Housing Structure Research Articles

The changing social structure of housing tenures through China’s successive urban housing reforms

Housing system transitions often involve successive but overlapping periods of reform with crucial implications for housing inequality dynamics. Building on welfare regime and market transition discussions, this paper considers how the shifting roles of the state, market, and family in housing provision in China have led to changing housing tenures and differentiated access to them between populations with varying socio-economic resources. Drawing on two national datasets, our analyses reveal that the four decades of reforms dramatically upended urban China’s tenure structure with market homeownership becoming the dominant tenure. Nevertheless, we find a substantial and increasing role of the family in housing provision, especially for people with fewer socio-economic resources. The advantages associated with better institutional resources under the previous socialist housing system not only persist in accessing state-provided tenures but have also extended their influence into market housing. Meanwhile, homeownership outcomes have become increasingly polarized among groups with different income and education levels. Our findings expose the reproduction and apparent amplification of tenure-related housing inequalities over the period of housing regime transformation.

Recognition of House Structures from Complicated Electrical Plan Images

Advances in image analysis and deep learning technologies have expanded the use of floor plans, traditionally used for sales and rentals, to include 3D reconstruction and automated design. However, a typical floor plan does not provide detailed information, such as the type and number of outlets and locations affecting the placement of furniture and appliances. Electrical plans, providing details on electrical installations, are intricate due to overlapping symbols and lines and remain unutilized as house manufacturers independently manage them. This paper proposes an analysis method that extracts the house structure, room semantics, connectivities, and specifics of wall and ceiling sockets from electrical plans, achieving robustness to noise and overlaps by leveraging the unique features of symbols and lines. The experiments using 544 electrical plans show that our method achieved better accuracy (+3.6 pt) for recognizing room structures than the state-of-the-art method, 87.2% in identifying room semantics and 97.7% in detecting sockets.

Preventing Thermal Runaway Propagation in Lithium-ion Batteries using a Passive Liquid Housing

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and low self-discharge, are widely used in various applications. However, they are challenged by the risk of thermal runaway and thermal degradation, so they require effective thermal management system. In this study, we investigated the application of a water-inclusive housing structure to battery modules to prevent thermal runaway propagation and enhance thermal management. The thermal and electrochemical behaviors of the batteries were analyzed using the ANSYS Fluent simulator. Through simulations, we determined the optimal cell spacing of the water-housing module that maximizes energy density while ensuring thermal stability. Our results indicate that a water housing module composed of 20 cylindrical cells(10s2p) with a cell spacing of 4 mm can effectively prevent thermal runaway propagation and reduce cell temperature by approximately 60% during normal discharge, while maintaining 80% of the volumetric energy density of a conventional module. Furthermore, the reliability of our simulation results was validated through thermal runaway and normal discharge tests. The proposed water housing method holds great promise in preventing thermal runaway propagation and enhancing thermal stability of LIB modules, thereby mitigating the risk of fire and thermal degradation during normal discharge.

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN MODERN UKRAINIAN CITIES, BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF ODESA CITY

The article is devoted to Ukrainian cities that are very different in their history, size, functions and architecture. In the period of crisis and almost complete halt of new housing construction and critical resource limitation, the most promising approaches for the development of residential areas are those that use existing housing structures and available resources. One of the most advanced areas is the use of existing housing structures. Instead of building a new housing stock with new networks and infrastructure, it is possible to develop and compact the existing housing stock (both historical and Soviet), thus reducing the amount of old housing stock and increasing the number of available square metres of housing for city residents. Each city has its own specific history and background, as well as housing structures that were formed at different times. The history of the formation and structural features of the residential development of Odesa city have been studied, so it is important to understand it in the general typology of Ukrainian urban settlements. The main criteria for dividing urban settlements into the types are the following factors: city size, number of residents, historical background, planning structure and functional content. The structural features of the residential development of modern Ukrainian cities are studied, the characteristic features and their impact on the development of residential development are identified. The development strategy for Odesa residential areas has been proposed to create a high-quality high-density living environment in historic cities. The purpose of this paper is to study the structural features of the residential development in modern Ukrainian cities, to determine their characteristic features and influence on the development of the residential development on the example of Odesa. The materials for this study are the structural features of residential development in modern cities. In particular, the impact and consequences of the crisis period on the housing infrastructure and the city structure are considered in order to understand better the crisis contribution to the formation of the modern city. The combination of the research results of the available material base and theoretical foundations of the structural features of residential development in modern cities became the main methodological basis of this work.

