Structure Of Mangrove Vegetation Research Articles

Mangrove Ecosystem Health Condition Evaluation in Citeureup Village, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province

Mangrove in Citeureup Village, Panimbang District, Pandeglang Regency is a mangrove area that is located at the western coastal of Java Island. Panimbang District is one of areas in Pandeglang District where abrasion occurs. Almost half of the shoreline having damaged that is caused by abrasion. In 2010, the damaged mangrove area in Panimbang District was 37.07 ha wide. Meanwhile, for the mangrove area in Citeureup Village, still no data available that specifically defines the condition of that area. Hence, the study about analytical approach of mangrove vegetation for knowing the mangrove health in that area is needed to be done. The sample retrieval was located in Citeureup Village, Panimbang District, Pandeglang Regency. The method of mangrove health evaluation integrating vegetation analysis and canopy cover quantification, the location determination was determined by purposive sampling. The result of this study showed that the mangrove ecosystem condition in Citeureup Village, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province was in a good condition since it has the average value of >1,500 ind/ha in every station. The mangrove composition was dominated by the species of A. marina and A. alba. A. marina species was dominating all of the research area. The structure of mangrove vegetation had the mangrove density with tree category was around 2,350-5,167 ind/ha, this condition showed that it was in a good category. The percentage of canopy cover was categorized as moderate to dense with 51.95-93.18%. The percentage value of canopy cover is affected by the mangrove density and the dominating species.

Diversity Species and Structure of Mangrove Vegetation in Conservation Forest and Angke Nature Park North Jakarta

Mangrove is important life support ecosystems in coastal and marine areas that have bio-ecological and socio-economic functions. Mangroves are found in tidal areas that have the ability to grow in salty waters and have a role as a barrier to abrasion. Mangrove plants have special adaptability to the environment such as adaptation to low oxygen levels, high salinity and less stable soils. Indonesia has the largest mangrove ecosystem and the highest biodiversity in the world. This study aims to determine the index of diversity and structure of mangrove communities in Hutan Lindung Angke-Kapuk (HLAK) and Taman Wisata Angke (TWA) Angke-Kapuk which is divided into 11 points. The research was carried out on November 15 to 30, 2021 using purposive sampling techniques based on the representation element, which took 5% of the total area and the shape of a square plot with a size of 50x50 meters. The results showed that 11 family, 12 genus and 15 species of mangroves were found, the type was divided into 8 species of true mangroves and 7 species of mangroves followed. The extinction rate of mangrove species in HLAK and TWA Angke-Kapuk amounted to 1.25. The level of type similarity between research points in the HL Angke-Kapuk and TWA Angke Kapuk areas in 2020 and 2021, showed a slight change in the level of type similarity at each point. The dominant type of seedling and sapling tree level is the Avicennia marina type. Mangrove diversity index (H’) in the area of HLAK and TWA Angke Kapuk is 1.6.

Classification of Mangrove Vegetation Structure using Airborne LIDAR in Ratai Bay, Lampung Province, Indonesia

Mapping and inventory of the distribution and composition of mangrove vegetation structures are crucial in managing mangrove ecosystems. The availability of airborne LiDAR remote sensing technology provides capability of mapping vegetation structures in three dimensions. It provides an alternative data source for mapping and inventory of the distribution of mangrove ecosystems. This study aims to test the ability of airborne LiDAR data to classify mangrove vegetation structures conducted in Ratai Bay, Pesawaran District, Lampung Province. The classification system applied integrates structure attributes of lifeforms, canopy height, and canopy cover percentage. Airborne LiDAR data are derived into canopy height models (CHM) and canopy cover percentage models, then grouped by examining statistics and the zonation distribution of mangroves in the study area. The results of this study show that airborne LiDAR data are able to map vegetation structures accurately. The canopy height model derived using a pit-free algorithm can represent the maximum tree height with an error range of 3.17 meters and 82.3-88.6% accuracy. On the other hand, the canopy cover percentage model using LiDAR Fraction Cover (LFC) tends to be overestimate, with an error range of 16.6% and an accuracy of 79.6-94.7%. Meanwhile, the classification results of vegetation structures show an overall accuracy of 77%.

