to estimate the optimal period. The simulation results show that the period estimation accuracy of the PETM method is significantly improved, as compared with the traditional \( method. This work also analyzes the folding effect based on the photon energy distribution model and conducts simulation experiments and comparisons on influencing factors, such as noise interference and data quality. At the same time, we also specifically demonstrated the effectiveness of the PETM method for the glitch phenomenon (i.e., a sudden change in period) of pulsar periods. Finally, we also used China's XPNAV-1 satellite to conduct experiments and analysis of the actual observation data of PSR B0531+21 pulsar within a fixed period of time. The results show that the period estimation accuracy of this method is 4.8190$ns$, which is 50.23<!PCT!> higher than the traditional \( method. The method proposed in this article has the advantages of high estimation accuracy, stable estimation performance, strong anti-interference ability, and excellent dynamic period estimation performance. Therefore, it can further improve the navigation performance of X-ray pulsars.

SPDesign: protein sequence designer based on structural sequence profile using ultrafast shape recognition.

Protein sequence design can provide valuable insights into biopharmaceuticals and disease treatments. Currently, most protein sequence design methods based on deep learning focus on network architecture optimization, while ignoring protein-specific physicochemical features. Inspired by the successful application of structure templates and pre-trained models in the protein structure prediction, we explored whether the representation of structural sequence profile can be used for protein sequence design. In this work, we propose SPDesign, a method for protein sequence design based on structural sequence profile using ultrafast shape recognition. Given an input backbone structure, SPDesign utilizes ultrafast shape recognition vectors to accelerate the search for similar protein structures in our in-house PAcluster80 structure database and then extracts the sequence profile through structure alignment. Combined with structural pre-trained knowledge and geometric features, they are further fed into an enhanced graph neural network for sequence prediction. The results show that SPDesign significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, such as ProteinMPNN, Pifold and LM-Design, leading to 21.89%, 15.54% and 11.4% accuracy gains in sequence recovery rate on CATH 4.2 benchmark, respectively. Encouraging results also have been achieved on orphan and de novo (designed) benchmarks with few homologous sequences. Furthermore, analysis conducted by the PDBench tool suggests that SPDesign performs well in subdivided structures. More interestingly, we found that SPDesign can well reconstruct the sequences of some proteins that have similar structures but different sequences. Finally, the structural modeling verification experiment indicates that the sequences designed by SPDesign can fold into the native structures more accurately.

A high aspect ratio surface micromachined accelerometer based on a SiC-CNT composite material

Silicon carbide (SiC) is recognized as an excellent material for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), especially those operating in challenging environments, such as high temperature, high radiation, and corrosive environments. However, SiC bulk micromachining is still a challenge, which hinders the development of complex SiC MEMS. To address this problem, we present the use of a carbon nanotube (CNT) array coated with amorphous SiC (a-SiC) as an alternative composite material to enable high aspect ratio (HAR) surface micromachining. By using a prepatterned catalyst layer, a HAR CNT array can be grown as a structural template and then densified by uniformly filling the CNT bundle with LPCVD a-SiC. The electrical properties of the resulting SiC-CNT composite were characterized, and the results indicated that the electrical resistivity was dominated by the CNTs. To demonstrate the use of this composite in MEMS applications, a capacitive accelerometer was designed, fabricated, and measured. The fabrication results showed that the composite is fully compatible with the manufacturing of surface micromachining devices. The Young’s modulus of the composite was extracted from the measured spring constant, and the results show a great improvement in the mechanical properties of the CNTs after coating with a-SiC. The accelerometer was electrically characterized, and its functionality was confirmed using a mechanical shaker.

Synthesis,Antidiabetic and Antitubercular Evaluation of Quinoline-pyrazolopyrimidine hybrids and Quinoline-4-Arylamines.