Study on the indoor thermal comfort of cave dwellings in cold areas of China

Cave dwelling, as a common traditional housing form in rural areas, has long been regarded as a low-cost, green, and environmentally friendly living choice. The purpose of this study was to explore and improve the thermal comfort of cave dwellings, and to systematically evaluate and analyse the thermal comfort of cave dwellings through a combination of visit surveys and indoor environmental parameter monitoring. After statistical analysis and comparison of the collected data, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The thermal neutrality temperature of 25.15 °C determined by Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) in this study was greater than the thermal neutrality temperature of 19.49 °C determined by Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) model, indicating that cave dwellers prefer a cooler thermal environments under actual conditions. (2) In cold weather, the maximum value of 80% acceptability is 18.12 °C and the minimum value is 12.00 °C. In hot weather, the maximum value of 80% acceptability is 27.17 °C and the minimum value is 23.66 °C. (3) In winter, the average indoor temperature of 9.71 °C is higher than the average outdoor temperature of 7.85 °C; In summer, the average temperature in the naturally ventilated room of 27.44 °C is much lower than the average outdoor temperature of 35.25 °C. The results showed that the building materials and structure of cave houses can provide a certain degree of thermal insulation, which can provide a basis for the design and improvement of low-cost, energy-saving and environmentally friendly houses in rural areas.

Analysis of Pressure Distribution on a Single-Family Building Caused by Standard and Heavy Winds Based on a Numerical Approach

The aim of this research is to analyze the pressure distribution caused by wind pressure on the structure of a single-family house. The research object is a model reflecting a real structure, which was damaged in 2018 because of heavy winds. The main idea is to create numerical models using various complex structural analysis software and compare the results. The obtained results will be compared with each other to analyze the impact of various factors, hereinafter referred to as boundary conditions, on the pressure values in characteristic places of the facility. The values closest to the normal distribution will be compared to the actual damage to the house structure. The essence of the research will be the identification of phenomena occurring during the action of heavy winds in global conditions (European and American), considering modifications and different ways of creating seemingly similar numerical models and the way they work. Everything will be compared with each other to find the most optimal design method in the given programs and to obtain wind pressure results that are closest to the real ones.

Simulation Analysis of the Structure of an Integrated Modular House by Flat Pack Based on the Elastic–Plastic Contact Theory and Experimental Study of Its Corner Fitting Joint

Based on the elastic–plastic contact theory, elastic–plastic contact finite element models for the integrated modular house by flat pack are established. The structural stress and displacement distributions are obtained. An experimental test is conducted to study the performance of the corner fitting joint of the house. The finite element analysis and experimental test comprehensively demonstrated the safety and reliability of the house structure. The results show that the most unfavorable stress point of the house is located at the corner fitting joint. When the end plate connection holes of the corner column seal are designed with through holes and internal screw holes, respectively, the fastening effect of bolting between the corner fitting and corner column using the internal screw hole is better. The reliability of the repeated disassembly and assembly of the house is verified via multiple loading–unloading simulation cycle experiments of the corner fitting joint. The results of the study provide technical support and a reference basis for the optimal design and ensuring the service performance of the integrated modular house by flat pack.

The Influence of Changes to Earthquake Regulations SNI 1726:2019 on the Performance of Shop House Structures in North Sumatra

Procedures for planning earthquake resistance for building and non-building structures, SNI 1726:2019 have been approved as a revision of procedures for planning earthquake resistance for building and non-building structures, SNI 1726:2012. With the implementation of SNI 1726:2019, existing buildings should be re-evaluated for their safety against this new regulation. This research examines changes in the performance of shophouse structures in the cities of Sidikalang, Tarutung, Padangsidimpuan, Sei Rampah, Tebing Tinggi, Limapuluh, and Lubuk Pakam. The results show that as a result of the change from SNI 1726:2012 to SNI 1726:2019 there was an increase in the value of the base shear force in the cities of Sidikalang, Sei Rampah, Tebing Tinggi, Limapuluh, and Lubuk Pakam with values respectively 32%, 8%, 11%, 7 %, and 10%. However, in the cities of Tarutung and Padangsidimpuan there was a decrease in the basic shear force value of 3% and 30%. The increase in base shear force is directly proportional to the increase in drift and interstory drift. The interstory drift that occurs is still below the permitted interstory drift.

