Structure Of Oral Mucosa Research Articles

Oral mucosa diseases in seafarers during long voyages, their treatment and prevention : prospective study

OBJECTIVE: To detect oral mucous membrane disease of the mouth, lips and tongue in seafarers on long voyage, to evaluate preventive measures and treatment effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There was a dental examination of 169 men, aged 22-52 on long voyage, who got full treatment and preventive measures of oral rehabilitation in the pre-deployment period in a time manner. The seafarers were divided into 2 groups. The 1st group included 57 seamen, who were part of the crew. The 2nd group consisted of 112 men, who were training and had the first long voyage. The oral mucosa diagnosis was based on a clinic examination. When identifying pathology, treatment was provided and there were anti-relapse measures after its completion, which were possible given the people on board on long voyage. RESULTS: It was found that the structure of oral mucosa is quite different among people of the 1st and 2nd groups. The pathology among the crew occurred more often due to the autoimmune component of pathogenesis in 5,26% and 0,9% cases respectively, while the people in the 2nd group, being on long voyage as part of their training, experienced infectious oral mucosa pathology (12,28% and 15,32% respectively) significantly more often, and also lesions of the lips due to meteorological factors in 8,77% and 10,81% cases accordingly. DISCUSSION: The article discusses the treatment of meteorological cheilitis, the fracture of the vermilion border of the lip, Vincent disease, herpetic fever and chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis with the use of domestic medicine for topical application. CONCLUSION: On long voyage 26,04% seafarers had cases of oral mucosa, among which most frequently diagnosed ones were infectious diseases, pathology due to meteorological factors, and also diseases with the autoimmune component of pathogenesis. In all cases domestic medicine for topical application was used to reveal pathology of oral mucosa, and further, to prevent its recurrence that allowed to achieve a good therapeutic result and to avoid recurrence of oral mucosa disease, typical for seafarers during a 9-month voyage.

Abutment conditions in faulty prosthesis among Indians.

A faulty prosthesis can cause damage more than relief. Poor people who cannot afford specialty treatment prefer to go to unregistered dental practitioners who are less expensive. Therefore, it is of interest to record the presence and type of old faulty prosthesis and its effect on surrounding structures. In this study 983 case sheets were reviewed from the record management system at the Saveetha Dental College, India using keyword search. Results show that 33% of faulty prosthesis leads to periodontally compromised abutments, 26% to decay of abutment tooth, 20% to gingival inflammation, 13% to denture stomatitis, 6.6% to non-vital abutment tooth. Faulty prosthesis damages abutment tooth and the surrounding structure of oral mucosa. Thus, damage to the periodontium in fixed prosthesis is common and prevalent. Hence, faulty dental prosthesis construction should be discouraged through awareness programme.

Application of optical coherence tomography to study the structural features of oral mucosa in biopsy tissues of oral dysplasia and carcinomas

This study aims to examine the ability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to differentiate ex vivo epithelial structure of benign disorders, dysplastic, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in comparison with the structure of normal marginal mucosa of oral biopsies. As a secondary objective, we examined the inter- and intra-observer variations of OCT measurements of two calibrated assessors. Oral biopsies (n = 44) were scanned using the swept source OCT (SSOCT) and grouped by pathology diagnosis to benign, dysplasia or carcinoma. Two trained and calibrated assessors scored on the five OCT variables: thickness of keratin layer (KL), epithelial layer (EL), homogeneity of lamina propria (LP), basement membrane integrity (BMI), and the degree of reflection of the epithelial layer (Ep Re). Chi-square tests and Fischer's exact method were used to compare the data. The OCT images showed breached BM status in all the OSCC samples (100%). Epithelial reflection was noted to be hyper-reflective in all the OSCC and oral dysplasia samples (100%). An increase in KL in 66.67% of the OSCC and 100% of the oral dysplasia samples was found. EL was increased in all the OSCC samples (100%) and 85.72% of the oral dysplasias. Kappa values showed that there was very good agreement (over 0.7) when scoring individual parameters between the two assessors. The study showed that the BM status was a key parameter in the detection of SCC and for differentiating SCC from oral dysplasia or benign disorders. OCT is a non-invasive and non-radioactive adjunct diagnostic tool that can provide immediate results on the structure of oral mucosa. The BM status measured ex vivo was a key parameter in the detection of SCC and for differentiating SCC from oral dysplasia or benign disorders.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN RATS WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE, IODINE DEFICIENCY AND UNDER CONDITIONS OF THEIR COMBINATION

