Routing Structure Research Articles

To be a good killer: Evaluation of morphometry and nematodes-bacteria complex effect on entomopathogenic nematodes virulence against wireworms

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have emerged as a promising tool for controlling soil-dwelling crop pests. However, their efficacy varies according to EPN populations and targeted hosts. Wireworms are polyphagous insects causing significant crop losses, especially since the ban on pesticides previously used for their control. They are highly resistant to EPN populations and require high number of infective juveniles (IJs) to achieve optimal mortality rates. In this research, we collected and compared the virulence of 16 EPN populations, of foreign origin, purchased or collected from wireworms infested fields. Then, we have tested two hypotheses: (i) smaller nematodes induce heightened mortality rates against wireworms; (ii) virulence levels can be linked to nematodes-bacteria complex. Mortality rates scaled from three to 43 % after 56 days of continuous exposure across the 16 tested EPN populations (Heterorhabditis spp and Steinernema spp.). Morphometric analysis of IJs revealed both intra- and interspecific variations in length and diameter among populations. Interestingly, while EPN length influence mortality at three days post-inoculation. We found leaner IJs (< 25 µm) to induce higher mortality rates at 56 days post-inoculation. To better determine the structure and dimensions of the primary entry routes utilized by EPNs, we provide optical microscope micrographs of wireworm Agriotes spp. spiracle, anal sclerotized coating anus and anal muscles. Symbiotic bacteria of each EPN population were identified, and a biochemical characterization was performed using Analytical Profile Index tests. The symbiotic bacteria belong to the species Photorhabdus antumapuensis, P. laumondii subsp. laumondii, P. thracensis, Xenorhabdus bovienii and X nematophila. Bacteria biochemical profiles did not reflect the differences in virulence of nematodes-bacteria complex against wireworms. These findings highlight the importance of considering EPN morphometry and intraspecific variability in designing applications to control wireworms.

Unidirectional and hierarchical on-chip interconnected architecture for large-scale hardware spiking neural networks

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) exhibit the strong capability to address spatiotemporal dynamic problems. Recent research has explored the hardware SNN systems to solve the spatiotemporal problems in real-time. The Network-on-Chip (NoC) is an effective scheme for building large-scale hardware SNNs. However, for the existing NoC-based hardware SNNs, large area overhead and hardware power are consumed by their interconnections, because of complex topologies and router structures. Therefore, in this work a novel Unidirectional and Hierarchical on-Chip Interconnected Architecture (UHCIA) is proposed to address this problem. The proposed UHCIA mainly combines the novel hybrid topology of unidirectional multiple loops and rings, and uses a deflection router technique. Experimental results show that compared to other works, the UHCIA achieves ∼23.6X of area reduction and ∼6.4X of power reduction, with high system throughput and biological real-time computations.

An efficient certificateless blockchain-enabled authentication scheme to secure producer mobility in named data networks

Named Data Networking (NDN) aims to establish an efficient content delivery architecture. In NDN, secure and effective identity authentication schemes ensure secure communication between producers and routers. Currently, there is no feasible solution to perform identity authentication of mobile producers in NDNs. Identity authentication schemes in other networks are either weak in security or performance, such as privacy leakage, difficulty to establish cross-domain trust, and long handover delays, and are not fully adaptable to the security requirements of NDNs. Additionally, the mobility of producers was not fully considered in the initial design of NDNs. This paper first revises the structure of packets and routers to support the identity authentication and mobility of producers. On this basis, this paper proposes a secure and efficient certificateless ECC-based producer identity authentication scheme (CL-BPA), which includes initial authentication and re-authentication, aimed at achieving rapid switch authentication and integrating blockchain to solve single-point failure issues. Using the Canetti and Krawczyk (CK) adversarial model and informal security analysis, the proposed CL-BPA scheme is demonstrated to be resistant to anonymity attacks, identity forgery attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks. The performance analysis demonstrates that the proposed CL-BPA scheme exhibits excellent capabilities in terms of computation delay, communication cost, smart contract execution time, average response delay, and throughput.

