Structure Of Prism Research Articles

Structural Variation Along the Southern Hikurangi Subduction Zone, Aotearoa New Zealand, From Seismic Reflection and Retro‐Deformation Analysis

AbstractThe southern Hikurangi subduction zone exhibits significant along‐strike variation in convergence rate and obliquity, sediment thickness and, uniquely, the increasing proximity of southern Hikurangi to, and impingement on, the incoming continental Chatham Rise, an ancient Gondwana accretionary complex. There are corresponding changes in the morphology and structure of the Hikurangi accretionary prism. We combine widely spaced multichannel seismic reflection profiles with high resolution bathymetry and previous interpretations to characterize the structure and the history of the accretionary prism since 2 Ma. The southern Hikurangi margin can be divided into three segments. A northeastern segment (A) characterized by a moderately wide (∼70 km), low taper (∼5°) prism recording uninhibited outward growth in the last ∼1 Myr. Deformation resolvable in seismic reflection data accounts for ∼20 % of plate convergence, comparable with the central Hikurangi margin further North. A central segment (B) characterized by a narrow (∼30 km), moderate taper (∼8°) prism, with earlier (∼2‐∼1 Ma) shortening than segment A. Outward prism growth ceased coincidentally with development of major strike‐slip faults in the prism interior, reduced margin‐normal convergence rate, and the onset of impingement on the incoming Chatham Rise to the south. A southwestern segment (C) marks the approximate southern termination of subduction but widens to ∼50 km due to rapid outward migration of the deformation front via fault reactivation within the now‐underthrusting corner of the Chatham Rise. Segment C exhibits minimal shortening as margin‐normal subduction velocity decreases and plate motion is increasingly taken up by interior thrusts and strike‐slip faults.

3D Shear‐Wave Velocity Model of Central Makran Using Ambient‐Noise Adjoint Tomography

AbstractThe Makran subduction zone is unique in its wide onshore thick accretionary prism, and volcanic arc not parallel to the E–W trend of the Makran accretionary prism. To investigate the internal structure of the accretionary prism, the crustal nature of Jaz Murian Depression, and the trend of the subducting plate hinge, we have calculated a 3D shear‐wave velocity model for a region around the border between eastern and western Makran using ambient‐noise adjoint tomography and data from IASBS/CAM Makran temporary seismic network. In close agreement with previous works, our velocity model shows that the onshore accretionary prism consists of a low‐velocity zone in the south and a high‐velocity zone in the north with an average thickness of accreted sediments of 22 and 30 km, respectively. The young age of the surface rocks of the high‐velocity part of the prism suggests the presence of a significant volume of igneous rocks and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. The velocity model indicates a continental crust of ∼40 km with a thick sedimentary cover of ∼20 km for the eastern part of Jaz Murian Depression. The presence of a NE‐SW trending low‐velocity region at a depth interval of 40–60 km subparallel with the trend of the volcanic arc, intermediate‐depth earthquakes, and geometry of the overriding plate might be related to the trend of the subducting plate hinge. This implies that the observed NE‐SW trending volcanic arc might be related to the geometry of the subducting plate hinge and not the eastward reduction of the subduction angle.

Quantitative characteristics of surface runoff from railway tracks

Analysis is carried out and the nature of surface runoff filtration in the ballast prism of the railway track is considered, as well as options for water migration in the upper and lower structure of the ballast prism are considered. The formula of flow rate of rain, melt and filtration runoff is obtained. The formula for surface runoff consumption from the railway track was clarified, and the total surface runoff flow rates for the areas of railway transport facilities were determined. It was found that when surface water seeps through the upper and lower structures of the path. Two lateral ejections occur. The proposed methodology for determining the flow rates of surface runoff from railway tracks allows using an adapted methodology proposed not for residential zones, which is relevant for 90% of the railway bed located in the Russian Federation, in particular, the Kuibyshev railway road located in the forest-steppe and semi-steppe zones.

Lowering the Symmetry of Cofacial Porphyrin Prisms for Selective Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis.

