Domain Structure Research Articles

Excellent low-E energy storage and fluorescence temperature sensing features in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based transparent ceramics

Transparent dielectric ceramics with ultrafast discharge rates and gigantic power densities are ideal candidates for transparent pulse capacitors (TPCs). However, the requirement of a high external electric field and inferior temperature stability hinder practical applications. (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based ceramics exhibit large polarization and two characteristic dielectric peaks, easy to obtain high energy-storage density under low electric fields (low-E) and maintain stable energy-storage performance (ESP) within a wide temperature range. However, their low optical transmittance (T%) limits their development into TPCs. In this work, to concurrently obtain high T% and excellent ESP and stability under low-E conditions, we propose a collaborative optimization strategy for determining the regulations of grain size, bandgap energy and domain structure. The results show that the pellucidity and energy-storage characteristics improve with decreasing grain and domain sizes. A relatively high T% of 45.6 % (at 710 nm) and recoverable energy-storage density (Wrec ∼ 3.46 J cm−3 at 197 kV cm−1) are obtained for the (1-x)[0.85(Bi0.5-3yNa0.5-yYb3yHoyTiO3)-0.15SrZrO3]-xBaHfO3 ceramics. Additionally, the dielectric temperature stability also results in splendid storage temperature stability (ΔWrec/Wrec < 3.1 % in the range of 0–200 °C). Importantly, codoping Ho/Yb in the ceramics induces excellent fluorescence temperature sensing feature. The multifunctional TPCs have application potential in the field of search and rescue signal transmission, providing ideas for developing novel optoelectronic devices.

Realizing large strain at low electric field in Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3-based piezoelectric ceramics via engineering lattice distortion and domain structure

Realizing large strain at low electric field in Pb(Zr,Ti)O ₃-based piezoelectric ceramics via engineering lattice distortion and domain structure

Identifying point defects and ordering in high entropy layered oxide Li1.5MO3-δ (M=Mn, Al, Fe, Co, Ni) for energy storage applications

High entropy layered oxides (HELOs) represent a very promising class of next generation battery cathodes, combining the well-studied properties of layered cathode materials such as LiCoO2 with the chemical tunability and stability of high entropy materials. HELO materials often form particles with complex defect and domain structures, complicating accurate characterization of structure and cation mixing. Understanding disorder and order in HELO materials is necessary for understanding their performance and utility as cathodes. Here we demonstrate the characterization of the HELO Li1.5MO3-δ (M = Mn, Al, Fe, Co, Ni), wherein XRD, TEM imaging, and electron diffraction patterns are analyzed to reveal the presence of ordering in the HELO, with imaging and diffraction simulation employed to compare experimental results to atomic modeling. Without rigorous characterization at the atomic-scale, important features such as defect ordering can be easily overlooked and therefore remain unconsidered when interpreting experimental results.

Structural basis of TMPRSS2 zymogen activation and recognition by the HKU1 seasonal coronavirus.

The human seasonal coronavirus HKU1-CoV, which causes common colds worldwide, relies on the sequential binding to surface glycans and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) for entry into target cells. TMPRSS2 is synthesized as a zymogen that undergoes autolytic activation to process its substrates. Several respiratory viruses, in particular coronaviruses, use TMPRSS2 for proteolytic priming of their surface spike protein to drive membrane fusion upon receptor binding. We describe the crystal structure of the HKU1-CoV receptor binding domain in complex with TMPRSS2, showing that it recognizes residues lining the catalytic groove. Combined mutagenesis of interface residues and comparison across species highlight positions 417 and 469 as determinants of HKU1-CoV host tropism. The structure of a receptor-blocking nanobody in complex with zymogen or activated TMPRSS2 further provides the structural basis of TMPRSS2 activating conformational change, which alters loops recognized by HKU1-CoV and dramatically increases binding affinity.

Giant electrocaloric effect and breakdown field strength in ferroelectric terpolymer nanocomposites by morphologically diverse nanostructures

