Sheath Structure Research Articles

Pathophysiology and biomechanics of stretch-induced peripheral nerve injuries

Objective: to investigate pathophysiology and biomechanics of the nerve stretching and to form a biomechanical model of a nerve stretch injury.
 Materials and methods. We analyzed and summarized the data from open access sources (eLibrary, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed) with unlimited search depth. A search was performed using the following keywords: растяжение нерва (English: nerve stretching), stretching nerve, biomechanical nerve stretching, nerve stretching injury.
 Results. Here are presented key historical information and biochemical, neurophysiological, and biomechanical events related to a nerve stretch injury. Objective experimental data on the nerve stretching process are summarized.
 Conclusions. A nerve is a heterogeneous elastic cord, which can be slightly stretched under physiological conditions due to the involvement of its sheath structures. In a stretched nerve, ischemic lesions have an early onset and further become irreversible. Nerve conduction disorders occur, resulting in a severe neurological deficit. When the nerve is stretched by more than a third, it ruptures and the sequence in which fragmented neural structures occur during nerve tension remains unclear.

Unconstrained Piezoelectric Vascular Electronics for Wireless Monitoring of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Health.

The patient-centered healthcare requires timely disease diagnosis and prognostic assessment, calling for individualized physiological monitoring. To assess the postoperative hemodynamic status of patients, implantable blood flow monitoring devices are highly expected to deliver real time, long-term, sensitive, and reliable hemodynamic signals, which can accurately reflect multiple physiological conditions. Herein, an implantable and unconstrained vascular electronic system based on a piezoelectric sensor immobilized is presented by a "growable" sheath around continuously growing arterial vessels for real-timely and wirelessly monitoring of hemodynamics. The piezoelectric sensor made of circumferentially aligned polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers around pulsating artery can sensitively perceive mechanical signals, and the growable sheath bioinspired by the structure and function of leaf sheath has elasticity and conformal shape adaptive to the dynamically growing arterial vessels to avoid growth constriction. With this integrated and smart design, long-term, wireless, and sensitive monitoring of hemodynamics are achieved and demonstrated in rats and rabbits. It provides a simple and versatile strategy for designing implantable sensors in a less invasive way.

Are the oscillations found in magnetized collisional electronegative warm plasma artifact during plasma-surface interaction?

The formation of the sheath and its characteristics are investigated in an electronegative plasma under the impact of an oblique and constant magnetic field. Specifically, the role of the magnetic field and initial conditions of positive ion velocity on the sheath characteristics are uncovered by adopting the Sagdeev potential approach for the determination of the modified Bohm’s criterion. At the sheath edge, the upper and lower components of the positive ion velocity perpendicular to the probe/wall are determined and examined in greater detail. The sheath structure is found to be modified considerably by the initial conditions. If the magnetic field is strong near the sheath edge, then the profile of the positive ion density shows a pulse-like structure for the case when we neglect the x-component (parallel to the wall) of positive ion velocity at the sheath edge. This pulse-like structure disappears when all the components of the positive ion velocity at the sheath edge are included, i.e. the ions are considered to move in any direction but towards the probe. The occurrence or disappearance of pulse-like structures or oscillations completely depend upon the initial conditions. Since in real situations the ions are expected to move in any direction (carrying all their velocity components) and are not aligned only in the direction perpendicular to the wall, these oscillations are artifact in nature. The sheath thickness is observed to be reduced with increasing magnetic field strength and its inclination. In order to better understand the phenomenon, isothermal and adiabatic cases are also discussed.

A sheath correction method for electron density measurements with the microwave resonant curling probe

A correction method accounting for plasma sheath effects that appear when performing an electron density measurement with a microwave resonant probe immersed in plasma is described. The diagnostic is the novel curling probe (CP) that has already shown promising capabilities in various plasma sources. The correction method is based on the evaluation of two effects relative to the resonant probe operation and its interface with the plasma. First, the characteristic decay length of the electromagnetic field emitted by the CP, which defines the probed volume, has been characterized for the different harmonic resonance modes. Second, a semi-analytical model has been adapted to describe the plasma structure forming near the probe, which quantitatively describes the electron density profiles across the sheath structure. The correction method is then developed uniquely from numerical simulations and is independent of other diagnostics. Experimental results inside two plasma sources, an inductively coupled plasma and an electron cyclotron resonance plasma thruster, are presented and discussed. The validity of the method is assessed (i) by comparing CP corrected densities with Langmuir probe results, (ii) by varying the probe orientation to the expanding plasma flow, and (iii) by using two harmonics of the probe. The method is shown to significantly improve the accuracy of electron density measurements. Possible improvements to the method are also discussed.