Study Of Mangrove Vegetation In The Kasih Sayang Mangrove Zone Area, Mundu Coastal Village, Mundu District, Cirebon Regency

Cirebon is one of the coastal areas that has very potential mangrove areas. The existence of mangroves in this area has an important role for the survival of other ecosystems, but the type of mangrove vegetation has not yet been identified. The aim of this research is to determine the type of mangrove vegetation in one of the coastal areas of Cirebon Regency, namely in the Kasih Sayang Mangrove Zone, Mundu Pesisir Village. Importance values, relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance obtained from vegetation analysis are used as indicators to describe the structure of mangrove vegetation. To support this research, water quality measurements (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and salinity) were carried out in situ in mangrove forests. This research was conducted from July to August 2023. This research was conducted using the Purposive Sampling method. The research results show that there are 4 types of mangroves, namely Rhizopora mucronata, Bruguiera, Xylocarpus Granatum, and Avicennia marina. Based on the importance value analysis, it shows that the Rhizopora mucronata species has the highest importance value compared to other species, namely 154.17%. The condition of water quality in the Mundu Coast, Cirebon district, is still considered adequate to support the life and development of mangroves.

Manokwari Wasti Lake Mangrove Forest Vegetation Structure, West Papua

Wasti lake in Manokwari is one of the mangrove forest areas located on the coast of Manokwari and has ecological, economic and socio-cultural potential. Development continues, land conversion for settlement and economic development will have a negative impact on the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in Wasti Lake. Thus, this study aims to determine the vegetation structure of the mangrove forest at Telaga Wasti and its ecological potential to prepare teaching materials for ecology courses at the Biology Education Study Program, University of Papua. This research was conducted in May - July 2022. The method used is the line method (transect line) and the quadratic method. Data was collected on plots measuring 20m x 20m for tree vegetation, 10m x 10m for pole vegetation, 5m x 5m for saplings and 2m x 2m for seedlings. The results of data analysis showed that the mangrove vegetation structure consisted of 7 species from 4 families. The highest INP at tree level for both stations was Sonneratia alba, while the highest INP for pole level at station I was Rhizophora stylosa and station II was Sonneratia alba. The highest level of sapling at station I INP was Rhizophora stylosa and at station II the highest INP was R. apiculata. Then the highest INP station I seedling vegetation was R. stylosa and the highest INP Station II was R. apuculata.

Identification of mangrove species based on substrate characteristics in Borimasunggu Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency

Mangroves are coastal ecosystems that have many benefits, including the ecological benefits of being a source of nutrients for marine life (aquatic biota) and a source of food for land biota. This study aimed to determine the species composition and community structure of mangrove vegetation based on the substrate type and the relationship between mangrove density and substrate texture in Borimasunggu Village, Labakang District. This research was carried out from July to August 2021 in the Borimasunggu Village, Labakkang District, Pangkep Regency. The research method is purposive random sampling which is divided into 3 stages. At each station, 3 transects/plots are determined. The study results found 3 mangrove species in Borimasunggu Village, Labakang District, based on the type of substrate, namely Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia alba species. Relative Frequency (RFi) in Borimasunggu Sub-District, Labakang District, was found for all species equally, namely 33.33, the highest relative cover (RCi) was the species Rhizophora stylosa, which was 39.25, and the lowest Relative Coverage (RCi) was the mangrove species Sonneratia alba, which was 26,15. While the highest Significance Value (INP) is the mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa, which equals 148.66%, and the lowest Important Value (INP) is the mangrove species Sonneratia alba, which is equal to 70.59%. The highest relative density (RDi) was found in the mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa, which was 74.07% with a clay substrate type, followed by Avicennia alba 14.81% and Sonneratia alba 11.11% with a dusty clay substrate types.

Does mangrove vegetation structure reflect human utilization of ecosystem goods and services?