Cofacial porphyrin catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) formed via coordination-driven self-assembly have so far been limited to designs with fourfold symmetry, where four molecular clips bridge two porphyrin sites. We have synthesized six PynPhm (Py = pyridyl, Ph = phenyl) metalloporphyrin prisms (Co2+, Zn2+) bridged by molecular clips containing two Rh3+ centers. Four of these structures are lower symmetry, with the Py3Ph and Py2Ph2 prisms containing three and two molecular clips, respectively. The Co2+ species were evaluated for their ORR activity. Cyclic and hydrodynamic voltammetry studies of heterogeneous catalyst inks in aqueous media revealed marked differences in selectivity from ∼5% (Py3Ph) to ∼37% (Py2Ph2) for the formation of H2O2. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the Zn2 Py2Ph2 prism shows an offset between the porphyrin faces. This structural feature may be responsible for the change in selectivity, consistent with previous studies of covalently tethered cofacial porphyrins that have shown that geometry is a critical determinant of two-electron/two-proton versus four-electron/four-proton pathways. Extraction of standard rate constants ks for the ORR revealed a cofacial enhancement of ∼2 orders of magnitude over mononuclear Co2+ tetrapyridyl porphyrin. Even though all the prisms described here use the same molecular clip, the resultant structures, and thus the reactivity for the ORR, differ significantly based on the number and orientation of pyridyl donor groups on the porphyrins, highlighting how coordination-driven self-assembly can be used to rapidly tune dinuclear catalysts.

Three-layer structure of the Carpathian sedimentary prism from the results of seismic migration on the PANCAKE and RomUkrSeis WARR profiles

The method of finite-difference migration of reflected/refracted waves, applied to the PANCAKE and RomUkrSeis WARR seismic profiles, made it possible to form wave images of sedimentary layer and crystalline basement under the Carpathian orogen to a depth of 25 km. The study area belongs to Ukrainian Carpathians, which consist of Outer Carpathians — the Cretaceous-Neogene accretionary prism and Inner Carpathians —fragments of Alkapa and Tissia-Dakia microplates. The Carpathian belt is thrusted over the Neogene Carpathian Foredeep, which was laid on the basement of the Eastern/West European platforms. We used a technique specially developed for WARR study to generate a wave image of basement and deep sedimentary basin. The wave images obtained for two profiles show the presence of deep troughs (accretionary prism) under the Carpathian orogen and reveal their similarities and differences due to the peculiarities of the tectonic development in the junction zone of East- and West European platforms. The sedimentary prism reaches a depth of 20 km and consists of three nested troughs distinguished well in the wave field and characterized by different velocities on velocity models. The upper two layers up to ~15 km belong to the allochthon of the Ukrainian Carpathians and the underlying sequence. Whereas the lower one (15—21 km) could represent the older complexes of the basement, up to the Neoproterozoic age (Ediacaran), associated with accretion of young plates from the west to the East European platform and formation of the Trans-European suture zone. The deep trough along the RomUkrSeis profile is significantly narrower than along the PANCAKE one, which indicates a stronger shortening of the sedimentary basin (and possibly the upper crust) in the southeastern part of Ukrainian Carpathians. The sedimentary prism on both profiles is bounded from both sides by steeply dipping faults — from the east by the Forecarpathian fault, and from the west by the Transcarpathian fault along PANCAKE profile and by the Dragos Voda fault on RomUkrSeis profile, which may indicate active strike-slip tectonics.

SPR biosensor using SnSe-phosphorene heterostructure

We numerically debrief a prism based SPR biosensor in this paper exploiting a single layer of Alfa-Tin Selenide (α-SnSe) that is not brought to light till today. This material exhibits incredible features with an analogous formation like graphene and phosphorene, and for this instance, a great contemplation is taken by the researchists utilizing a biomolecular recognition element (BRE) for modeling biosensors. The paper centers around the exploration of the effective advancement of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors by covering the gold (Au)/ silver (Ag)/ copper (Cu) layer with the α-SnSe monolayer. The proposed sensor consists of the structure of prism-(Au/Ag/Cu)-(α-SnSe)-Phosphorene-sensing medium. A dramatic sensitivity enhancement is reported by the analyses in the entire performance of this raised sensor while inserting an α-SnSe layer in between Au/Ag/Cu and phosphorene. The sensitivity for the proposed biosensors displays a maximal grade of 96.43 deg./RIU, 81.43 deg./RIU, and 74.29 deg./RIU for Au, Ag, and Cu based structures, respectively. It can be observed that the sensitivity of Au flourished biosensor is better than that of Ag or Cu based structures. Our outcomes also reveal that SPR sensors with α-SnSe monolayer can be utilized in demonstrative petitions, and their exalted sensitivity and little intentness of analyte are required. Consequently, the raised biosensor exhibits an in-mint condition ventilator in the direction of sensing petitions.