An interaction-enhanced co-evolutionary algorithm for electric vehicle routing optimization

Recently, the electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) has emerged as a significant challenge in the transportation field. Unlike traditional vehicle routing problems, EVRP requires optimizing not only the customer route but also the charging scheme. This implies that routes must be planned while considering the availability of charging stations, and charging decisions must be made based on the specific route structure. Although the dual-population-based co-evolutionary algorithm (DPCA) has been proposed to address this coupling relationship, there is still room for further performance improvement. Therefore, this paper proposes an interaction-enhanced co-evolutionary algorithm (IECA) that facilitates a more effective collaborative search between routing and charging optimizations. For routing optimization, we propose an improved ant colony optimization method with a novel pheromone update approach to generate diverse route solutions. Specifically, we utilize information from the charging population to guide the pheromone update process. In contrast to DPCA, which solely relies on the best solution, we establish interaction among multiple solutions from both the routing and charging populations, which can better contribute the information interaction between two populations. Furthermore, we devise a novel population update strategy that enhances the selection of promising solutions. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm by demonstrating its ability to avoid local optima. Moreover, it achieves a reduction of approximately 4% in the average route distance across two public test suites. The source code is available at https://github.com/ShouLiang-Z/IECA.

Reconfigurable topological wave routing based on tunable valley kink states and valley-polarized chiral edge states.

Valley kink states and valley-polarized chiral edge states, whose topologically protected one-way propagation property provides a promising solution for manipulating light waves, have recently attracted considerable attention in topological photonics. However, it remains a great challenge to realize flexibly tunable dispersion for two different topological states and to develop a dynamically controllable topological photonic platform for switching topological wave routing. In this work, we propose a reconfigurable topological wave routing structure in the telecommunication frequency range, where phase-change material Sb2S3 cylinders with tunable refractive index are embedded into each topological channel to dynamically tune the dispersion of topological edge states. Via switching the phase states of Sb2S3 between amorphous and crystalline, we numerically demonstrate some unique applications of the proposed topological photonic crystals, such as topological optical switches, dual-channel selective transport, and controllable multi-channel intersection waveguides. More importantly, by digitally encoding each waveguide channel without the requirement of controlling each unit cell in the bulk domain, the proposed topological photonic platform provides a convenient and easy-to-implement solution for achieving dynamically reconfigurable topological wave routing propagation. Besides, the unique features of immunity against bending interface with disorders demonstrate the robustness of the topological wave propagation. Our proposed topological photonic platform has potential applications for designing intelligent photonic devices and opens up an avenue for advanced integrated photonic systems with reconfigurability.

A methodology for feasibility analyses of district heating networks: A case study applied to greenhouse crops

In this article, the preliminary routing, sizing, and cost structure of a heat network that supplies energy, in an agrarian district, to greenhouses located around a cogeneration plant in the municipality of El Ejido (Almería) is presented. A genetic algorithm is employed to select a set of points of consumption (plots of land)–which indirectly determine the network routing over the road network–resulting in a project with a better net present value. To obtain the routing, the Steiner tree problem is solved through an approximation that involves several algorithms derived from graph theory and the use of georeferenced information. The design is constrained to ensure technical feasibility, so that the available thermal power from the plant, averaged for hourly periods over a year, is greater than the demand from the greenhouses. The said demand is calculated through an empty-greenhouse climate model, considering temperature setpoints compatible with the most common crops in the region. According to the results, a network of total length equal to 1.3464 km and an average pipe diameter of 0.1532 m would be required to annually supply 8621.4 MWh of heat to 12 points of consumption. The net present value of the project would be 6 417 900 €, considering a 3% discount rate and useful life of 30 years, with an initial investment cost of 1 723 300 € and an annual operation cost of 15 800 €year−1. A sensibility analysis of the variables with greater economic impact is also presented.