Many coastal communities in developing countries depend on mangrove ecosystem services (ES). A combination of anthropogenic and environmental stresses threatens mangroves globally. This study at the Ankobra catchment communities in Ghana focused on the relation between ES utilization and mangrove forest structure. Through vegetation survey, we observed significant effects of selective logging, branch cutting, density of Acrostichum aureum, and water stress on tree stocking and sapling densities. We observed through interviews in five communities that about 98% and 88% of mangrove wood harvested are used for fuelwood and construction respectively. The vegetation structure of the forest areas receiving high harvesting pressures was less complex, with lower tree and sapling density, as well as lower seed-bearing trees than less-disturbed areas. Existing mangrove harvesting regulations are compromised to accommodate the needs of the surrounding communities. Recognizing these impacts is important to improve management decisions, address community needs, and reduce pressure on mangroves.

Mangrove ecosystem provisioning services for the sustainability and diversity of bird species in the coastal region of Lombok Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Syukur A, Zulkifli L, Mahrus H. 2021. Mangrove ecosystem provisioning services for the sustainability and diversity of bird species in the coastal region of Lombok Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1589-1599. Ecological services offered by mangroves are imperative for various faunal species. The present study is focused on assessing the role of mangroves in the sustainability and diversity of bird species in the coastal region of Lombok Island, Indonesia. The aims of the study are (i) to describe the conservation status of bird species and (ii) to describe the value of the ecological index of birds as an indicator of mangrove conservation. The species diversity of birds is assessed by observation, whereas the quadratic transect method is used to assess mangrove vegetation structure. Data analysis has been carried out using univariate statistical analysis, namely the Shanon-Wiener index (H'), Simpson Index (d), Evenness Index (E), Richness Index (R), and linear regression analysis. The genus Rhizophora and Avicennia species have an even distribution in the study area. Rhizophora species in the study area result from revegetation, whereas Avicennia species grow naturally. Altogether, a total of 19 bird species have been observed in the present study. Of these, eight species have a limited distribution, four bird species are Near Threatened (NT), and others are Least Concern (LC) concerning their conservation status. The estimated Diversity Index (H') is ranged between 3.09-3.67, whereas Evenness (E) and Richness (R) index are ranged between 0.72-0.85 and 7.09-10.33, respectively. The ecological index value shows that the research locations have high species diversity and richness, and species are evenly distributed across the sites. Therefore, the value of the index of bird ecology and the distribution of bird species are indicators of mangrove supply services for the preservation of birds at the study site. The study concluded that the diversity of ecological indices and the conservation status of birds are important information for the success of mangrove conservation through revegetation at the study site. However, a comprehensive study is needed on the functional relationship of mangrove supply services with the diversity of bird species to obtain validity and rehabilitation as conservation indicators.

Analisis Vegetasi Mangrove Di Desa Humusu Wini Kecamatan Insana Utara Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

This research was conducted in the coastal area of Humusu Wini Village fromSeptember to November 2020. The aim was to determined the composition and structure as wellas the diversity of mangrove vegetation in the coastal area of Humusu Wini Village, NorthInsana Sub-District, North Central Timor Distric. The analysis of the composition and structureof mangrove vegetation was carried out using the plot-line transect method. The number ofobservation plots were 17 with the plot size ranged from 2 x 2 m, 5 x 5 m, 10 x 10 m, and 20 x20 m. Based on the results of the study, there were 6 mangrove species identified from 4families. The family with the highest number of species is Rhizophoraceae that consist of 3species namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa and Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Thehighest Important Value Index in trees level was occupied by Avicennia marina species with140.484%, in poles level was occupied by Xylocarpus granatum species with 74.129%, whilehighest of Important Value Index in saplings and seedling levels was Rhyzophora apiculata with57.994% and 49.444%, respectively. The mangrove vegetation diversity index ranged from 1,22to 1,68, which can be categorized as moderate or fairly good of diversity index.

