Syntax Structure Research Articles

Analisis Fungsi, Kategori, dan Peran Sintaksis dalam Teks Deskripsi Buku Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VII Kurikulum Merdeka

Syntactic analysis isn’t only used for the use of structural grammar, but also for explaining the relationship or connection between functions, categories, and roles in the syntactic structure to achieve a correct sentence structure. The purpose of this study is to describe the function, structure, and role of syntax in Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VII Kurikulum Merdeka book. This type of research is included in a qualitative approach with a qualitative descriptive design. The method used in this study is the agih method using reading and note-taking techniques, while the method of presenting data using informal data presentation. The data used is the descriptive text from the Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VII Kurikulum Merdeka book. The results of this study found 30 sentences with various sentence patterns from 4 samples of descriptive text with the most frequently found details being S-P-O syntactic functions, noun-verb-noun syntax categories, and actor-activity-target syntactic roles. Through this research it is hoped that it can provide benefits to readers so that they can deepen their knowledge in the field of syntax, and can be used as reference material and references for further research that is in line with this research.

“That’s just like, your opinion, man”: the illusory truth effect on opinions

With the expanse of technology, people are constantly exposed to an abundance of information. Of vital importance is to understand how people assess the truthfulness of such information. One indicator of perceived truthfulness seems to be whether it is repeated. That is, people tend to perceive repeated information, regardless of its veracity, as more truthful than new information, also known as the illusory truth effect. In the present study, we examined whether such effect is also observed for opinions and whether the manner in which the information is encoded influenced the illusory truth effect. Across three experiments, participants (n = 552) were presented with a list of true information, misinformation, general opinion, and/or social–political opinion statements. First, participants were either instructed to indicate whether the presented statement was a fact or opinion based on its syntax structure (Exp. 1 & 2) or assign each statement to a topic category (Exp. 3). Subsequently, participants rated the truthfulness of various new and repeated statements. Results showed that repeated information, regardless of the type of information, received higher subjective truth ratings when participants simply encoded them by assigning each statement to a topic. However, when general and social–political opinions were encoded as an opinion, we found no evidence of such effect. Moreover, we found a reversed illusory truth effect for general opinion statements when only considering information that was encoded as an opinion. These findings suggest that how information is encoded plays a crucial role in evaluating truth.

Oscillation and Oscillating Structures in Syntax

SummaryLinguistic expressions are very often indeterminate and have several possible readings. Syntactic indeterminacy may result from different underlying structures, from polysemous elements, or from so-called oscillation. Unlike the former two, oscillation cannot be reduced to one or more discrete interpretations in a given context, it is fundamentally non-resolvable. While oscillating structures do not hamper successful communication, they present a problem for linguistic analyses and categorizations. The relevant literature does not address oscillation systematically; if anything, it is treated in connection with problems of categorization. In this paper, oscillation is perceived as a phenomenonsui generis. We first give a definition of oscillation against the backdrop of other indeterminate structures and outline their relevance for a proper understanding of older and less formal varieties. Then we propose a tentative typology of oscillating structures and their potential triggers in selected Slavic languages.

Vocabulary and Syntax Reception in Children with Down Syndrome

Introduction: Intellectual disability and specific cognition in down syndrome (DS) affect language development and processing. We assessed vocabulary and syntax reception among children with DS with typically developed (TD) Persian-speaking Iranian children. We also investigated the association between vocabulary and syntax reception in children with DS.
 Materials and Methods: Using the Stanford–Binet intelligence scales test, 18 TD children (4-6 years old) and 18 DS children were matched based on non-verbal mental age. Vocabulary reception was assessed using the receptive picture vocabulary test (RPVT) and syntax reception by the Persian syntax comprehension test.
 Results: Mean total vocabulary reception was lower in children with DS (P<0.001). Syntax reception was also impaired in children with DS compared to the normal values of the test. Among children with DS, vocabulary reception was positively correlated with syntax reception. Every unit increase in total vocabulary reception score was associated with 0.08 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.04-0.12) improvement in syntax score in children with DS.
 Conclusion: Vocabulary and syntax reception in DS children, especially complex syntax structures, was impaired. The observed association between vocabulary and syntax reception shows that vocabulary reception improvement might result in progressing syntax reception in children with DS.