Analysis of the Evolution Pattern and Regional Conservation of Cultural Heritage from the Perspective of Urban Sustainable Transformation: The Case of Xiamen, China

This study focuses on the cultural heritage of Xiamen and uses the spatial analysis method of ArcGIS to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and distribution characteristics of cultural heritage. Through analysis, we aim to optimize the structure of cultural heritage protection areas and tourism routes in urban planning by analyzing the spatial structure characteristics of Xiamen’s cultural heritage types in various historical periods. The results show that in terms of the time dimension, the existing cultural heritage in Xiamen was mainly built between 1840 and 1949, and the center of cultural heritage shows an overall trend of a “north-south direction”. In terms of spatial dimension, the existing cultural height in Xiamen shows a clustering distribution pattern, with clusters located in the Gulangyu and Xiagang areas of Siming District. According to the period, there is a clear spatial correlation pattern, showing a spatial clustering trend of “strong first and then weak”.

Global network structure and emissions implications of long-thin airline routes

The purpose of this research was to define, map, and quantify the network and environmental implications of “long-thin” routes (LTRs) – a type of route that has been discussed in the aviation industry but not formally studied. LTRs were defined through the use of global OAG scheduling data from 1998 to 2018. Flights were separated into seven aircraft class sizes (e.g., 75-150 seats, 150-225 seats) to measure LTRs at multiple scales. Routes were considered “long” if the stage length was at or above the 75th percentile in each size class and were considered “thin” if the total seats of each airport-pair was at or below the 25th percentile for the relevant aircraft size class. Defined this way, the overall share of LTRs across the study period rose from 4.0% of available seat-nautical miles (ASNMs) in 1998 to 5.2% in 2018. While LTRs comprise a small share of the industry, their global coverage shows they play an integrating role, as about a third of airports were linked by at least one LTR over the study period. Further, this type of route is more important in some regions, especially Africa, than others. From an emissions perspective, LTRs are more efficient than non-LTRs on an ASNM basis. Overall, this research presents an original definition of LTRs and a spatial analysis of their elaboration over two decades. The analyses situate LTRs in the rivalry between low-cost carriers and other airlines, the airline industry’s contribution to climate change, and the uneven development of air traffic among world regions.

From Route Structure to Human Factors: A Comprehensive Study of Safe Separation on Intersecting Air Routes

The assessment of collision risk at intersecting air routes is a crucial method for determining safe separation during aircraft route flights. This paper employs the Monte Carlo method to analyze the operational characteristics of aircraft on intersecting air routes in two stages, integrating the influence of the human-operated adjustment process on the distance between the two aircrafts, so as to propose a collision risk assessment model more aligned with the actual operational process. The initial stage considers the positional errors to establish a distance distribution function between trailing and leading aircraft when the latter reaches the intersection. The subsequent stage calculates the minimum distance between the aircraft by combining the kinematic equations with the controller’s thinking and reactions, communications, the pilot’s reactivity, and time required for aircraft maneuvering. Ultimately, based on the intersection course configuration, Monte Carlo simulations were employed to assess the impact of variables, such as magnetic course and aircraft speed distribution, on collision risk. The study’s findings highlight the significance of aircraft positioning capabilities and speed maintenance performance. It also reveals that the collision risk results, simulated from various perspectives, offer a theoretical foundation for the development of intersecting air routes.