Charged aerodynamics: Ionospheric plasma drag on objects in low-Earth orbit

Objects in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) experience a range of environmental conditions that influence their trajectories. Aside from gravitational effects and solar radiation pressure, drag due to the residual background atmosphere is conventionally viewed as the primary perturbing factor. The ionosphere is an additional background environment composed of charged particles that is well-known to result in spacecraft charging, and in the worst case, cause arcing or unwanted electrostatic discharges. While the ionospheric plasma density is typically an order of magnitude (or more) lower than the atmospheric neutral gas density, electrostatic charging can lead to the formation of plasma sheath and wake structures around an object that artificially increase its effective collecting area. Direct charged particle collection and indirect charged particle deflection gives rise to a drag force that can exceed that due to atmospheric neutral gas alone at some altitudes and charging potentials. Here, we present a model accounting for charged particle flow effects (i.e. charged aerodynamics) around objects in LEO, and validate this model with previous particle-in-cell simulations and experiments. Using atmospheric properties from the Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar (MSIS) model and ionospheric properties from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), we show that plasma-induced drag in LEO can be significant and may have important orbit prediction implications for space domain awareness and space traffic management. Through differential spacecraft biasing, ionospheric plasma drag can also be used as a propellantless and “solid-state” mechanism to achieve in-orbit mobility for precision maneuvers, formation flying, deorbiting, and even partial attitude control.

Structure of Vibrio Phage XM1, a Simple Contractile DNA Injection Machine.

Antibiotic resistance poses a growing risk to public health, requiring new tools to combat pathogenic bacteria. Contractile injection systems, including bacteriophage tails, pyocins, and bacterial type VI secretion systems, can efficiently penetrate cell envelopes and become potential antibacterial agents. Bacteriophage XM1 is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Myoviridae family and infecting Vibrio bacteria. The XM1 virion, made of 18 different proteins, consists of an icosahedral head and a contractile tail, terminated with a baseplate. Here, we report cryo-EM reconstructions of all components of the XM1 virion and describe the atomic structures of 14 XM1 proteins. The XM1 baseplate is composed of a central hub surrounded by six wedge modules to which twelve spikes are attached. The XM1 tail contains a fewer number of smaller proteins compared to other reported phage baseplates, depicting the minimum requirements for building an effective cell-envelope-penetrating machine. We describe the tail sheath structure in the pre-infection and post-infection states and its conformational changes during infection. In addition, we report, for the first time, the in situ structure of the phage neck region to near-atomic resolution. Based on these structures, we propose mechanisms of virus assembly and infection.

Effects of the focus ring on the ion kinetics at the wafer edge in capacitively coupled plasma reactors

The fabrication process of modern microelectronic devices faces a significant challenge regarding the uniformity of wafer processing during plasma etching. Particularly, nonuniformity is prominent at the wafer edge due to varying electrical properties, leading to sheath bending and distorted ion trajectories. To address this issue, a wafer terminating structure known as a focus ring is employed to modify the sheath structure near the edge of the wafer and ensure uniform ion fluxes. However, the focus ring is subject to erosion caused by the plasma, making it crucial to minimize the ion energy bombarding the focus ring. In light of this, this paper investigates the impact of parameters such as the wafer-focus ring gap, focus ring height, and dielectric constant of the focus ring on the ion angle onto the wafer and the ion energy onto the focus ring. To conduct the analysis, a 2D3V particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model is utilized. The study reveals the existence of horizontal electric fields with opposite directions at the wafer edge and the inner edge of the focus ring. Optimizing the ion angle onto the wafer edge can be achieved by adjusting the material and geometry of the focus ring. Furthermore, reducing the ion energy at the focus ring can be accomplished by increasing the height or decreasing the dielectric constant of the focus ring.

Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery (PTES) and mini-incision L5/S1 OLIF with a self-lock cage for the surgical treatment of L5 spondylolisthesis

ObjectivesWe reported thirteen cases of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery (PTES) under local anesthesia and mini-incision L5/S1 OLIF (OLIF51) with a self-lock cage for the treatment of L5 spondylolisthesis.MethodsFrom Jan 2019 to Feb 2020, the patients with L5 spondylolisthesis with nerve root symptoms undergoing PTES and OLIF51 were included in this study. PTES under local anesthesia was performed in a prone position, and OLIF51 with a self-lock cage and allograft was then undertaken through a left abdominal mini-incision and oblique retroperitoneal approach between bilateral iliac vessels with the external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles bluntly separated in turn for L5/S1 in a right oblique position under general anesthesia. Back and leg pain were preoperatively and postoperatively evaluated using the VAS, and the clinical outcomes were evaluated with the ODI before surgery and at the 2-year follow-up. The anterior and posterior intervertebral space height (AISH, PISH), lumbar lordotic, and surgical segmental lordotic angle (SLA) were measured on lumbar spine X-rays preoperatively and postoperatively. The fusion status was assessed according to Bridwell’s fusion grades.ResultsThirteen cases of L5 spondylolisthesis were included. The operation duration was 49.1 ± 5.6 min for PTES and 73.6 ± 8.2 min for OLIF. There was blood loss of 25 (15–45) ml. The incision length was 7.5 ± 1.1 mm for PTES and 46.8 ± 3.8 mm for OLIF. The hospital stay was 5 (4–6) days, and the follow-up duration was 29 (24–37) months. For the clinical evaluation, the VAS of back and leg pain significantly dropped after surgery (p < 0.001), and the ODI significantly decreased from 64.7 ± 7.8% to 12.9 ± 4.3% 2 years after surgery (p < 0.001). AISH, PISH and SLA significantly improved after surgery (p < 0.05). Fusion grades based on the Bridwell grading system at the 2-year follow-up were grade I in 9 segments (69.2%) and grade II in 4 segments (30.8%). No patients had any form of permanent iatrogenic nerve damage or major complications. No failure of instruments was observed.ConclusionsPTES and mini-incision OLIF51 with a self-lock cage is a viable option of minimally invasive surgery for L5 spondylolisthesis, which can achieve direct neurologic decompression, satisfactory fusion and hardly destroys the rectus abdominis and its sheath, paraspinal muscles and bone structures.

Use of a Rapid Rhino in haemorrhage control for penetrating neck injury presenting in traumatic cardiac arrest

Background Penetrating neck injuries present as serious, life-threatening events which require advanced expeditious management if the patient is to survive without significant morbidity and mortality. In-hospital paradigms for high-volume centres include the use of Foley catheter balloon tamponade to temporarily or definitively control haemorrhage from carotid sheath structures, although these techniques are less commonly deployed in the field. Case report We highlight the case of a 25-year-old male who presented to the ambulance service with three self-inflicted neck wounds – one to each of the zones of the neck. The zone 2 wound had transected the internal jugular vein and also the ipsilateral vertebral artery, causing severe haemorrhage leading to hypovolaemic cardiac arrest in a remote farmhouse location. He was treated with a modified tamponade technique, employing the use of a Rapid Rhino 900™ epistaxis catheter, secured with sutures into the zone 2 wound prior to inflation. This resulted in complete haemostasis, which allowed the patient to be volume resuscitated, anaesthetised and flown by air ambulance to the regional trauma centre. His injuries were treated and his recovery was interrupted only by a transient Horner's syndrome. Discussion This report showcases the first time this modification of a well-known in-hospital technique was deployed, which proved life-saving in this case and could be of use to others. We discuss the importance of catheter tamponade techniques as opposed to direct packing, in particular for those who need to be transported either within, between or to the hospital. This is in contradistinction to other authors advocating direct packing as the mainstay of treatment.