Two libraries of quinoline-based hybrids 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine and 7-chloro-N-phenylquinolin-4-amine were synthesized and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant properties. Compounds with 4-methylpiperidine and para-trifluoromethoxy groups, respectively, showed the most promising α-glucosidase inhibition activity with IC50=46.70 and 40.84 μM, compared to the reference inhibitor, acarbose (IC50=51.73 μM). Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that the cyclic secondary amine pendants and para-phenyl substituents account for the variable enzyme inhibition. Antioxidant profiling further revealed that compounds with an N-methylpiperazine and N-ethylpiperazine ring, respectively, have good DPPH scavenging abilities with IC50=0.18, 0.58 and 0.93 mM, as compared to ascorbic acid (IC50=0.05 mM), while the best DPPH scavenger is NO2-substituted compound (IC50=0.08 mM). Also, compound with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine moiety emerged as the best NO radical scavenger with IC50=0.28 mM. Molecular docking studies showed that the present compounds are orthosteric inhibitors with their quinoline, pyrimidine, and 4-amino units as crucial pharmacophores furnishing α-glucosidase binding at the catalytic site. Taken together, these compounds exhibit dual potentials; i. e., potent α-glucosidase inhibitors and excellent free radical scavengers. Hence, they may serve as structural templates in the search for agents to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, in preliminary assays investigating the anti-tubercular potential of these compounds, two pyrazolopyrimidine series compounds and a 7-chloro-N-phenylquinolin-4-amine hybrid showed sub-10 μM whole-cell activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Unveiling the AWS SAM Magic for Serverless Restful APIs: Architecting with ALB Path-Based Routing in AWS

Purpose: This paper provides a thorough roadmap for developers, architects, and cloud enthusiasts who want to use the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) to create a REST API and use the power of serverless computing. To handle HTTP requests effectively, the article focuses on deploying the API behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB) using path-based routing. The hands-on approach offers detailed instructions and valuable insights on planning, creating, and implementing serverless REST APIs. The focus is on the details of AWS SAM, examining its benefits and complexities. The paper makes the procedure easier to understand by providing thorough code excerpts, explanations, and pictures.
 Methodology: The methodology covers local testing using the SAM CLI, allowing developers to validate the API's functionality before deployment.
 Findings: The process also includes local testing with the SAM CLI, which enables developers to confirm the functioning of the API before deployment. To target the Lambda function, this paper will discuss AWS Lambda behind an ALB using a path-based listener rule on the ALB. The article’s conclusions cover essential topics like path-based routing, ALB integration, AWS SAM template structure, and recommended security and performance optimization practices.
 Unique Contributor to Theory, Policy and Practice: Based on these findings, recommendations offer information on optimizing templates, ensuring secure deployment, and using local testing to speed up development. Finally, the article walks readers through deploying the built API to AWS via the SAM CLI, facilitating a seamless transfer from a local development environment to an environment in production. Ultimately, this paper provides readers with the know-how and abilities to successfully negotiate AWS SAM's complexities and build reliable serverless REST APIs.

Protein Homology Modeling in the Low Sequence Similarity Regime

Predicting the 3-D structure of a protein from its sequence based on a template protein structure is still one of the most exact modeling techniques present today. However, template-based modeling is heavily dependent on the selection of a single template structure and the sequence alignment between target and template. Mainly when the target and template sequence identity is low, the error from the alignment introduces larger errors to the model structure. An iterative method to correct such alignment mistakes is used in this study with a benchmark set from CASP in the extremely low sequence-identity regime. This is a protocol developed and tested before and it evaluates the alignment quality by building rough 3-D models for each alignment. Then by using a genetic algorithm it iteratively creates a new set of alignments. Since the method evaluates models, not sequence alignments, structural features are automatically incorporated into the alignment protocol. In the current study, models from structural alignment have been built by Modeller program to show the maximum possible quality of the model that can be obtained from that template structure with the iterative modeling protocol. Then the results and correctly aligned segments from the iterative modeling protocol are analyzed. Finally, it has been shown that if a good local fragment assessment scoring function is developed, the correctly aligned segments exist in the pool of alignments created by the protocol. Thus, the improvement of modeling in the low sequence identity regime is conceivable.

A molecular dynamics study on the boundary between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation.

The large discrepancy among the nucleation kinetics extracted from experimental measurements and computer simulations and the prediction of the classical nucleation theory (CNT) has stimulated intense arguments about its origin in the past decades, which is crucially relevant to the validity of the CNT. In this paper, we investigate the atomistic mechanism of the nucleation in liquid Al in contact with amorphous substrates with atomic-level smooth/rough surfaces, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This study reveals that the slightly distorted local fcc/hcp structures in amorphous substrates with smooth surfaces can promote heterogeneous nucleation through a structural templating mechanism, and on the other hand, homogeneous nucleation will occur at a larger undercooling through a fluctuation mechanism if the surface is rough. Thus, some impurities, previously thought to be impotent, could be activated in the homogeneous nucleation experiments. We further find that the initial growth of the nucleus on smooth surfaces of amorphous substrates is one order of magnitude faster than that in homogeneous nucleation. Both these factors could significantly contribute to the discrepancy in the nucleation kinetics. This study is also supported by a recent study of the synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles assisted with the liquid metal Ga [Cao et al., Nature 619, 73 (2023)]. In this study, we established that the boundary existed between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, i.e., the structural templating is a general mechanism for heterogeneous nucleation, and in its absence, homogeneous nucleation will occur through the fluctuation mechanism. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the nucleation theory and experiments.