Analysis of South West Airlines Management and Logistic Plan

Southwest Airlines has turned into a precursor in the competitive airline market, this is because of its novel management and operations procedure. Therefore, investigating its extraordinary strategies, benefits, difficulties, and impacts on the airline's operations gives substantial recommendations for its future development. Southwest Airlines is a spearheading low-cost airliner known for its obligation to client-centricity and functional proficiency, which is plentifully shown by its extraordinary administration and coordinated operations plan. The "Southwest Way" culture, which advances employee empowerment and outstanding client support, is at its core. The point-to-point route structure of the airline augments productivity by diminishing intricacy and working with fast airplane turnarounds. This procedure works on functional adaptability and cost viability and is upheld by a normalized Boeing 737 fleet. Furthermore, Southwest increases airplane usage and income creation by focusing on short-haul trips. Nonetheless, because of the restrictions of the point-to-point idea, significant distance and global extension face difficulties. However, the essay proposes strategic ideas, like worldwide market extension, state-of-the-art administrative procedures, environmentally friendly logistics, and computerized change. These actions ensure progressing thriving, ecologically dependable activities, and unrivaled client encounters. To introduce Southwest Airlines as an aeronautics pioneer, this paper explores its mind-blowing way, which was set apart by remarkable procedures, difficulties, and steadfast purpose. In spite of difficulties, Southwest's beliefs, and employee-focused culture fueled the development and increased industry expectations. The paper examines how these components impact advancement and development.

Optical color routing enabled by deep learning.

Nano-color routing has emerged as an immensely popular and widely discussed subject in the realms of light field manipulation, image sensing, and the integration of deep learning. The conventional dye filters employed in commercial applications have long been hampered by several limitations, including subpar signal-to-noise ratio, restricted upper bounds on optical efficiency, and challenges associated with miniaturization. Nonetheless, the advent of bandpass-free color routing has opened up unprecedented avenues for achieving remarkable optical spectral efficiency and operation at sub-wavelength scales within the area of image sensing applications. This has brought about a paradigm shift, fundamentally transforming the field by offering a promising solution to surmount the constraints encountered with traditional dye filters. This review presents a comprehensive exploration of representative deep learning-driven nano-color routing structure designs, encompassing forward simulation algorithms, photonic neural networks, and various global and local topology optimization methods. A thorough comparison is drawn between the exceptional light-splitting capabilities exhibited by these methods and those of traditional design approaches. Additionally, the existing research on color routing is summarized, highlighting a promising direction for forthcoming development, delivering valuable insights to advance the field of color routing and serving as a powerful reference for future endeavors.

Optimized Group-Centric Data Routing in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasingly being utilized in environments where human presence is limited or dangerous. The main goal is to enhance the data processing capabilities of these components to extend the overall lifespan of the design. Researchers have explored conventional energy-saving methods to address the energy constraints of sensor nodes. However, it became clear that traditional routing methods, specifically those based on packet grouping, were inadequate. The proposed system, known as Optimized Group-Centric Data Routing (OGC-DR), introduces an efficient method of data routing by utilizing the concept of grouping nodal points. This approach enhances data routing management by differentiating between routing within a nodal group and routing between adjacent nodal groups. Group Heading Nodes (GHN) are assigned to each group of sensory nodes according to fitness criteria. The implementation of a tree-based routing structure improves data routing by creating a meeting-zone and strategically selecting intermediary nodes between the source and destination node. To improve data privacy, a sender and receiver engage in an asymmetric secret-key exchange at nodal points. Data is then directed to its ultimate destination via predetermined intermediary nodes and Group Heading Nodes. Simulations of the proposed method indicate several advantages, such as lower end-to-end delays, reduced energy consumption, higher active node count, and enhanced packet delivery rates. Furthermore, it improves data privacy for all communication within the sensory architecture.

Capacity and demand forecasting in Urban Air Mobility - A simulation of air transportation in Hamburg