PENANAMAN MANGROVE SEBAGAI UPAYA PELESTARIAN EKOSISITEM PESISIR DI GAMPONG LAMTUTUI, PEUKAN BADA, KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR PROVINSI ACEH

Mangroves are biological natural resources that have the potential to provide benefits for human life and aquatic biota organisms. Mangrove ecosystems have ecological and economic functions in coastal areas. The Gampong Lamtutui area has an important role because it is a provider of natural resources and environmental services with great potential in terms of ecology, economy and tourism. So far, the activities that occur in the mangrove ecosystem area in Lamtutui have an unfavorable impact on the mangrove vegetation in that location, due to the large number of uses of the mangrove area for vannamei shrimp pond areas, so that the structure of mangrove vegetation at various growth levels changes. The purpose of this service is to raise awareness and motivation for the coastal communities of Gampong Lamtutui to replant mangroves as a form of concern for the preservation of coastal ecosystems. This service activity is carried out for two days, from October 30, 2021 to October 31, 2021. The location of this service is in Gampong Lamtutui, Peukan Bada District, Aceh Besar Regency. The method of activity used in this activity is counseling and mentoring mangrove planting. The results of this service activity are the planting of 1,000 stems of Rhizophora sonneratia mangrove tree seeds in Gampong Lamtutui, as well as the establishment of cooperation with a group of local fishermen for monitoring the mangrove trees that have been planted.

Local Knowledge and Vegetation Composition of Boli Fruit (Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig) in Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan

Boli fruit (Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig) is one of the mangrove plants used by the Balikpapan Bay surrounding community as sunscreen. The seed part of the Boli fruit is simply processed to make sunscreen powder. Local communities around mangrove forests, especially women who work in gardens or ponds, use this fruit as a cold powder to withstand the heat of the sun which can discolor the skin. The mangrove area is one of the habitats located in Balikpapan Bay. The study aimed to describe the local people knowledge, composition and structure of mangrove vegetation on Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan. Vegetation data collection was carried out using the plotted path method (2 paths and 33 plots). Vegetation analysis parameters include relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance. The results of the study found that there are eight mangrove species consisting of seven clans and five tribes. Xylocarpus granatum species is present at every stage of growth. Mangrove trees are found in a diameter distribution between 10 and 20 cm. Trees with a height of more than 15 m dominated the area.

Assessment of changes in the structure and distribution of mangroves caused by aquaculture activities at the Bach Dang estuary, Vietnam

The development of the movement to change mangroves area for aquaculture has resulted in the loss of a large area of mangroves in Vietnam. The decline of mangroves leads to impacts on natural resources and the environmental and ecological degradation of the area. The aquaculture ponds were built to protect and create a stable environment for livestock, creating a different environment between the inside and the outside of the pond. As a result of the sudden difference in the background, many mangrove species did not adapt quickly leading to death, and many other species came to distribute with new conditions. The paper results are evidence of the impacts of the aquaculture pond filling on the changes in the distribution structure of mangrove vegetation, thereby proposing solutions for sustainable development for the study area.

Mangrove Vegetation Community Structure in Sungai Sembilan Sub-District, Dumai City

Mangroves are one of the important ecosystems in coastal areas that grow in places that are still influenced by tides. This research was conducted from October to November 2019 in the mangrove ecosystem of Sungai Sembilan District, Dumai City, Riau Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of mangrove vegetation in Sungai Sembilan District, Dumai City. The method used in this study was a survey method, and used 4 stations. The mangrove species obtained were Avicennia alba, Avicennia mariana, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum and Nypa fruticans. The density of mangrove vegetation at stations I, II, and III has criteria 1000 to < 1500 Trees/Ha, while at station IV the criteria are damaged with tree density criteria < 1000 Trees/Ha. From the aspect of the index, the mangrove community has a diversity value (H') which is classified as moderate with sufficient productivity which has a value ranging from 1.70 to 2.36, the value of uniformity (E) is classified as uneven, which is around 0.25 to 0.34 and the index value is dominance (C) which is relatively low, ranging from 0.12 to 0.33 which means that there is no dominant species in the area. Based on the significance value, the vegetation type R. apiculata dominated by having a greater significance value than the other species as a whole at each station in the tree, sapling and seedling categories

Local scale climate change mitigation through mangrove revegetation on the south coast of Lombok island