Comprehensive characterization of the structure of Zr-based metallic glasses

Structure of metallic glasses fascinates as the generic amorphous structural template for ubiquitous systems. Its specification necessitates determination of the complete hierarchical structure, starting from short-range-order (SRO) → medium-range-order (MRO) → bulk structure and free volume (FV) distribution. This link has largely remained elusive since previous investigations adopted one-technique-at-a-time approach, focusing on limited aspects of any one domain. Reconstruction of structure from experimental data inversion is non-unique for many of these techniques. As a result, complete and precise structural understanding of glass has not emerged yet. In this work, we demonstrate the first experimental pathway for reconstruction of the integrated structure, for Zr67Ni33\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{Zr}}_{{{67}}} {\ ext{Ni}}_{{{33}}}$$\\end{document} and Zr52Ti6Al10Cu18Ni14\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{Zr}}_{{{52}}} {\ ext{Ti}}_{{6}} {\ ext{Al}}_{{{10}}} {\ ext{Cu}}_{{{18}}} {\ ext{Ni}}_{{{14}}}$$\\end{document} glasses. Our strategy engages diverse (× 7) multi-scale techniques [XAFS, 3D-APT, ABED/NBED, FEM, XRD, PAS, FHREM] on the same glass. This strategy complemented mutual limitations of techniques and corroborated common parameters to generate complete, self-consistent and precise parameters. Further, MRO domain size and inter-void separation were correlated to identify the presence of FV at MRO boundaries. This enabled the first experimental reconstruction of hierarchical subset: SRO → MRO → FV → bulk structure. The first ever image of intermediate region between MRO domains emerged from this link. We clarify that determination of all subsets is not our objective; the essence and novelty of this work lies in directing the pathway towards finite solution, in the most logical and unambiguous way.

Study on the preparation of porous polyethylene glycol terephthalate film and the influencing factors of etching rate

AbstractPorous polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) film is a kind of mesopore structure template with pore size ranging from nanometer to micrometer by chemical etching after irradiation of heavy ions. The etching rate is an important factor affecting the pore morphology and quality of the membrane. In this paper, four stacked PET film were irradiated with 140 MeV 32S ions at room temperature and vacuum. During chemical etching of irradiated samples, the path etching rate Vt was determined by conduction method, and the bulk etching rate Vb was determined by weighing method. The relationship between etching temperature, concentration, sensitization time, and etching rate was studied. The results show that the etching rate is exponentially correlated with the etching temperature, and increases linearly with the increase of the etching solution concentration. When the concentration of NaOH is 3 mol·L−1 and the etching temperature is 75°C, the formation of cylindrical micropores is the most favorable. The pore size of porous PET film can be adjusted, and the relationship between pore size and etching time is . This is of great significance for the preparation of nanowires with uniform size and stable properties.Highlights We have obtained the optimal conditions for obtaining cylindrical holes. The relationship between the diameter of holes and etching time were determined.

The Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride as the Reinforcing Phase of Polymer-Based Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries.

Powdery hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), as an important material for electrochemical energy storage, has been typically synthesized in bulk and one/two-dimensional (1/2D) nanostructured morphologies. However, until now, no method has been developed to synthesize powdery three-dimensional (3D) h-BN. This work introduces a novel NaCl-glucose-assisted strategy to synthesize micron-sized 3D h-BN with a honeycomb-like structure and its proposed formation mechanism. We propose that NaCl acts as the template of 3D structure and promotes the nitridation reaction by adsorbing NH3 . Glucose facilitates the homogeneous coating of boric acid onto the NaCl surface via functionalizing the NaCl surface. During the nitridation reaction, boron oxides (BO4 and BO3 ) form from a dehydration reaction of boric acid, which is then reduced to O2 -B-N and O-B-N2 intermediates before finally being reduced to BN3 by NH3 . When incorporated into polyethylene oxide-based electrolytes for Li metal batteries, 5 wt % of 3D h-BN significantly enhances ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. Consequently, this composite electrolyte demonstrates superior electrochemical stability. It delivers 300 h of stable cycles in the Li//Li cell at 0.1 mA cm-2 and retains 89 % of discharge capacity (138.9 mAh g-1 ) after 100 cycles at 1 C in the LFP//Li full cell.