This paper presents an innovative approach to urban air transportation planning through the development of a "digital twin" representation encompassing airspace and infrastructure elements, including route structures, existing airports, and future vertiports. The primary objective is to formulate a model that mirrors the dynamics of contemporary and prospective urban air mobility (UAM), driven by the focus on sustainability and electrification in the transportation sector. Given the multifaceted advancements in both personal aerial vehicles (PAVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), along with the emergence of cutting-edge electric aircraft, a multitude of scenarios become feasible. The air transport system we focus on, is the urban area of Hamburg, Germany, and its two inner-city airports and a prototype vertiport. Anticipating a growth in demand for air transport services for the nearly 1.9 million current residents of Hamburg over the next two decades, we assume various feasible scenarios, which in turn would result in an increasing energy demand. Our SIMMOD simulation model utilizes flight schedules for each airport in Hamburg, to which flights are incrementally added until practical capacity is reached at 80% above baseline levels. Our findings reveal that, as demand increases at Hamburg Airport and average operational delay approaches the level-of-service (LoS) threshold of 4 minutes per flight, the necessity for expanded air traffic and ground infrastructure becomes evident. Electric grids should be dimensioned according to these demands. Our results suggest that the capacity of the Hamburg airspace is currently limited by the main airport, and that the Airbus production facility in Hamburg-Finkenwerder can substantially augment its capacity by constructing a parallel taxiway alongside its runway. Moreover, vertiport capacity primarily is limited by factors such as UAV parking and charging positions, drone speeds, turnaround times, available airspace, degree of autonomy and the length of service routes.

Poly(arylene alkylene piperidinium)s for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers

Anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzers have the potential to obviate the need for precious metal catalysts, and are therefore attracting an increasing attention.1 The high performance and durability of the device largely depend on the properties of the AEM with regards to hydroxide conductivity and resistance.2 ,3 The development of viable AEM candidates is continuously advancing. Recently, we reported on a series of poly(arylene alkylene piperidinium)s (PAAs) prepared from a ketone monomer specifically designed for high alkaline stability.4 The PAA AEMs reached high hydroxide conductivities, comparable with the state-of-the-art poly(arylene piperidinium)-based AEMs derived from piperidione, but showed significantly higher chemical stability under harsh alkaline conditions.5 In the present study, we have further developed PAA AEMs by copolymerizations to tune the ion exchange capacity (IEC). An AEM (PpTDMP-2.0) with an IEC of 2.0 mequiv.g−1 reached a high OH− conductivity of 129 mS cm−1 at 80 °C and a controlled water uptake of 80%. This AEM was selected for evaluated in an alkaline water electrolyzer fed with 1 M KOH at 70 °C. Using a novel noble-metal free NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalyst in the anode, initial results showed a high current density of 4.5 A cm−2 at 2.2 V. The corresponding performance of the state-of the-art Aemion+® membrane was measured for benchmarking, and the PAP AEM demonstrated a lower degradation rate from the beginning of the experiment. In the current presentation, we will further discuss the performance, system stability, and the prospects of PAA AEMs for use in electrolyzers and other electrochemical energy applications. C. Santoro, A. Lavacchi, P. Mustarelli, V. Di Noto, L. Elbaz, et al., ChemSusChem, 2022, 15, e202200027.D. Aili, M. R. Kraglund, S. C. Rajappan, D. Serhiichuk, Y. Xia, V. Deimede, J. Kallitsis, C. Bae, P. Jannasch, D. Henkensmeier, J. O. Jensen, ACS Energy Lett., 2023, 8, 1900–1910.E. J. Park, C. G. Arges, H. Xu and Y. S. Kim, ACS Energy Lett., 2022, 7, 3447-3457.D. Pan, P. M. Bakvand, T. H. Pham and P. Jannasch, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10, 16478-16489.J. S. Olsson, T. H. Pham and P. Jannasch, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2018, 28, 1702758. Figure 1. (a) Synthetic route and chemical structure of PpTDMP-2.0, (b) polarization curves of PpTDMP-2.0 and Aemion+ (left) after a constant current hold of 1 A cm-2 for 15 h (right). 5 cm² active area, 70 °C, 1 M KOH. Anode: 2.0 mgNiFe-LDH cm-2, Cathode 0.5 mgPt cm-2. Figure 1

Aircraft routing clusters and their impact on airline delays

Airlines operate thousands of aircraft routings every day with a multitude of options to connect single flights integrated in a routing. Since airline delays entail significant costs for airlines and to societies, we aim to identify how far individual aircraft routings differ in on-time performance. We apply a novel approach to cluster aircraft routings and compute the routing strength to quantify the structure of aircraft routings. We then develop an econometric model to analyze the impact different routing clusters have on airline delays. As a key finding, routings with higher strengths tend to cause more delays. Our clustering of routings shows that hybrid routing structures and intense shuttling of flights between a few airports in a routing increases delays compared to routings structured star- or string-like. We also find major differences across airlines in the way routings are structured.