Novel smart coaxial electrospinning textiles for efficient thermal interface management and electromagnetic compatibility in electronics

Phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted considerable attention for their energy storage and thermoregulatory properties. However, the solid–liquid leakage, low thermal conductivity, and single functionality of PCMs hinder their applications to electronic equipment. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene oxide/ferric oxide (PEO/Fe3O4)-based core–sheath textiles are prepared using an eco-friendly coaxial electrospinning technique and simple steam crosslinking. The composite phase change fibers (CPCFs) and magnetic composite phase change fibers (MCPCFs) produced in this way show ultrahigh encapsulation ratios of 78.02 wt% and 69.11 wt%, respectively, and high phase change enthalpies of 106.96 J g−1 and 94.75 J g−1, respectively. The addition of Fe3O4 (20 wt%) introduces a saturation magnetization of 9.5 emu g−1, thereby realizing 3 dB electromagnetic shielding performance. The textiles exhibit excellent flexibility and can be formed into complex shapes. Owing to their core–sheath structure, the CPCFs and MCPCFs exhibit outstanding structural and thermal stabilities during 100 thermal cycles. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the CPCF and MCPCF textiles can be enhanced by crosslinking.

Muscular Kevlar aerogel fibers appealing to thermal insulation with a symbiotic core-sheath structure

High-performance aerogels offer a broad application prospect owing to their various features such as high specific surface area and attractive thermal insulation. However, their porous structure confers weak mechanical properties to aerogels. The strategy of coaxial wet-spinning was implemented to strengthen Kevlar aerogel fibers and improve their usability. Prepared Kevlar aerogel fibers have a symbiotic core–sheath structure, with a blurred division between core and sheath. In addition, the breaking stress of Kevlar aerogel fibers can reach 2.6 MPa, which is four times that of the core, presenting a significant improvement in tensile strength compared to those in previous studies. Moreover, Kevlar aerogel fibers exhibit superior thermal stability, which is inherited from Kevlar fibers, and decomposed after 480 °C. Moreover, their high porosity and high specific area (∼400.5 m2·g−1) endow them with outstanding thermal insulation properties. When fabrics woven from these fibers are exposed to a 300 °C hot plate, the temperature on the surface can be 110 °C lower, resulting in a significant temperature gradient of 83 °C·mm−1. In total, the resultant Kevlar aerogel fibers with a symbiotic core–sheath structure are used as fillers for protective clothing or fire insulation blankets and similar items.

Tuning the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Enabled by a Trifunctional Inorganic Oligomer Electrolyte Additive for Highly Stable and High-Rate Zn Anodes.

The practical application of aqueous Zn-ion batteries is still greatly hindered by the unstable Zn anode with severe Zn dendrites growth and side reactions. As it is accessible and economical, the exploitation of electrolyte additives is one of the most promising strategies to stabilize the Zn electrode/electrolyte interface. Herein, the penta-potassium triphosphate (KTPP) as a novel trifunctional electrolyte additive is introduced to tune the electrode/electrolyte interface. First, the KTPP additive can induce an ion-conducting and mechanically robust solid electrolyte interphase film to stabilize the Zn anode. Second, the KTPP can complex with Zn2+ ions to reconstitute the dissolution sheath structure of the Zn2+ ion. Finally, the K+ cations in KTPP adsorb on the tips of the Zn anode surface as a shielding film to regulate Zn2+ ion flux. As a result, Zn//Zn symmetric cells can achieve significantly prolonged cycling stability (e.g., from 1077 to 3800h at 1mA cm-2 /1 mAh cm-2 , from 256 to 2500h at 2mA cm-2 /2 mAh cm-2 ), and ultrahigh cumulative capacity of 6400/7200 mAh cm-2 at high current density (40/20mA cm-2 ). A four-layer Zn-MnO2 pouch full cell with a high capacity of 9 mAh can be constructed, showing impressive practical application potential.