The mangrove vegetation in the coastal environment has a vital role, especially as a regulation for CO2 and O2 gas exchange. Mangrove revegetation has significant relevance for local-scale climate change mitigation. This study aims to assess and describe the success of mangrove revegetation in mitigating climate change at a local scale. Ecological data research methods are through surveys, observations and transect methods. Furthermore, the collection of social data through surveys, interviews, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Meanwhile, the research data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis, and analysis of the mangrove vegetation structure through frequency, density, cover, and essential value index analyses. The study results found seven types of mangroves, namely Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia marina, Bruguira gymnoryzha, Lumnitzara racemosa, and Ceriops tagal. Sonneratia alba and Rizoporastylosaare species with the highest importance value of 194.04 where S. alba found Poton Bako and R. Stylosa found in Tanjung Luar. As for social data and knowledge, people in areas with a distance of 0-50 meters from mangrove forest have a better understanding than people living in areas with an average percentage value perspective of 52 %. Then, most respondents agreed that mangroves could prevent abrasion and reduce heat temperatures, with the percentage of respondents responding more than 41 % and 61 %, respectively in all locations. Based on the essential value index and respondents’ perceptions, it can be concluded that the Sonneratia alba and Rizopora Stylosa are species that have the highest ecological function because they have good adaptability in the coastal areas of South Lombok making them suitable as species for revegetation programs in South Lombok, and for the next revegetation program should be involving people who are close to mangrove forests because they are the ones who know and feel the benefits of mangrove forests.

Identifikasi Mangrove Di Kawasan Ekowisata Mangrove Gampong Baro, Kecamatan Setia Bakti, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya

This research was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020, aimed atknow the ecological conditions, community structures and types of mangrove forest utilization in the mangrove ecotourism area of Gampong Baro, Setia Bakti District, Aceh Jaya Regency. Data collection was carried out through field surveys. This data analysis uses an important value index (IVI) which is a quantitative parameter that can reflect the role and structure of mangrove vegetation in a location. At the mangrove tree level, saplings and seedlings the Rhizophora apiculata had the highest value. Diversity index (H') is strongly influenced by individuals and the number of species. At the tree, sapling and seedlings level showed a moderate species diversity result. Dominance index (D) at the treel, tillers and seedling level can be categorized as moderate dominance and the environmental conditions are quite stable.

STRUKTUR VEGETASI MANGROVE DI PESISIR PANTAI DESA DAMBALO KECAMATAN TOMILITO KABUPATEN GORONTALO UTARA

Mangroves are tropical coastal vegetation communities dominated by several unique tree species that can be affected by tides. Damage to mangrove forests can be caused by two main factors, namely human activity factors and natural factors. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure of mangrove vegetation by looking at density, frequency, Impact Value Index (IVI) and species diversity (H ') on the coast of Dambalo Village, Tomilito Sub-district, North Gorontalo District. The method used is a combination of the path method and the checkered line method so that measuring squares are created within the paths. The results showed that the number of mangrove diversity was 11 species, with the Importance Value Index at the tree level of the Rhizophora apiculata species having the highest value of 61.28% and the seedling phase with the same species Rhizophora apiculata having the highest index of importance of 29.80%. The main conclusion from this research is that the mangrove vegetation structure has an abundant level of species diversity. This shows that the index of species diversity in mangrove vegetation is H '= 2.2692 that species diversity is abundant.

Characteristics of tropical mangrove soils and relationships with forest structural attributes in the northern coast of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is a tropical island biodiversity hotspot with luxurious yet extremely vulnerable mangrove vegetation encompassing its coastline. The country has been a pioneer in mangrove conservation and rehabilitation since the unfortunate Indian Ocean tsunami disaster incident in 2004. Still, most mangrove restoration efforts have failed primarily because of a poor understanding of environment–vegetation interactions in local mangrove settings. The current study examined the vegetation structure, and soil chemical properties of Vidattaltivu mangrove forest, a complex coastal ecosystem on the northern coast of Sri Lanka characterized by dry climatic conditions. We employed several statistical approaches, namely simple correlation, generalized linear models (GLM), principal component analysis (PCA), and canonical correlation analysis (CCA), to understand soil–vegetationinteractions. Results indicated Vidattaltivu as a growing secondary mangrove forest, and soil salinity and nutrients showed to be the main drivers of the variability in mangrove vegetation structure and composition. The performance of most mangrove species (i.e., stand basal area and biomass) declined with increasing soil salinity, whereas Avicennia marina thrived at high salinities. Results of PCA and subsequent CCA suggested that mangrove soil and vegetation exist in a reciprocating multivariate system. Soil pH, salinity, organic matter, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mn were identified as fundamental soil chemical properties that preserve and support mangrove vegetation. In return, tree density, tree height, stand basal area, tree biomass, and vegetation complexity sustained the soil as primary forest structural attributes.