Emergency surgical pathology in pregnant women and women in labor: analysis of the structure of morbidity and routing paths in St. Petersburg

Relevance. Today, despite the development of medical technologies and the improvement of the logistical aspects of healthcare, the problem of unified treatment, diagnostic and routing algorithms for pregnant women and women in labor with urgent surgical pathology remains unresolved. The first step towards its solution is a detailed analysis of the current structure of incidence and routing paths.The objective was to analyze the incidence of urgent extragenital surgical pathology and routing paths in pregnant women and women in labor in St. Petersburg.Methods and materials. Based on the database of invoices issued by insurance organizations in St. Petersburg for completed cases of treatment, we performed a retrospective analysis of the data of pregnant patients with extragenital surgical pathology, hospitalized on an emergency basis in the period from 2019 to 2021. We assessed the structure of morbidity, terms of delivery to the hospital, indications and range of surgical interventions, treatment outcomes.Conclusions. In the structure of urgent and emergency hospitalizations in pregnant women, extragenital surgical pathology is 1 %. The total proportion of surgical interventions in patients with extragenital pathology is 35.1 %. Routing of a pregnant woman with suspected surgical pathology through the primary visit to the maternity hospital significantly increases (p&lt;0.05) the average time to admission to the surgical hospital. &gt; &lt;0.05 ) the average time to admission to the surgical hospital.

A Methodology for Assessing Capacity of the Terminal Maneuvering Area Based on Service Resource Equilibrium

To effectively estimate and optimize the airport terminal maneuvering area throughput based on the equilibrium of air traffic service resource supply and demand, this research proposes an approach to assess terminal maneuvering area capacity from the perspective of air traffic service resource availability. Terminal maneuvering area capacity is optimized based on the equilibrium of air traffic service resource supply and demand. The supply–demand nexus is examined in consideration of terminal maneuvering area route structure, traffic flow characteristics, and safety regulations. A flight service probability matrix and a terminal maneuvering area demand and supply service time model are constructed to quantify resource expenditure at varied capacity levels. An optimization model is then developed to allocate the airport resources effectively, fully utilizing the capacity to provide maximal outputs under resource limitations. Model computation and simulation results demonstrate the deviation between estimated and amended capacities is under 0.3 flight sorties per hour. The outcomes are congruent with historical statistics, thereby validating the accuracy and reliability of the model proposed in this study. Given capacity parameters, the model can deduce the maximal aircraft quantity served concurrently in terminal maneuvering areas during peak periods. These revelations indicate that the submitted model furnishes theoretical foundation and reference for terminal maneuvering area sector partition and traffic alerting.

ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ ПО ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИИ НА СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДЕ РОССИИ