Multi-objective Optimization of Injection Molding Process Based on One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network and the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II

<div>In the process of injection molding, the vacuum pump rear housing is prone to warping deformation and volume shrinkage, which affects its sealing performance. The main reason is the improper control of the injection process and the large flat structure of the vacuum pump rear housing, which does not meet its production and assembly requirements (the warpage deformation should be controlled within 1.1 mm and the volume shrinkage within 10%). To address this issue, this study initially utilized orthogonal experiments to obtain training samples and conducted a preliminary analysis using gray relational analysis. Subsequently, a predictive model was established based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN). Input parameters from the injection molding process, including melt temperature, mold temperature, packing pressure, packing time, injection pressure, injection time, and cooling time, were used while warping deformation and volume shrinkage were considered as outputs. Global optimization was performed using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), and the optimal combination of process parameters was evaluated using the criterion importance through intercriteria correlation—technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (CRITIC-TOPSIS). Moldflow analysis demonstrated that the obtained indicators outperformed the optimization results from orthogonal experiments, confirming the effectiveness of the injection molding process parameter optimization method based on 1D CNN-NSGA-II. In comparison to the pre-optimization results, product warping deformation decreased by 40.68%, and volume shrinkage reduced by 18.14%, and all of them meet the production requirements.</div>

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ МЕТОДИКИ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЇ БУДІВЕЛЬ ТА СПО-РУД (ІНШИХ ЗАВЕРШАЛЬНИХ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ РОБІТ) У ВІЙСЬКОВІЙ ЧАСТИНІ НГУ

The increase in the number of personnel, weapons, military equipment, material and technical equipment stocks causes the need for quartering and placement of military personnel, the use of additional buildings and structures for housing, storage of combat and special equipment, material and technical equipment stocks, conducting combat and special training, implementation tasks of everyday activities, as well as for economic and other needs. The solution to this problem lies in the reconstruction of buildings and structures in the military unit. Taking into account the specifics of financial support, management and subordination of the military units of the NSU, the mechanism defined for civil legal organizations and individuals regarding the implementation of measures for the preparation of project and estimate documentation, the start of the construction process and its progress, the author's supervision and control of the progress of the reconstruction of buildings and buildings (other final construction works) in the military part of NSU has a number of differences. In the conditions of martial law, it is positive that the repair and construction works performed in the area of reconstruction of buildings and structures (other final construction works) in the military unit are carried out with the preservation of the elements of the load-bearing and enclosing structures, and under the condition of their autonomy, there is no need for the duration of the works suspension of the operation of the facility subject to reconstruction, which allows the barracks and housing fund, other buildings and structures of the military unit to be used for their purpose in the future. With the help of the proposed methodological recommendations, the head of the rear quarters and operational service will have the scientific and methodological apparatus necessary for the reconstruction of buildings and structures (other final construction works) to solve the issues of quartering personnel, placing weapons and military equipment, and storing supplies of material and technical means in the military unit.

The energy-saving design of prefabricated farm house in the middle of Anhui Province

Masonry building has low construction requirements and it is widely used in agricultural houses in the middle of Anhui Province. However, the old farm houses have problems such as aging structure, high building energy consumption, irrational floor plan layout and poor living comfort. Nowadays, the structure of many farm houses has undergone major changes, among which the prefabricated farm houses have the advantages of high performance, short construction period and flexible construction, and the materials used and construction process conform to the principle of sustainable development. It is of great significance to carry out research on the construction of light steel prefabricated farm houses and its energy-saving optimization. Firstly, through field investigation and case analysis, the present situation of traditional farm houses in central Anhui was summarized. Secondly, the prefabricated energy-saving design of farm houses was optimized.

Persistent structures of public housing in the face of changing dwelling practices. A case study of Vienna’s municipal housing stock

Persistent structures of public housing in the face of changing dwelling practices. A case study of Vienna’s municipal housing stock

Disaster Profile and Response in Urban Informal Settlement of Mathare, Nairobi County, Kenya

Disaster is an event that kills 10 or more people or leaves at least 100 people injured, homeless, displaced or evacuated. In extreme cases, these calamities usually impact negatively on the community and disrupt people’s normal living. Kenya’s informal areas are disaster prone due to households living under high voltage transmissions lines, railway line reserves, pipeline reserves, quarries and landfills, riparian reserves and others adjacent to heavy industrial activities. This dogma of urbanization calls for the need to address the planning needs of slums and informal settlements and making cities work for the urban poor entangled in these poverty and disaster traps. The study objective is to evaluate disaster types, causes, response and mitigation strategies in Mathare slums, Nairobi county, Kenya. Retrospective study design was employed on six purposefully sampled key informants. Interviews and focused group discussion were used in data collection. The period of study was from January to December 2023. The study site was Mathare slum, Nairobi County, Kenya. Statistics of disaster victims and response were derived from local government administrator office records. According to data from the local administration office, the period of January to December 2023 recorded eight disasters. There were four cases of fire that raged down households and businesses in Mathare affecting a total of 199 households. Illegal electricity, negligence and arson attacks were identified as causes of fire disaster. Two cases of landslides were recorded that affected six households, two victims were injured but there was no mortality. Illegal structures built on and under the cliffs with no foundation and pillars have been identified as contributor of landslides in Mathare. There were two flood disasters that affected 1500 households with zero mortality. House structures built on riparian land, on drainage ducts and along riverbanks are the main contributors of floods. The study recommends that The government and partners should invest in educating residents on disaster prevention. Relevant government authorities should inspect and approve construction of buildings in Mathare. Arrest and prosecute of arsonists and educate them against the vice. Government to construct and unclog drainage to manage rain water. Demolish illegal structures along the roads to create access in emergency response. Government and partners to set up disaster and relief coordination center in Mathare.