Community participation model in attempt to preserve mangrove ecosystems (Study: Pariaman Utara Sub-District, Pariaman City, West Sumatera)

This research is located in a mangrove forest covering 18 Ha, which is still far from ideal conditions. The problem of this research is the decreasing mangrove forest due to rapid development activities in coastal areas. This research aims to analyze the structure of mangrove vegetation, the relevance between internal and external factors with the level of community participation in mangrove ecosystem management, and make models of community participation and its correlation with the structure of mangrove vegetation in North Pariaman District, Pariaman City. Plot sampling and purposive sampling were used to collect vegetation data, while accidental sampling was used to collect community participation data. A total of 98 participants were collected as samples. This number was calculated based on Slovin Formula. Community participation models were made using ordinal regression. The results showed that the density of mangrove vegetation structure is 841 Ind / Ha. In conclusion, the mangroves are categorized as damaged, and all of the participation stages are categorized as low. There is a formula to increase participation level, and it varies at each stage, consisting of several variables such as occupation, age, and period of stay.

Comparison of prey availability for <i>Setophaga petechia gundlachi</i> (Aves: Parulidae) between two mangroves with different vegetation structure

The subspecies Setophaga petechia gundlachi is characterized by its specificity to mangrove habitat during the breeding season. The objective of this work was to compare the prey availability for S. petechia gundlachi during the breeding season in two mangrove sites with different vegetation structure in Havana, Cuba. To describe different levels of vegetation structure between both mangrove sites, we took several variables at 50 plots. Besides, we recorded the foraging behavior of S. petechia gundlachi to establish the design of prey availability sampling. We measured prey availability by using the branch clipping method, about 90 samples were collected at each mangrove site. Bajo de Santa Ana mangrove, with a lower height and diameter at breast height, showed evidence of deforestation. Laguncularia racemosa was the most used mangrove species for foraging and offered the highest biomass of available prey in the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo mangrove site. The greatest biomass of available prey was found at the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo, with a value of 5.1 (CI: 4.0 - 6.2) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The Bajo de Santa Ana site had a lower value than expected 1.6 (CI: 0.8 - 1.7) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The results provide evidence of the possible influence of mangrove vegetation structure changes on food availability for S. petechia gundlachi in this urban landscape.

PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE BERBASIS KONSERVASI DI PESISIR KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA, KALIMANTAN BARAT

The mangrove ecosystem is a community of plants or forests that are able to adapt to salinity and tides. The composition and structure of mangrove vegetation differ both spatially and temporally. The potential for the use of mangrove ecosystems in West Kalimantan is in areas that have been developed as a mangrove ecotourism destination, one of which is the Standing Bay Mangrove which is located on the coast of Kubu Raya Regency. This conservation-based ecotourism can optimize the potential of the mangrove ecosystem by paying attention to ecological sustainability and creating economic value coastal tourism areas. The purpose of this paper is to determine the concept of mangrove ecotourism development based on conservation. However, with the current pandemic situation, research cannot be carried out directly in the field, so what is done is to analyze the conservation-based mangrove ecotourism development strategy from journals related to this paper. Tourism potential that can be developed is carried out, namely analyzing the carrying capacity of the area, developing ecotourism products with special interest in mangroves, increasing the quality of competent resources, the effectiveness of rehabilitation and wise enforcement of mangrove protection regulations, improving infrastructure, community involvement in developing mangrove ecotourism so that the potential for mangrove ecotourism can be utilized optimally. Develop mangrove conservation and rehabilitation activities as one of the leading tourism programs.