For more than 40 years, the HIV epidemic has been spreading across the planet, posing a global threat to health care and the economy of all countries. The spread of this disease depends on government policy, social and economic conditions of people's lives. HIV infection mainly affects young able-bodied reproductively active people, leads to an increase in deaths in this group, which directly affects the development of the economic and demographic crisis. The reasons for the rapid spread of HIV infection are associated with such phenomena as drug addiction, homosexuality, and commercial sex. New territories and population groups are constantly involved, the structure of transmission routes, the gender and age structure of the epidemic process are changing. Under these conditions, control over the epidemic process of HIV infection is extremely important. Purpose of the study. Describe the epidemic situation of HIV infection in the Northwestern Federal District in the period 1987-2021. Materials and methods. To analyze the epidemiological data of all HIV-infected people identified in the Northwestern Federal District (n=153002). Results and conclusions. The epidemiological situation of HIV infection in the region is tense. A high number of newly diagnosed patients is recorded annually (over the past 15 years, the increase in the number of identified patients is + 169,4%). At the moment, the epidemic is concentrated in the group of 35-39 years old, 40-44 years old. An increase in the proportion of new cases in older age groups is recorded. From 2012 to the present, the sexual route has been the main route of infection. Males predominate in the overall structure of those infected. However, in the process of developing the epidemic process, there is an increase in the involvement of women (in 2021 – 29,7%, in 2021 – 39,9%). At the same time, there is a decrease in perinatal infection of children from 25% to 1.1% in 2021. Insufficient coverage of ART is registered, as a result of which the number of patients with progressive stages of the disease increases, and insufficient coverage of ART does not provide an epidemic containment in the spread of HIV infection.

Liner shipping network design model with carbon tax, seasonal freight rate fluctuations and empty container relocation

In response to the challenges posed by the shipping carbon tax resulting from the low-carbon environmental policy, the seasonal fluctuation of freight rates in the container liner shipping market, and the reduced flexibility in fleet adjustment, we develop a bi-level programming model to maximize the average revenue per container ship and the total revenue of the fleet.The upper-level model selects the optimal shipping networks for both the off-season and peak season, while also designing the liner fleet for these two networks. The lower-level model optimizes the slot allocation scheme and the empty container storage and transportation scheme to evaluate the revenue of the network calculated by the upper-level model. Three meta-heuristic algorithms are proposed. We take the China-West Europe liner shipping route as the research object, and conduct numerical experiments on different optimization objectives and liner types. Results demonstrate that maximizing the average revenue per container ship involves reducing the carbon tax cost, simplifying the trunk route structure, and increasing the number of feeder routes. These changes lead to reduced satisfaction rates for transportation demands in both China and Europe. If the company seeks to maximize total revenue, they may achieve the opposite result. Therefore, liner companies should reasonably set optimization goals, adjust the network structure and liner operation status in a timely manner, and scientifically allocate container ship and empty containers to achieve the operational goals of reducing carbon emissions and maximizing revenue to cope with the volatile market and the low-carbon regulations.

Comparative Characteristics of the Clinical and Epidemic Situation with Co-Infection of HIV and Tuberculosis in Kyiv in the Pre-Pandemic Period and During the Full-Scale War in 2022

Objective — to study the epidemic situation in the city of Kyiv in 2022 compared to 2019 for HIV infection and tuberculosis, as the leading opportunistic infections Materials and methods. A systematic and statistical analysis of data from official statistical reports and analytical collections on the prevalence and characteristics of the course of HIV infection and tuberculosis in Kyiv for 2019 and 2022 was conducted. Results and discussion. The analysis of general data of seroepidemiological monitoring of the spread of HIV infection was carried out. The structure of the transmission routes of HIV infection was analyzed, and the CD4 levels of patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection at the time of registration were assessed. The incidence of AIDS and co-infection of HIV + tuberculosis was also considered. Additionally, we analyzed the patient spectrum with HIV and tuberculosis co-infection requiring inpatient treatment. Conclusions. A significant increase in the HIV-infected patients registry in Kyiv for 2022 due to internally displaced persons was noted. Reduction of testing leads to low detectability of HIV infection. When assessing the structure of transmission routes, it was found that socially active, healthy, working-age individuals are affected. Most cases of HIV infection continue to be detected in advanced stages of immunodeficiency. Tuberculosis remains a relevant disease for AIDS patients. The decrease in the number of tuberculosis patients with the increase in the number of HIV-infected persons with AIDS may be due to the underdetection of tuberculosis among this category of patients. The issue of providing medical institutions with modern test systems for detecting HIV infection and tuberculosis, as well as sufficient medical facilities and the number of specialized medical personnel for continuous comprehensive monitoring of the situation of this co-infection, is acute.