Geologic controls on up-dip and along-strike propagation of slip during subduction zone earthquakes from a high-resolution seismic reflection survey across the northern limit of slip during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake, offshore Chile

Abstract A grid of closely spaced, high-resolution multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection profiles was acquired in May 2012 over the outer accretionary prism up dip from the patch of greatest slip during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake (offshore Chile) to complement a natural-source seismic experiment designed to monitor the post-earthquake response of the outer accretionary prism. We describe the MCS data and discuss the implications for the response of the accretionary prism during the earthquake and for the long-term evolution of the margin. The most notable observation from the seismic reflection survey is a rapid north-to-south shift over a short distance from nearly total frontal accretion of the trench sediments to nearly total underthrusting of undeformed trench sediments that occurs near the northern edge of slip in the 2010 earthquake. Integrating our structural observations with other geological and geophysical observations, we conclude that sediment subduction beneath a shallow décollement is associated with propagation of slip to the trench during great earthquakes in this region. The lack of resolvable compressive deformation in the trench sediment along this segment of the margin indicates that the plate boundary here is very weak, which allowed the outer prism to shift seaward during the earthquake, driven by large slip down dip. The abrupt shift from sediment subduction to frontal accretion indicates a stepdown in the plate boundary fault, similar to the stepovers that commonly arrest slip propagation in strike-slip faults. We do not detect any variation along strike in the thickness or reflective character of the trench sediments adjacent to the change in deformation front structure. This change, however, is correlated with variations in the morphology and structure of the accretionary prism that extend as far as 40 km landward of the deformation front. We speculate that forearc structural heterogeneity is the result of subduction of an anomalously shallow or rough portion of plate that interacted with and deformed the overlying plate and is now deeply buried. This study highlights need for three-dimensional structural images to understand the interaction between geology and slip during subduction zone earthquakes.

Meteoric 10Be Reveals a Young, Active Accretionary Prism and Structurally Complex Décollement in the Vicinity of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Rupture

AbstractWe present new meteoric 10Be concentration data from marine sediment cores recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 (JFAST) that help constrain the age, origin, and internal structure of the frontal prism at the Japan trench in the vicinity of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki M9 earthquake rupture. 10Be sediment ages from the lower portion of the frontal prism range from ~0–10 Ma, with >60% of analyzed samples above the décollement yielding young ages <2 Ma. Repetition and inversion of high‐over‐low 10Be‐concentration sediments indicate the presence of stratigraphic inversions that correspond to faulting and imbrication of late Miocene and Quaternary sediments. The density of faults inferred indicates that the frontal prism has a fault spacing on the order of 10 s of meters, and the identification of faults in the underthrust section suggests that the plate boundary décollement may be a zone with multiple slip surfaces. Comparison of 10Be concentrations in the frontal prism with those of the incoming and forearc slope sediments indicates that the majority of the prism is sourced from accretion of Pacific Plate sediments, rather than from reworked frontal prism or slope sediments. These data suggest that over at least the past ~1–2 Ma, the décollement preferentially has localized at or near the base of the incoming sediment section, with relatively efficient sediment accretion occurring even in the presence of subducted horst‐and‐graben topography.

Linking Faults, Fractures, and Clay Mineral Occurrence With Fluid Transport in the Accretionary Prism of the Nankai Trough, Japan

AbstractThe interpretation of logging while drilling resistivity oriented images and geophysical logs from Hole C0002 drilled during the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 338 and 348 of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) project revealed a complex structure of the accretionary prism characterized by steep bedding and abundant folds and fault zones, indicative of specific areas of deformation within the clay‐dominated prism sediments. Local faults were undoubtedly interpreted on images from Hole C0002P (2,162.5–3,058.4 m below seafloor), whereas folds were identified in both Holes C0002P and C0002F (860–2,005.5 m below seafloor). The clay mineral analysis of rock samples (cuttings) shows that clay mineralization occurs within the range of the faulted and fractured zones. This linkage between local deformation and clay mineralization can have implications for enhanced fluid flow and localized fluid‐rock interaction within the highly fractured areas of the accretionary prism. We conclude that dissolution and neomineralization of illitic and smectitic phases within fractures and faults is a process that probably continues during active creep and fault reactivation and plays a key role in influencing weak fault and creep behavior within the Nankai Trough, and likely in shallow fault systems elsewhere.