ANALISIS VALENSI VERBA DALAM MANGA BARAKAMON

Manga is a literary work that is in great demand by all circles, from young people to adults. In the manga, there are many sentences that use verb valence. Verb valence is the presence of verb-accompanying nouns or nouns in the syntax structure of a clause or sentence, which serves as an object, complement, or both. The verb contained in the sentence, must have a noun or nomina phrase behind it, which is called a transitive verb, then a verb that does not require the presence of a nomina or nomina phrase behind it is called an intransitive or untransitive verb. Barakamon manga is a manga that is in demand by the general public, anime enthusiasts, Japanese language learners, and students. In this study, researchers analyzed verb valence in the Barakamon manga. This study aims to determine the type of verb valence in the Barakamon manga. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data in this study are verb-valence sentences contained in the Barakamon manga. The source of the data taken is a sentence in the manga Barakamon Act.1. This research uses Verhaar's theory. Based on the results of the study, three types of verb valence were found, namely verbs with one valence there were 48 data, verbs with two valence there were 23 data, three-valence verbs were not found, with syntax roles and functions contained in sentences.

THE SYNTAX ANALYSIS IN RELATIVE CLAUSE FOUND IN THE NOVEL ENTITLED “BUDDHA”

This research paper analyses relative clause and its syntax structure found in the novel entitled “Buddha”. The novel entitled “Buddha” is a literary work by Karen Armstrong. There are many data containing English relative clauses found in the novel entitled “Buddha”. Based on the phenomena, the researcher was interested in analyzing relative clauses found in the data source. Theory that was used in analyzing data was proposed by Quirk (1985), Sneddon (1996) and this was supported by other theories. The theory that was used to analyze the syntax structure was the theory proposed by Brown and Miller. This research study applied qualitative method in the process of analyzing data. The data containing English relative clauses were taken from the novel entitled “Buddha”. This research study aims to: (i) analyze the syntax structure in the relative clause found in the novel entitled “Buddha”, (ii) analyze the types of relative clauses in the relative clauses found in the novel entitled “Buddha”. 

Neighborhood Contrastive Transformer for Change Captioning

Change captioning is to describe the semantic change between a pair of similar images in natural language. It is more challenging than general image captioning, because it requires capturing fine-grained change information while being immune to irrelevant viewpoint changes, and solving syntax ambiguity in change descriptions. In this paper, we propose a neighborhood contrastive transformer to improve the model's perceiving ability for various changes under different scenes and cognition ability for complex syntax structure. Concretely, we first design a neighboring feature aggregating to integrate neighboring context into each feature, which helps quickly locate the inconspicuous changes under the guidance of conspicuous referents. Then, we devise a common feature distilling to compare two images at neighborhood level and extract common properties from each image, so as to learn effective contrastive information between them. Finally, we introduce the explicit dependencies between words to calibrate the transformer decoder, which helps better understand complex syntax structure during training. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on three public datasets with different change scenarios. The code is available at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/tuyunbin/NCT</uri> .

The Syntax Analysis In Relative Clause Found In The Novel “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”

The paper analyzed syntax in relative clauses found in the novel “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. This research aims to analyze the syntax structure in the relative clause and find out the types of relative clauses found in the novel entitled “ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. This is library research with qualitative method. The data source of this study was “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”, a literary work of kid story by Lyman Frank Baum. The theory of relative clauses that was proposed by Quirk (1985) and Sneddon (1996) was used to conduct the data. Furthermore, the researcher used the theory proposed by Brown and Miller to analyze the syntax structure. The data were taken from the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. The type of relative clause found is restrictive relative clause with the relative pronoun who.