HOFs structured CN template enables the dual regulation of Cu–O and Cu–N active sites in porous Cu-g-CN for synergistic photo-Fenton process

Photo-Fenton catalysis with strong oxidation potential and cyclic stability represents a promising technique for addressing the escalating environmental challenges. However, the photo-Fenton activity using Fe/Cu doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) catalysts is significantly hindered by the limited reaction interface and non-tunable surface-active sites. Herein, we present a novel CN polymer type hydrogen bonded organic framework (CN-HOFs) template derived Cu-g-CN (Cu/CH-g-CN) based hybriding catalyst (CN-HOFs/Cu/CH-g-CN), which process greatly optimized surface features for high-performance photo-Fenton reaction with exceptional durability in a broad pH range of 3–11. Importantly, the distinctive porous structure of CN-HOFs template offers not only high specific surface area, but also the possibility to regulate Cu active sites. The coexistence of Cu–O and Cu–N active sites is identified by XPS, which facilitates the separation and migration of photogenerated charges, expediting the redox cycle. The synergistic photo-Fenton reaction boosted by the porous CN-HOFs structure and the dual Cu active sites (Cu–O and Cu–N) was verified by degradation activity of tetracycline. Under visible light irradiation at a concentration of 20 mg/L, the degradation efficiency reaches nearly 100% within 20 min, with exceptional cycling stability. Further investigations have revealed that the Cu–O active site is conducive to the adsorption of organic pollutants, while the Cu–N active site promotes electron transfer, accelerates the cyclic conversion of Cu+ and Cu2+. The dual copper active site is beneficial for the generation of hydroxyl radicals and the stable operation of the catalyst, resulting in significant photo-Fenton activity. This work underscores the importance of regulating the nanoscale morphology and electronic structure of photofunctional catalysts, not only to increase the active sites for photo-Fenton reactions but also to facilitate charge transfer and the cycling of active metal ions, thereby improving the sustainability of heterogeneous photo-Fenton process.

Molecular recognition and activation of the prostacyclin receptor by anti-pulmonary arterial hypertension drugs.

The prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor (IP) is a Gs-coupled receptor associated with blood pressure regulation, allergy, and inflammatory response. It is a main therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and several other diseases. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the human IP-Gs complex bound with two anti-PAH drugs, treprostinil and MRE-269 (active form of selexipag), at global resolutions of 2.56 and 2.41 angstrom, respectively. These structures revealed distinct features governing IP ligand binding, receptor activation, and G protein coupling. Moreover, comparison of the activated IP structures uncovered the mechanism and key residues that determine the superior selectivity of MRE-269 over treprostinil. Combined with molecular docking and functional studies, our structures provide insight into agonist selectivity, ligand recognition, receptor activation, and G protein coupling. Our results provide a structural template for further improving IP-targeting drugs to reduce off-target activation of prostanoid receptors and adverse effects.

Structural basis for excitatory neuropeptide signaling

Rapid signaling between neurons is mediated by ligand-gated ion channels, cell-surface proteins with an extracellular ligand-binding domain and a membrane-spanning ion channel domain. The degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) superfamily is diverse in terms of its gating stimuli, with some DEG/ENaCs gated by neuropeptides, and others gated by pH, mechanical force or enzymatic activity. The mechanism by which ligands bind to and activate DEG/ENaCs is poorly understood. Here we dissected the structural basis for neuropeptide-gated activity of a neuropeptide-gated DEG/ENaC, FMRFamide-gated sodium channel 1 (FaNaC1) from the annelid worm Malacoceros fuliginosus, using cryo-electron microscopy. Structures of FaNaC1 in the ligand-free resting state and in several ligand-bound states reveal the ligand-binding site and capture the ligand-induced conformational changes of channel gating, which we verified with complementary mutagenesis experiments. Our results illuminate channel gating in DEG/ENaCs and offer a structural template for experimental dissection of channel pharmacology and ion conduction.