LAWANG SEWU DALAM SUDUT PANDANG GEOMETRI

<p><em> </em><em>LAWANG SEWU IN GEOMETRY VIEW. Mathematics and culture are two things closely related. But sometimes mathematics is seen as something that is not connected to everyday life. Infactthe environment can be a source of mathematical problems in real life. The environment is one of culture, one of which includes historic buildings. Mathematics in culture is referred to by the term ethnomatematics. Lawang Sewu is one of the historical buildings located in the city of Semarang. The purpose of this research is to know the geometry structure of Lawang SEWU building. This building can be used as a research object with qualitative descriptive method, with data collection using direct observation on research object, interview with speaker, and using library study related to research This. Through research that the authors have done, it can be concluded that Lawang SEWU building has a geometry structure of space, namely cube, beam, Limas, and Octagonal prism.</em></p>

Ensuring electrical safety of power supply systems of electrified AC railways for highspeed lines

Abstract. High-speed railways are fast-growing and promising type of traffic. In Russia development of high-speed railway service is associated with the solution of a number of problems, including infrastructure. Authors propose to use earth connection of the railway catenary with the help of an artificial earthing switch on currently designed high-speed line Moscow—Kazan for 2×25 kV power supply system. Taking into account requirements for electrical safety conditions for maintenance of the track and earthed catenary supports, paper justifies method for calculating allowable voltages of rail—earth points and supports of catenary. Methods takes into account structural features of ballastless track superstructure used for high-speed lines. It is estimated that the voltages admissible under the electrical safety conditions are random in nature and distributed logarithmically normal. When calculating probability of safe operation, one should take into account random nature of both permissible stresses and those actually occurring on the track. It is estimated that the probability of safe operation in traction networks of sections with ballastless track superstructure does not exceed a similar value in electrified sections with the conventional structure of a ballast prism. Feasibility of using a 2×25 kV earth system using an artificial earth connection is confirmed, recommendations on its use are given. Authors substantiate allowable values of the rail—earth voltage and catenary supports, which practically exclude the occurrence of hazardous situations for personnel maintaining the track in sections with ballastless track superstructure.

Paleothermal structure of the Nankai inner accretionary wedge estimated from vitrinite reflectance of cuttings

AbstractThe paleothermal structure and tectonic evolution of an accretionary prism is basic information for understanding subduction zone seismogenesis. To evaluate the entire paleotemperature profile of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site C0002 located in the off‐Kumano region of the Nankai Trough and penetrate the inner accretionary wedge down to 3058.5 m below the seafloor (mbsf), we performed a vitrinite reflectance analysis for cuttings and core samples during IODP expeditions 338 and 348: Nankai Trough seismogenic zone experiment. Although vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) tend to increase with depth, two reversals of these values suggested the existence of thrust fault zones with sufficient displacements to offset the paleothermal structure. The estimated maximum paleotemperatures are 42–70°C at 1200–1300 mbsf, 44–100°C at 1600–2400 mbsf, and 56–115°C at 2600–3000 mbsf, respectively. These temperatures roughly coincide with estimated modern temperatures; however, at a smaller scale, the reconstructed partial paleogeothermal gradient (∼60–150°C/km) recorded at the hanging‐ and footwall of the presumed thrust fault zone is higher than the modern geothermal gradient (∼30–40°C/km). This high paleogeothermal gradient was possibly obtained prior to subduction, reflecting the large heat flow of the young Philippine Sea Plate.

지붕형 페찬 프리즘을 위한 계산 평가 프로그램 개발

본 논문은 지붕형 페찬 프리즘 설계 데이터 산출 프로그램에 관한 것이다. 우선 지붕형 폐찬 프리즘 설계 변수를 설정하였고, 이들 사이의 관계식을 유도하였다. 이 식들에 의해 우리는 face-length 와 유효 입사빔의 직경이 주어질 때 지붕형 폐찬 프리즘 설계를 위한 수치 데이터들이 출력되는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 실제 이 프로그램을 상용 사이즈가 아닌 프리즘에 적용한 결과 아주 빠른 설계 데이터를 산출할 수 있었고 이에 의해 실제 지붕형 폐찬 프리즘의 3D 구조를 쉽게 획득할 수 있었다. 이는 제품 개발에 필요로 하는 지붕형 폐찬 프리즘의 구조적인 데이터를 신속하게 확보할 수 있다는 것을 의미하며, 보다 빠른 속도로 스코프 관련 신제품 개발을 할 수 있게 되었음을 의미한다. This study relates to the development of a program for calculating the roofed pechan prism design data. First, we set the roofed pechan prism design variables and derive the relational expressions between them. With this expressions, we could develope the program that outputs the numerical data for roofed pechan prism design when the face-length and the effective incident beam diameter are given. In fact, applying this program to the prism which is not the commercial size, we were able to calculate the design data very quickly, so that we can easily acquire the 3D structure of the actual roofed pechan prism. This means that we can quickly ensure the structural data of roofed pechan prism which is required for the product development and we are able to develop the new products related to the scope at a faster speed.