Hollow Co0.85Se@MoSe2 with Core–Sheath Structures Derived from Co Microchains for High Efficiency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Hollow and hierarchical structures are the desirable features for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing (EWA) materials. In this study, Co microchains were used as a matrix and a layer of MoSe2 nanosheets and nanospheres was loaded onto their surface through a one-step hydrothermal reaction. During this process, Co cations migrated from the inside to the outside of the nanowire and combined with Se anions to form hollow Co0.85Se microchains and the MoSe2 on the surface contributed to a hierarchical structure. The prepared Co0.85Se@MoSe2 composites showed dielectric and magnetic losses simultaneously, achieving a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −42.6 dB and an effective absorbing bandwidth (EAB) of 10 GHz (6.8–10.6 and 11.8–18 GHz) at the thickness of 2.3 mm. Co0.85Se@MoSe2 microchains were successfully synthesized for the first time using a cost-effective and simple solvothermal reaction. This work sheds light on the large-scale synthesis of Co-based microchains as well as a promising EWA material with a specific structure and multiple loss modes.

Anion chemistry in energy storage devices.

Anions serve as an essential component of electrolytes, whose effects have long been ignored. However, since the 2010s, we have seen a considerable increase of anion chemistry research in a range of energy storage devices, and it is now understood that anions can be well tuned to effectively improve the electrochemical performance of such devices in many aspects. In this Review, we discuss the roles of anion chemistry across various energy storage devices and clarify the correlations between anion properties and their performance indexes. We highlight the effects of anions on surface and interface chemistry, mass transfer kinetics and solvation sheath structure. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on the challenges and opportunities of anion chemistry for enhancing specific capacity, output voltage, cycling stability and anti-self-discharge ability of energy storage devices.

Plasma sheath with multi‐species of positive ions and surface produced negative ions

AbstractThe structure of a plasma sheath has been investigated in front of a caesium‐coated metallic plate, using a simple theoretical model. Along with the electrons, the plasma is composed of multi‐species of positive ions, and surface and volume produced negative ions. While the volume produced negative ions are common in many plasma processing chambers, the surface produced negative ions are of critical importance, especially to the Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) systems. The surface negative ions are produced via the coated metallic plate. With a single species of positive ion, the Bohm criterion, which determines the sheath edge potential, is multi‐valued for a specific range of electronegativity (). The width of the multi‐valued region has been reported to increase with the surface production yield (). Calculations are done for hydrogen plasma with a slight admixture of a second gas such as argon. Besides discussing the differences brought in by the mere presence of a second ion, the paper highlights the importance of the positive ion current density in determining the Bohm criterion. In addition, the effect of three species of positive ions in the surface production process has been discussed.

Kinetic and thermodynamic synergy of organic small molecular additives enables constructed stable zinc anode

An organic small molecule additive zinc formate is introduced to construct stable Zn metal interphase by electrochemical kinetic control and thermodynamic adjustment. It partially forms a water-formate concomitant dipole layer at the internal Helmholtz electrical double layers (HEDLs) under the preferential adsorption function of formate on Zn surface, reducing the occurrence of side reactions at phase interface. Meanwhile, free formate in HEDLs regulates the Zn2+ solvation sheath structure to accelerate the de-solvation, transference, and deposition kinetics of Zn2+. Besides, the hydrolysis reaction of zinc formate increases the hydrogen evolution overpotential, inhibiting the thermodynamic tendency of hydrogen evolution. Consequently, it presents stable cycle for more than 2400 h at 5 mA cm−2, as well as an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% at 1 A g−1 after 800 cycles in the Zn||VO2 full cell. The interphase engineering strategy zinc anode by organic small molecular brings new possibility towards high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Myelin histology: a key tool in nervous system research.

The myelin sheath is a lipoprotein-rich, multilayered structure capable of increasing conduction velocity in central and peripheral myelinated nerve fibers. Due to the complex structure and composition of myelin, various histological techniques have been developed over the centuries to evaluate myelin under normal, pathological or experimental conditions. Today, methods to assess myelin integrity or content are key tools in both clinical diagnosis and neuroscience research. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the composition and structure of the myelin sheath and discuss some histological procedures, from tissue fixation and processing techniques to the most used and practical myelin histological staining methods. Considering the lipoprotein nature of myelin, the main features and technical details of the different available methods that can be used to evaluate the lipid or protein components of myelin are described, as well as the precise ultrastructural techniques.