The impact of polypyrrole:carboxymethyl cellulose composite nanostructure on conductivity and capacitance

Polypyrrole is a popular conjugated polymer that becomes highly conductive in its p-doped state. The intrinsically non-polar nature of the conjugated bond network limits the processing options of such polymers. Surfactants and polyanions help increase dispersity of conductive polymer in suitable solvents for processing. However, while such dispersions can be highly stable, they are formed by complex nanostructures that significantly impact the conducting polymer composite’s bulk properties. Similarly, complex nanostructures can be formed when surfactants or polyelectrolytes serve as templates during the polymerization of the conducting polymer precursor. Following the report of polypyrrole:carboxymethyl cellulose composites in battery electrodes as conductive binders, we are here investigating the role that nanostructure control can have in optimizing their performance. Using methyl orange as a structural template, we can control the composite’s nanoscopic shape between nanospheres and nanofibers. In the bulk material, the latter gives rise to significantly increased electronic conductivity and capacitance in battery use conditions, underlining the opportunities for improved performance of conducting polymer composites by controlling synthesis conditions.

Structural insight into the dual-antagonistic mechanism of AB928 on adenosine A2 receptors.

The adenosine subfamily G protein-coupled receptors A2AR and A2BR have been identified as promising cancer immunotherapy candidates. One of the A2AR/A2BR dual antagonists, AB928, has progressed to a phase II clinical trial to treat rectal cancer. However, the precise mechanism underlying its dual-antagonistic properties remains elusive. Herein, we report crystal structures of the A2AR complexed with AB928 and a selective A2AR antagonist 2-118. The structures revealed a common binding mode on A2AR, wherein the ligands established extensive interactions with residues from the orthosteric and secondary pockets. In contrast, the cAMP assay and A2AR and A2BR molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the ligands adopted distinct binding modes on A2BR. Detailed analysis of their chemical structures suggested that AB928 readily adapted to the A2BR pocket, while 2-118 did not due to intrinsic differences. This disparity potentially accounted for the difference in inhibitory efficacy between A2BR and A2AR. This study serves as a valuable structural template for the future development of selective or dual inhibitors targeting A2AR/A2BR for cancer therapy.

Unified Language for Knowledge Dissemination: The Vascular Ageing Glossary, an Initiative by VascAgeNet

ObjectivesIn general, a terminology shared and agreed by different stakeholders is important to facilitate communication and cooperation. This holds true in the field of vascular ageing for the benefit of global cardiovascular health. The need to promote a common language and understanding across this area was recognised by VascAgeNet, a collaborative network with relevant and diverse expertise in the vascular ageing field, supported by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. To contribute to the spread of unified terms in the vascular ageing field, a glossary was created by VascAgeNet and this paper describes the systematic process used for its development.MethodsAn initial list of terms and preliminary definitions were collated from the network. A dedicated team was created to design the glossary development process, to facilitate its implementation and to maximise outreach and dissemination. The key steps of the process were to determine: (1) the target audience; (2) a list of priority terms; (3) a template structure for definitions; (4) methods for collecting feedback and (5) the dissemination plan.ResultsAn implementation strategy was provided for each key step and shared within the network; main decisions were agreed by all members of the glossary team. Small groups of definitions were released on a regular basis within a pilot phase including 19 terms (status: 05.09.2023) that were published openly at https://vascagenet.eu/official-glossary.ConclusionsThe strategy for creating the first Vascular Ageing Glossary has been successfully designed and developed within VascAgeNet. A pilot phase covering the first publicly available terms was completed. The glossary is a living document, available to the scientific community, which aims to unify the vascular ageing language.

Fully Enclosed Composite Micro/Nano‐Package for High‐Quality Micro‐LED Display Pixels and In Situ Nanoimprint Technology

AbstractMicro/mini‐light emitting diode (LED) arrays are regarded as the most promising next generation of display devices. However, the inherent Lambertian radiation of LED chips results in a significant pixel crosstalk. To improve the display quality, high‐quality micro/mini‐LED display pixels with fully enclosed composite micro/nano‐packages and in situ nanoimprint technology are proposed and demonstrated in this work. The nanoimprint template is designed as a composite structure comprising an intermediate sandwich cavity array and thin‐bottom nanostructure layer. Contact is maintained between the template and LED chips array substrate. By vacuuming the sealed sandwich cavities, the thin‐bottom nanostructure layer is deformed to drive the upward protrusion of the liquid optical polymer. Moreover, the nanocavities on the thin nanostructure layer are fully filled by the polymer, forming a composite micro/nano‐package. The characteristics of the composite micro/nano‐package, such as the aperture and protrusion height, can be flexibly adjusted by changing the template structure or process parameters. A 6 × 8 array LED chips display device enclosed by a composite micro/nanopackage is developed. The divergence angle of the single LED chip decreases to 72° from the original 138°, the light‐extraction efficiency increases18.4%, and the luminescence spectrum and current‐voltage characteristics changes only minimally.