Structure and deformation of the Southern Taiwan accretionary prism: The active submarine Fangliao Fault Zone offshore west Hengchun Peninsula

What is the structural geometry of the southern Taiwan transition zone from the Manila subduction offshore to the Taiwan onshore collision, specifically in the western flank of the Hengchun peninsula that corresponds to the summit of the Manila subduction accretionary prism? This paper aims to decipher the onshore/offshore structures and tectonic deformation that occur west of the Hengchun Ridge through both detailed topographic analyses and interpretation of numerous old and new seismic profiles. From a geomorphic point of view, both Fangliao and Hongchai submarine canyons have different structural and landslide implications. The Fangliao Canyon is guided by a N-S elongated mud diapir (the Fangliao Ridge), intruding an inferred N010°E trending, left lateral strike-slip fault zone. Conversely, the arcuate and concave shape of the Hongchai Canyon appear to follow the crown and the northern boundary of a newly recognized Hongchai submarine landslide situated on the steep western flank of the onshore asymmetric Hengchun Anticline. Our results highlight that both Fangliao and Hengchun Faults are linear, near-vertical left-lateral strike-slip faults. They converge onshore to the Chaochou Fault. This study demonstrates that neotectonics combine with morphostructural analysis of the submarine canyon drainages lead to a better comprehension of the present deformation in the northern part of the Manila accretionary prism.

Deformation of the Nankai Trough inner accretionary prism: The role of inherited structures

AbstractAccretionary prisms commonly grow seaward, with the strata of the inner prism consisting of older, previously accreted outer prism rocks overlain by thick fore‐arc basin strata. We focus on the Nankai Trough inner accretionary prism using three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic data and logging data from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). We update the 3‐D seismic volume using well velocity data to better constrain deeper horizons. Interpretation of these horizons reveals multiple folds with axial surfaces that strike near parallel to modern outer prism thrust faults, and we interpret that these folds formed as a result of thrust faulting. Reactivation of one inner prism thrust fault continued until at least ∼0.44 Ma, after the modern fore‐arc basin formed, indicating that the inner prism had continued deformation until that time. Structural restorations of these folded seismic horizons demonstrate that ∼580 m of slip occurred on this steeply dipping reactivated thrust after fore‐arc basin formation. Structural interpretation and analysis of logging‐while‐drilling data, including borehole images, in the deep inner prism revealed intense deformation of a generally homogenous lithology characterized by bedding that dips steeply (60°–90°), intersected by faults and fractures that have a range of dips and densities. Our study of the deep Kumano Basin provides new insights into the structure of the inner prism and reveals that although the inner prism has partially preserved inherited outer prism structures, these older folds and faults are steeply rotated and cut by multiple fracture populations during subsequent deformation.

The structure and fault activity of the Makran accretionary prism

The Makran Subduction Zone has the highest incoming sediment thickness (up to 7.5 km) of any subduction zone. These sediments have formed a wide accretionary prism (∼400 km). Seismicity in the Makran is generally low; however the margin experienced an Mw 8.1 earthquake in 1945 which generated a significant regional tsunami. Seismic reflection data and swath bathymetry data from offshore Pakistan are used to analyze the structure and fault activity of the outer accretionary prism. The outer prism has a simple structure of seaward verging imbricate thrust faults, many continuous for over 100 km along strike. Fault activity is analyzed using basin stratigraphy and fault geometry, revealing a frontal continuously active zone, a central intermittently active zone, and a landward inactive zone. Over 75% of the faults in the seaward ∼70 km of the prism show evidence for recent activity. The décollement occurs within the lower sediment section, but steps onto the top‐basement surface in regions of elevated basement topography. Fault spacing (6 km) and taper (4.5°) are comparable to other margins such as S. Hikurangi, Cascadia and Nankai, suggesting that high sediment input is not leading to an unusual prism structure. The décollement is unreflective, which is unexpected considering other prism characteristics predicting a weak surface, and may suggest a potentially stronger décollement than previously predicted. This study provides a significant advance in our understanding of the structure of an end‐member convergent margin and demonstrates that systematic analyses of accretionary prism structure can help to elucidate subduction zone dynamics with ultimate relevance to seismogenic potential.