Internet communication and language dynamics and norm

The purpose of the research the results of which are presented in the article is to show the language dynamics taking place under the influence of internet communication and in internet communication, on the example of selected syntax structures representing two mechanisms contributing to language dynamization, namely substitution and multiplication. In the article, based on quantitative corpus research in a diachronic approach, impact of internet communication, with observable distortion of the language standard, on the general standard Polish language is proven. An example of that impact is variability of the syntax structures selected for the research in scientific texts, that is in texts representing the highest correctness standards, subject to multiple linguistic corrections.

The Syntax Analysis in Relative Clause Found in the Novel “The Wonderful Wizard of OZ”

The paper analyses syntax analysis in relative clause found in the novel “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz” is a literary work of kid story by Lyman Frank Baum and the illustration was made by W.W. Denslow. Dorothy lived with her Aunt Em, Uncle Henry and her dog, Toto. Theory of relative clauses that was proposed by Quirk (1985), Sneddon (1996) and was supported by other theories. The theory used to analyze the syntax structure was the theory proposed by Brown and Miller. The method that was used to get the data was qualitative, library research. The data were taken from the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”. This research study aims to: (i) analyze the syntax structure in the relative clause found in the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”, (ii) analyze the types of relative clauses in the relative clauses found in the novel entitled “The Wonderful Wizard of Oz”.

The logical structure of the verbs in the Kurdish language based on the theory of Role and Reference Grammar

Abstract This paper is entitled “the logical structure of the verbs in the Kurdish language based on the theory of Role and Reference Grammar”. The goal of this paper is illustrate the logical structure of Kurdish verbs according to Role and Reference Grammar. This paper consists of two section: the first section being an introduction into the theory in which the general meaning is explained by the following examples (syntax structure, the layered structure of the clause, universal elements and non-universal elements). In the second section explains in which categories are Kurdish verbs categorized according to Role and Reference Grammar and concluding each category whit their respective list of references.

Research on image content description in Chinese based on fusion of image global and local features.

Most image content modelling methods are designed for English description which is different form Chinese in syntax structure. The few existing Chinese image description models do not fully integrate the global features and the local features of an image, limiting the capability of the models to represent the details of the image. In this paper, an encoder-decoder architecture based on the fusion of global and local features is used to describe the Chinese image content. In the encoding stage, the global and local features of the image are extracted by the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and the target detection network, and fed to the feature fusion module. In the decoding stage, an image feature attention mechanism is used to calculate the weights of word vectors, and a new gating mechanism is added to the traditional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to emphasize the fused image features, and the corresponding word vectors. In the description generation stage, the beam search algorithm is used to optimize the word vector generation process. The integration of global and local features of the image is strengthened to allow the model to fully understand the details of the image through the above three stages. The experimental results show that the model improves the quality of Chinese description of image content. Compared with the baseline model, the score of CIDEr evaluation index improves by 20.07%, and other evaluation indices also improve significantly.

Auditory pattern discrimination in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Auditory patterns carry information in human speech at multiple levels, including the surface relationships between sounds within words in phonology and the abstract structures of syntax. The sequences of other animal vocalizations, such as birdsong, can also be described as auditory patterns, but few studies have probed how the sequences are perceived at multiple levels. Past work shows that a small parrot species, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), exceeds other birds in sequence perception and is even sensitive to abstract structure. But it is not known what level of auditory analysis is dominant in perception or what limits might exist in sensitivity to abstract structure. Here, budgerigars were tested on their ability to discriminate changes in an auditory pattern, AAB, i.e. sound-same different, to ask how they attended to surface relationships among the sounds and the abstract relationships of same/different among the elements. The results show that the budgerigars primarily used surface transitions between the sounds when discriminating the sequences, but were able to use the abstract relationships to a limited extent, largely restricted to two elements. This study provides insight into how budgerigars extract information from conspecific vocalizations and how their capacities compare to human speech perception.

THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES AND THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN “DAVID COPPERFIELD” BY CHARLES DICKENS: A STUDY OF SYNTAX

&lt;p class="normal"&gt;The objectives of the research are to know the prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses in “David Copperfield” by Charles Dickens. The total sample data of this research are sixty each for two variables. The technique of collecting data of prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses is determining texts in the novel, collecting the selected sentences, and storing them in a table. The research methodology applied is qualitative, and the technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis and hierarchical structures of syntax. Three categories are used to analyze prepositional phrases: post-modifier of a noun (pN), post-modifier of an adjective (pAdj) and adverbial (pA) while to analyze the subordinate clauses, complement clauses (CC), adjunct or adverbial clauses (AC), and relative clauses (RC) are employed. The results of the research are: 1) Prepositional phrases that function as adverbial (pA) are found to be the most category used with 65%, and the preposition &lt;em&gt;of&lt;/em&gt; is the most used among others with twelve times in total. 2) Subordinate clauses that function as adjunct clauses (AC) are found to be the most category used with 62%, and the subordinate conjunction &lt;em&gt;when&lt;/em&gt; is the most used among others with eleven times in total.&lt;/p&gt;

A Syntax-enhanced model based on category keywords for biomedical relation extraction

Certain categories in multi-category biomedical relationship extraction have linguistic similarities to some extent. Keywords related to categories and syntax structures of samples between these categories have some notable features, which are very useful in biomedical relation extraction. The pre-trained model has been widely used and has achieved great success in biomedical relationship extraction, but it is still incapable of mining this kind of information accurately. To solve the problem, we present a syntax-enhanced model based on category keywords. First, we prune syntactic dependency trees in terms of category keywords obtained by the chi-square test. It reduces noisy information caused by current syntactic parsing tools and retains useful information related to categories. Next, to encode category-related syntactic dependency trees, a syntactic transformer is presented, which enhances the ability of the pre-trained model to capture syntax structures and to distinguish multiple categories. We evaluate our method on three biomedical datasets. Compared with state-of-the-art models, our method performs better on these datasets. We conduct further analysis to verify the effectiveness of our method.

Vietnamese and South Korean Proverbs and Idioms of Social Relations in Comparisons

Proverbs and idioms are folk voices, are creative products of the masses through many ages, reflecting people's feelings and emotions in daily activities. Although they are from folk language, proverbs and idioms are not ordinary voices but rhymes, brief, widely popular among the masses. Proverbs and idioms are oral literature, expressing many aspects of the masses' activities, especially emotionally. In addition, proverbs and idioms also express people's judgments on the good and bad behaviors of people in society when communicating with each other. Therefore, the research topic "Vietnamese and South Korean proverbs and idioms of social relations in comparisons" has been done in order to find out the similarities and differences in culture, thinking and languages between two countries, two cultures. Since then, this study is not out of the goal to help international students have more opportunities to exchange and integrate with Vietnamese culture as well as to facilitate foreigners in studying Vietnamese language and Vietnamese studies. In this research, proverbs and idioms about social relations in Vietnamese and Korean will be compared in terms of syntax structure, semantic structure and pragmatical characteristics to find similarities and differences in culture, thinking and language.

POS-Trends Dynamic-Aware Model for Video Caption

Video caption aims to generate descriptive sentences about the video, and the most critical problem is how to achieve accurate word prediction with standardized and coherent syntax structure, which requires the model to thoroughly understand video content and precisely map them into corresponding sentence components. Many existing methods usually fuse different video features into a single visual feature for generating sentences. However, they ignore the word dataset prior information in the annotations (such as Part-Of-Speech) and they also ignore the association between sentence components and types of visual features. To solve these problems, we propose a POS-trends dynamic-aware model (PDA) to fully exploit the word dataset prior information in the captions to predict POS tag, so as to assist generating captions. We propose a POS feature extraction (PFE) module to use different filters to extract different POS-trends features, predict POS tags and fuse visual features. Furthermore, we propose a visual-dynamic-aware (VDA) module to dynamically adjust the mapping way of words and supplement the visual information into the local features. The fusion features provide directional visual information to generate correct words, and the predicted POS tags to guide the decoding process to generate a more standardized and coherent syntax structure. A large number of experiments based on MSVD, MSR-VTT and VATEX demonstrated that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in BLEU-4, ROUGE-L, METEOR, CIDEr. Code can be available at: <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/WangLanxiao/PDA-for-video-caption</uri> .