Investigation on Wind-Induced Structural Damage and Preventive Measures of Low-Rise Buildings in Coastal Areas

Abstract Strong winds, typhoons, and other extreme weather can cause significant damage to house structures, resulting in great harm to human life and property safety. It is imperative to prepare and strengthen infrastructure against these extreme weather conditions to minimize their impact. This paper conducts an on-site survey of low-rise houses in Cangnan County and Dongtou District, located on the south coast of Zhejiang, affected by typhoons. It summarizes the structural characteristics of houses and the damage caused by typhoons to house structures. The paper also performs a preliminary analysis of the damage mechanism of houses. Additionally, it examines wind-resistant measures used by the private sector, identifies potential issues with wind-resistant design, and proposes corresponding wind-resistant countermeasures and recommendations for low-rise houses. The research presented in this paper can be utilized for analyzing the wind damage mechanisms of low-rise houses in the future. Moreover, it offers a valuable reference for the analysis and simulation of wind damage in low-rise houses in typhoon-prone coastal areas. This research holds significant value in preventing wind damage to low-rise houses.

Livelihood Impact Due to Riverbank Erosion Among the Affected Households Along the River Jamuna of Bangladesh

The present study examines the impacts of riverbank erosion on locals' lives and livelihoods in a particular area of the Jamuna River floodplain of Bangladesh. Riverbank erosion causes thousands of people to be affected, resulting in damage and loss of crops, cattle, housing structures, and farmland. It also erodes public infrastructures and communication networks significantly. This study undertakes empirical methods (including the open-ended questionnaire with a total of 155 households) to demonstrate the study's findings. The lack of adequate measures is the major factor associated with riverbank erosion in the study area. Land property loss becomes one of the major threats among the surveyed families. Some mitigation measures, such as using Geo bags and concrete blocks to protect the banks and operation of dredging machines to divert the water flow, are observed in the study area to reduce erosion. However, these measures are not bringing any effective solution to the local people’s livelihoods due to the slow ongoing work processes. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 49(2): 179-191, December 2023

지역사회 독거노인의 삶과 주거 의미형성 과정

The purpose of this study is to identify the meaning and essence of the life and residence of the elderly living alone in the community and to redefine the meaning of housing in their old age by exploring the process of meaning formation of housing for the elderly living alone in the community. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with the elderly living alone to describe their experiences of living and living, and the results were derived through phenomenological research methods to identify the essence of the living experiences of the research participants. As a result of exploring the process of forming the meaning of housing, four categories, 11 thematic collections, and 26 themes were derived, and the process of forming the meaning of housing reflecting the identity of the elderly living alone could be confirmed by grasping the essential structure of the participants' housing experience.,Based on these results, we discussed ways to understand the context of life and the process of housing meaning formation experienced by the elderly living alone in the community and to find strategies for community care services considering the reality of improving the quality of life and housing support for the elderly living alone in the community.

STYLISTIC CHANGES IN THE POTTERY PRODUCTION OF THE LINEAR POTTERY CULTURE IN THE LOWER ODRA REGION IN THE LIGHT OF MOST RECENT STUDIES

This article is the first contribution to a multi-faceted study of the origins of food production in the lower Odra region. Since 2004, the author has conducted microregional surveys to identify Stone Age settlements in the studied region. Later, starting from 2015, a number of settlements of the Band Pottery horizon in the microregion have been investigated (Linear Band Pottery, Stroke-Ornamented Pottery Culture, and Rössen Culture), as well as the roundel at Nowe Objezierze. As of 2018, crucial research is taking place in a central settlement (7/10 ha) of the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) in Mierzyn 5: PAR 30-04/106, where 20,000 artefacts, 25 homesteads, and 13 identified post house structures were found. The author's recent studies demonstrate the lower Odra region to be crucial for understanding stylistic changes in the Early Neolithic. The results of recent research in the lower Odra region, conducted as microregional studies, provide numerous and valuable assemblages reflecting the overall LBK settlement development in the region. Already in the first phase of the work with ceramic materials, it became clear that there was a need to create a periodisation system that would take into account the specifics of the region and the archaeological material. As a result, it is proposed that the division of Phase II into the Subphases A and B is not sufficient, thus making it necessary to distinguish new units within Phase III. At the same time, the Skoroszowice-type pottery seems to have been used in the lower Odra region. Currently, it is considered very likely that groups of people continued to exist in the Proto- Stroke-Ornamented Pottery Culture Horizon.