Relevance. The relationship between endocrinopathies and the condition of the oral cavity is associated with disorders of metabolism, hemodynamics, immunological and neuroregulatory changes. Since the first line of contact with the environment of the oral cavity is the mucous membrane, changes in its properties adversely affect the functional state of other periodontal tissues.
 Objective: to examine the structural changes of the oral mucosa in rats with combined endocrinopathy.
 Materials and methods. The studies were carried on 120 rats, which were divided into three experimental (animals with iodine deficiency – ID, insulin resistance – IR, IR on the background of ID) and a control group of animals. Histological examination of the oral mucosa, computer morphometry, and densitometry of objects was performed.
 Results. In rats with ID, the epithelium of the mucous membrane was characterized by the development of acanthosis, expansion of the granular layer, enhanced keratin formation. The development of IR caused hyperplastic changes in the epithelium with the formation of unexpressed cords of acanthosis, epithelial basal hypercellular infiltration, which was confirmed by morphometric data. Under conditions of combined endocrinopathy, more pronounced changes in the histological structure of oral mucosa were observed. In particular, the development of mucosal edema in connective tissue, with predominantly macrophage hypercellularity at the periphery, was noted. Densitometric examination of the samples indicated a decrease in the optical density of connective tissue. At the same time, hyperplastic changes in most layers of the epithelium and pronounced changes in the vascular wall were observed.
 Conclusions. Combined endocrinopathy leads to pronounced changes of the oral mucosa, which can lead to disruption of the structure of periodontal tissues and the entire tooth-alveolar complex.

Recent Developments and Potential of Mucoadhesive Buccal Drug Delivery System for Oro-mucosal Disorders

Background: The drug delivery across buccal mucosa is a very interesting option for the treatment of various oro-mucosal disorders such as aphthous stomatitis, periodontitis, gingivitis, toothache, periodontitis, and sjorgensen syndrome. But it is quite difficult because of target site movements, limited area for drug absorption, drinking of fluids, intake of food and saliva flow at regular intervals, contributing to poor retention and sub-therapeutic level of drug at the target site. Due to this, the mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system has gained a great deal of attention among the various scientists and researchers over the last two decades. Methods: Mucoadhesion is a process of attachment between the natural or synthetic macromolecule and mucosal epithelial surface with the aid of interfacial attractive forces. The process of mucoadhesion has been extensively encouraged by the utilization of mucoadhesive polymers within the formulation that on contact with salivary fluid swells and adheres to buccal epithelium membrane, thus prolonging the drug release, retention time and improving therapeutic performance in case of oral diseases. The present review tries to cover the basic anatomy and structure of oral mucosa, pathways of drug absorption, the theory of mucoadhesion, mechanisms involved in mucoadhesion and various factors affecting mucoadhesion. Results: It highlights the properties of mucoadhesive polymers in drug delivery along with various dosage forms such as mucoadhesive tablets, films, patches, gels, and pastes. Furthermore, it also sheds light on the recent developments made in the field of mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system that reflects the potential of this system for the effective treatment of oro-mucosal disorders. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system has great potential in the near future for treating oro-mucosal disorders.

Drug Delivery from the Oral Cavity: A Focus on Mucoadhesive Buccal Drug Delivery Systems

Since the early 1980s the concept of mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology. The various advantages associated with these systems made buccal drug delivery as a novel route of drug administration. It prolongs the residence time of the dosage form at the site of application. These systems remain in close contact with the absorption tissue, the mucous membrane, and thus contribute to improved and/or better therapeutic performance of the drug and of both local and systemic effects. This review highlights the anatomy and structure of oral mucosa, mechanism and theories of mucoadhesion, factors affecting mucoadhesion, characteristics and properties of desired mucoadhesive polymers, various types of dosage forms, and general considerations in design of mucoadhesive buccal dosage forms, permeation enhancers, and evaluation methods. Over the past few decades the mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system has received a great deal of attention to develop mucoadhesive dosage forms to enable the prolonged retention at the site of action, providing a controlled release of drug for improved therapeutic outcome. Mucoadhesive drug delivery gives facility to include a permeation enhancer/enzyme inhibitor or pHmodifier in the formulation and versatility in designing as multidirectional or unidirectional release systems for local and systemic action. Local delivery to tissues of the oral cavity has a number of applications, including treatment of local conditions such as periodontal disease, bacterial and fungal infections, and aphthous stomatitis and vesiculo bullous diseases. For the treatment of chronic diseases, the mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system allows easily accessibility and is generally well-accepted for administeringdrugs by systemic action.

Remodeling of Buccal Mucosa by Bladder Microenvironment

The optimal cell source for bladder mucosa reconstruction is in question. This study explored the feasibility of phenotype transformation of oral mucosa towards bladder urothelium by transplanting the oral mucosa into bladder local microenvironment. Porcine oral mucosa grafts were transplanted into autologous bladder mucosa defects, and the specific marker expressions of both oral epithelium and bladder urothelium were examined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR at 3, 6, and 12 months to detect a potential phenotype transformation. The grafts could retain the phenotype and structure of oral mucosa within 3 months with positive expression of cytokeratin 14 (CK 14, a specific marker of oral epithelium) and negative expression of uroplakin II (UPII, a urothelium-specific marker). However, after 6 months of transplantation, the grafts expressed UPII at both protein and mRNA levels and the phenotype persisted at 12 months postsurgery. All the grafts continuously retained the positive expression of CK 14 at all time points. These findings, for the first time, revealed the transdifferential potential of oral keratinocytes toward urothelial cells and the important role of bladder local microenvironment for remodeling oral mucosa epithelium. These results support the hypothesis that oral keratinocytes can serve as a potential cell source for reconstructing bladder mucosa.