Arapçada İkileme ve Anlam İncelikleri

كما هو الحال في جميع اللغات، هناك تراكيب مختلفة في النحو العربية. بعض هذه الهياكل صوتي وبعضها بناء. في هذه المقالة تمت مناقشة موضوع الإتباع وهو في صيغة التركيب النحو العربية. في الدراسة، تم فحص ظاهرة الإتباع، والتي تتمثل في إحضار كلمة ثانية لتعزيز الكلمة الأولى من حيث المقياس والقافية، ومن حيث استخدامها في اللغة العربية. نحو قولهم: هذا حَسَنٌ بَسَنٌ، فالكلمة الثّانية فيها تفيد التّقوية والتّزيين للكلمة الأولى وهذا فائدة الإتباع. وقد فحصنا على ظاهرة الإتباع في اللّغة التّركية ورأينا أنّـها أقسام تندرج تـحت مسمى الــ "ikileme" عندهم. لم نذكر الموضوع من حيث اللغة التركية. تناولنا في المقالة استخدامات الكلاسيكية لأمثلة الإتباع. في الواقع، معظمهم خارج التداول في العصر الحديث. ومع ذلك، من الممكن مواجهة هذا النوع من الاستخدام في النصوص الأدبية. في اللغة العربية، تم التعامل مع هذا الموضوع بعناوين مختلفة مثل الإتباع، والمحاذاة، والمزاوجة، والإزدواج. في هذه الدراسة تم فحص الموضوع باسم الإتباع. في واقع الأمر، من الممكن القول أن هناك بعض الاختلافات بينها وبين الأسماء الأخرى. لهذا السبب انتهت دراستنا بفحص الفروق الدلالية بين مشتقات الإتباع وتحديد النتائج.

Syntactic Word Order and Verbal Prefixes in Old Japanese (possible diachronic typological perspective)

Basic syntactic order constitutes one of the basic linguistic categories, having its correspondences first of all with areal linguistics and typology – categories much more challenging for the Japanese language than for many others. It therefore seems logical to begin with the theoretical background for this question, before continuing with the analysis of Modern Japanese syntactic structure, in order to move to the goal of our study – verbal prefixes, their grammatical functions and influence on the basic word order in the history of Japanese language. Since the question of genetic relations of Old Japanese strongly tends towards the rhetorical, typological study of the material seems to be an adequate answer to the diachronic cross-linguistic studies of world languages. Here I will begin with a brief theoretical description of the phenomenon under the consideration continuing with the analysis of Old Japanese syntax structure and the description of the morphology of some basic elements. At the conclusion typological characteristics of Old Japanese syntax will be given.

Interactive Generation of Oral History by a Child with Participation of an Adult

The article deals with the interactive narrative patterns that arise in the course of telling stories by children with the participation of an adult. The relevance of the study is due to the need to develop a theory of discursive development during preschool childhood as an important component of knowledge about speech ontogenesis and the features of the formation of narrative competence. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the theory of speech ontogenesis introduces the idea of the complex nature of the formation of narrative skills in speech ontogenesis, which are of a long-term nature and are not limited only to the assimilation of linguistic material by children, the improvement of syntax and syntactic structures. New data that receive theoretical understanding on the basis of a cognitive-discursive approach and a hypothesis about the interactive nature of narrative discourse in speech ontogenesis are introduced in the article. The concept of an interactive dialogical pattern is explained, which means dialogical constructions jointly built by an adult and a child, through which the internal experience, images, impressions of the visually presented story are analyzed and formulated by the participants in the storytelling situation. It is shown that the dialogical patterns that arise in the child's telling a story with the participation of an adult are a discursive mechanism that contributes to the creation of oral history by the child through the “mobilization” of the child's potential discursive capabilities, which are activated in the dialogue.