Engineered Shellac Beads-on-the-String Fibers Using Triaxial Electrospinning for Improved Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery.

Colon-targeted drug delivery is gradually attracting attention because it can effectively treat colon diseases. Furthermore, electrospun fibers have great potential application value in the field of drug delivery because of their unique external shape and internal structure. In this study, a core layer of hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) and the anti-colon-cancer drug curcumin (CUR), a middle layer of ethanol, and a sheath layer of the natural pH-sensitive biomaterial shellac were used in a modified triaxial electrospinning process to prepare beads-on-the-string (BOTS) microfibers. A series of characterizations were carried out on the obtained fibers to verify the process-shape/structure-application relationship. The results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy indicated a BOTS shape and core-sheath structure. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the drug in the fibers was in an amorphous form. Infrared spectroscopy revealed the good compatibility of the components in the fibers. In vitro drug release revealed that the BOTS microfibers provide colon-targeted drug delivery and zero-order drug release. Compared to linear cylindrical microfibers, the obtained BOTS microfibers can prevent the leakage of drugs in simulated gastric fluid, and they provide zero-order release in simulated intestinal fluid because the beads in BOTS microfibers can act as drug reservoirs.

Regulating solvation sheath by introducing multifunctional fluoride boronic esters for highly efficient magnesium stripping/plating

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are considered a highly promising energy storage system. However, the lack of low-cost and highly effective electrolytes severely hinders the development of RMBs. Herein, a tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate (B(Otfe)3) co-solvent is introduced into the magnesium-aluminum-chloride complex electrolyte. The electrophilic B(Otfe)3 as an electron pair acceptor can react with the passivation layer to avoid the electrolytic conditioning process. The B(Otfe)3-modified solvation structure with low desolvation energy increases the concentration of active cation, effectively improving the ionic conductivity and area current density. Meanwhile, the B(Otfe)3-modified solvation ions with lower LUMO energy induce the formation of the B-F/B-O-containing and MgF2-containing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), reducing the interfacial transfer impedance. The prepared B(Otfe)3/MgCl2/AlCl3 (BMA) electrolyte exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with low overpotential (∼122 mV), high average coulombic efficiency (CE) (∼98.2%) and long-term cycling stability (1000 h). Moreover, the BMA electrolyte shows good compatibility with Mo6S8 and CuS cathodes. The Mg|CuS full cell keeps a high specific capacity of 231 mAh g−1 after 80 cycles at 56 mA g−1, and the Mg|Mo6S8 cell operates 1000 cycles with an average CE of nearly 100%. This work provides an effective way to simultaneously improve the electrolyte solvation sheath and SEI structure for stable magnesium batteries.

Low-Concentration Electrolyte Enables High-Voltage Positive Electrode Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 with Good Cycle Stability

Low energy density has been a limiting factor for further large-scale commercialization of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this work, we prepare a high-voltage cathode material Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 with a low carbon content by a simple solid-state method. In order to counter the poor oxidative stability of the conventional electrolyte, the highly fluorinated co-solvent 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) is introduced to adjust the Na+ solvation sheath structure. Consequently, we design a low-concentration SIB electrolyte (0.3 M NaPF6 in PC/FEC/TTE = 1/1/4, v/v/v). The oxidation stability of this electrolyte is greatly improved due to the special Na+ solvation sheath structure. Under high-voltage cycling, it can form a dense and thin cathode electrolyte interphase film on the cathode surface, which improves the interfacial stability between the electrolyte and the cathode material. Thus, the Na||NCPP cells in the 0.3 M-114 electrolytes maintain good cycle stability even when charged to a high voltage of 4.7 V. Meanwhile, it achieves a reversible capacity of 95.7 mA h g–1 in the initial cycle and a capacity retention of 94.25% after 150 cycles at 1 C. Moreover, it has an energy density of up to 420 W h kg–1 at 1 C. This study provides a practical way to establish a stable interface between the high-voltage positive electrode and the electrolyte in SIBs.