Relationship between Fluor Concentration and Structure Pattern of Enamel Prism in Enamel Surface after Coffee and Black Tea Exposure

ABSTRACT Coffee and tea are often consumed by Indonesian and Aceh people. Based on previous research reported that concentration of fluor in coffee and tea affects pattern structure of enamel prism. Currently, little explanation about relationship between fluor concentrations and pattern structure of enamel prism in enamel surface after coffee and tea drinking water exposure. The purpose of this study is to explain relationship between fluor concentrations and pattern structure of enamel prism in enamel surface after coffee and tea drinking water exposure. Materials and methods Eight maxillary premolars were divided into control and treatment group. Positive control group exposure to NaCl 0.9%, negative control group exposure to sulfuric acid 50%, treatment groups are exposure to coffee and tea drinking water. This study conducted by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Data analysis is descriptive qualitative. Results Fluor in tea increases the density of the enamel prism structure pattern. Surface enamel that exposed to tea has described better arrangement of enamel prism pattern than enamel surface that exposed to coffee. Conclusion Fluor concentration in drinking water has relationship with structure patterns of enamel prism. The structure patterns of enamel prism that exposed to tea have better arrangement than enamel that exposed to coffee. How to cite this article Nasution AI, Gani BA, Pospos RM. Relationship between Fluor Concentration and Structure Pattern of Enamel Prism in Enamel Surface after Coffee and Black Tea Exposure. World J Dent 2012;3(4):284-289.

Can brand identity predict brand extensions' success or failure?

PurposeBrand extension strategies have become widespread since the early 1980s. However, a large proportion of brand extensions still fail, suggesting the need for methodologies that produce better predictions of success or failure of new products launched with a well‐known brand name. Although the symbolic fit between established brand names and brand extensions is considered as one of the most important determinants of brand extension success or failure, managers need more accurate tools to determine, from a symbolic point‐of‐view, which brand extensions are consistent with their brand. This paper proposes to use Kapferer's brand identity prism to define more acceptable brand extensions.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies were conducted. A first study aimed at developing a brand identity inventory (BII). In a second study, the BII's ability to predict brand extensions' success or failure was tested.FindingsThe second order structure of Kapferer's brand identity prism is confirmed. The paper then demonstrates that brand identity is useful to better predict acceptance of brand extensions.Research limitations/implicationsIn prior research, perceived fit was estimated by mono‐item measures or by few brand associations. Brand identity provides a more accurate estimation of the fit that can rely on attributes related to brand personality and brand values – the personal dimension of brand identity – or associations related to relationships and users' image – the social dimension of brand identity.Originality/valueThe findings can help managers to determine more consistent brand extensions when brands are already stretched.

Characteristics of biogenic calcite in the prismatic layer of a pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata

The fine structure of the calcite prism in the outer layer of a pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, has been investigated using various electron beam techniques, in order to understand its characteristics and growth mechanism including the role of intracrystalline organic substances. As the calcite prismatic layer grows thicker, sinuous boundaries develop to divide the prism into a number of domains. The crystal misorientation between the adjacent domains is several to more than ten degrees. The component of the misorientation is mainly the rotation about the c-axis. There is no continuous organic membrane at the boundaries. Furthermore, the crystal orientation inside the domains changes gradually, as indicated by the electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination revealed that the domain consists of sub-grains of a few hundred nanometers divided by small-angle grain boundaries, which are probably the origin of the gradual change of the crystal orientation inside the domains. Spherular Fresnel contrasts were often observed at the small-angle grain boundaries, in defocused TEM images. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) indicated the spherules are organic macromolecules, suggesting that incorporation of organic macromolecules during the crystal growth forms the sub-grain structure of the calcite prism.

Structure of the Nankai Trough accretionary prism revealed by IZANAGI oceanfloor imaging sonar system

Structure of the Nankai Trough accretionary prism revealed by IZANAGI oceanfloor imaging sonar system