Interpretasi Kaidah Arsitektur Islam Pada Desain Rumah Tradisional Aceh

Abstract. Aceh, as a province deeply rooted in Islamic Sharia, consistently applies the teachings of Islam in every aspect of community life. Aceh has customs and culture based on Islamic teachings. Traditional Acehnese houses, commonly known as 'Rumoh Aceh,' represent the traditional homes of the Acehnese people, conveying meanings and philosophies related to the culture and customs of the Acehnese community. This research aims to identify and examine the compatibility of traditional Acehnese house designs based on Islamic values and architectural principles. The study employs a descriptive-qualitative method to uncover the application of Islamic architecture in traditional Acehnese house structures. The research findings indicate that traditional Acehnese houses adhere to Islamic architecture principles. Every element of the building and the design of spaces, all grounded in the teachings of Islam.

Rural architecture of e left bank of Saratov Volga region (interchange of different cultures) (Saratov)

The article examines the historical rural architecture on the territory of the modern Saratov region using the example of a peasant estate. Two neighboring groups of settlers are identified, who made up the main population of the left bank in the e 18th and early 20th centuries. Similarities and differences are indicated for the structure of peasant house. The principles of formation and places of distribution of various decorative finishing techniques are identified.Purpose: The aim of this work is to identify ways and means of forming traditional architecture on the left bank of the Saratov Volga region.Design/methodology/approach: Field research, the analysis of works of historians and local historians, critical analysis of archive a documents and literature review.Practical implications: Identification of exclusivity of the historically developed architecture of villages. Information obtained identifies the architecture of the Saratov Volga region among the diversity of architecture of the Lower Volga regions in architectural and ethnographic aspects.Value: The study of the regional architecture formation. The study of works of historians and local historians.

TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING COMPLEX AS AN OBJECT OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES OF RUSSIA

One of the significant objects in the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia is the settlement and housing complex, historically formed and resulting from the influence of physical and geographical conditions, ethnic traditions, socio-cultural interaction. Currently, the problem of its preservation, study, and use as a tourist object is urgent. The article examines the key problems in this area; it pays attention to the formation of legislation regulating preservation of cultural objects, as well as their importance in forming youth patriotism.
 
 The purpose of the research is to study the role of a traditional settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture, the place of rural settlements in preserving national languages and traditions of peoples, development of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation.
 
 Materials and methods. The research used the methods of historical science: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, historical-genetic ones. From the traditional methods of ethnography, the methods of field observation and survey were used. Also, general scientific methods were used in the framework of the study: the descriptive-narrative one, analysis, generalization ones. The article is based on regulatory and legal sources, materials of Internet publications, the results of the All-Russian Population censuses, information collected by the authors during field expedition ethnographic surveys.
 
 Results. The role of a settlement and housing complex in ethnic culture was studied, its tourist potential was determined. The problem of preserving traditional settlements, dwellings and outbuildings is currently relevant for many peoples, in connection with which a number of state programs and support measures have been developed to address this issue. A settlement and housing complex is of great interest not only to researchers, but also to tourists, so its inclusion in their routes has become an effective way to attract public attention to preserving traditional buildings. The practice of constructing ethnoparks, ethno-villages, ethnographic museums in the open air with a complex of housing structures and outbuildings has become very relevant at present time. No doubt that their creation requires extensive involvement of accumulated ethnographic materials. Ethnic culture and national languages are mostly preserved in rural areas, which largely determines the need to develop serious support measures by the state in the field of protecting villages with a view to their further large-scale functioning in our country.
 
 Conclusions. The use of various sources made it possible to achieve the goal of the study. Preserving the traditional settlement and housing complex of villages is extremely significant, since it is in them that the languages and traditions of peoples are still transmitted from generation to generation, ethnic characteristics are reproduced. Each object of cultural heritage contains a certain layer of information, which is an effective bond of the society and the state, which is of great importance in forming a sense of belonging to the history of the region and the country as a whole, the value spiritual and moral attitudes of young people.