Electrocaloric cooling is a method for flexible electronics and compact chips with a promising ability to subvert traditional vapor compression refrigeration technology. Nevertheless, most reported EC materials exhibit relatively low adiabatic temperature (ΔT) and low breakdown field strength (Eb) at room temperature, limiting their further applications. Here, we develop a ferroelectric nanocomposite, composed of relaxor terpolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylen-chlorofluoroethylene) (PVTC), ceramic nanofillers [0.68(BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3)-0.32(Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3)] (BCZT), boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), and BiFeO3 nanofibers (BFO NFs) with different morphologies and vary components ratios. The most optimal 12BBBP nanocomposite demonstrates gigantic ECE values including an isothermal entropy change (ΔS) of 94.5 J·kg−1·K−1 and a ΔT of 13.5 K under 220 MV/m electric field at 303 K, ΔS and ΔT are 3.5 times and 2.2 times larger than PVTC under 100 MV/m. It also exhibits an excellent Eb with a value of 290 MV/m. The phase-field simulation is used to simulate Eb behavior of nanocomposites with fillers of different nano-morphologies under an electrostatic field. Simultaneously, the interfacial coupling and ferroelectric domain structures are also simulated based on the time-dependent Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (TLGD) theory through finite element analysis (FEA) to present a better explanation for ECE performance. The experimental and simulation results simultaneously denote the ferroelectric nanocomposite possesses outstanding ECE and high Eb performance, laying foundation for the ferroelectrics in fields of flexible electronics and compact chip cooling. Coupled with the facile processability of terpolymer and lead-free nature of electroactive ceramics, this work paves a new way to develop a scalable, environmentally friendly and high-performance EC materials for next generation of refrigeration.

Design of quaternary FeSiCoNi soft magnetic alloys towards large-power and high-frequency applications

The growing trend of large power and high frequency in electromagnetic conversion applications urges advancements in the saturation magnetization (Ms), effective permeability (μe) and core loss (Pcv) of soft magnetic composites (SMCs). Such performance depends largely on the Ms and coercivity (Hc) of the magnetic alloys as the main component of the SMCs. It is however, difficult to simultaneously achieve large Ms and low Hc via binary and ternary alloy systems. Here, quaternary Fe81-xSi15Co4Nix (x = 0, 3, 6 at%) soft magnetic alloys have been designed with the effect of Ni addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the alloy revealed. On one hand, rational incorporation of Co and Ni maintains the relatively large Ms. On the other hand, the Ni enters into the A2 lattice and promotes its transition into DO3 ordered phase as confirmed by both experimental characterization and first-principles calculations. Such microstructural evolution gives rise to initially decreased magnetocrystalline anisotropy (K1) followed by increasing due to the competitive reduction effect of Ni addition and increment effect of DO3 formation. The magnetostriction constants (λs) increases monotonously from negative to positive values with raised Ni content. This is accompanied with the decrease in 90° domain walls and increase in 180° domain walls as revealed by Lorentz microscopy. Combined lowest K1 and λs as well as optimized domain structure result in the lowest Hc for the Fe78Si15Co4Ni3 alloy. The corresponding SMCs exhibit excellent performance with the μe of 160.6 and the Pcv of 288.4 mW/cm3 (50 mT, 100 kHz) combined with high Ms of 177.3 emu/g, superior to other FeSi-based SMCs.

Magnetostrictive strain-sensitivity synergy for laser-beam powder bed fusion processed Fe81Ga19 alloys by magnetic field annealing

Magnetostrictive Fe–Ga alloys have been demonstrated potentialities for numerous applications, whereas, suffering a tradeoff between large magnetostrictive strain and high sensitivity. Herein, bulk polycrystalline Fe81Ga19 alloys were prepared by laser-beam powder bed fusion (LPBF) and then annealed in magnetic field for manipulating the comprehensive magnetostrictive properties. Results indicate that <001> oriented grains are developed in the LPBF-prepared Fe81Ga19 alloys due to high temperature gradient. After magnetic field annealing (MFA), the magnetic domains within the alloys gradually transformed into well-arranged stripe domains, especially, flat and smooth 90° domains were established in the alloys annealed at 2600 Oe. As a result, the induced <001> orientation grains and 90° domains contributed to an improved effective magnetic anisotropy constant (57.053 kJ/m3), leading to an enhanced magnetostrictive strain of 92 ppm. Moreover, the MFA-treated alloys also displayed enhanced magnetostrictive sensitivity (0.097 ppm/Oe) owing to the smooth domain structures and low dislocation densities, demonstrating a fruitful strain-sensitivity synergy. In addition, good magnetostrictive dynamic response and enhanced compressive yield strength were also observed for the prepared alloys. This work demonstrates that LPBF and MFA might be an attractive strategy to resolve the tradeoff between strain and sensitivity, providing a basis for the preparation of high-performance magnetostrictive materials.

The CDPK-related protein kinase HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 interact with HvCML32 to negatively regulate drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) as one of calcium sensors were play important roles in stress responses. CDPK-related protein kinase (CRK) was identified as subgroup III of CDPK has been characterized in many plants, but the members and functions of CRK genes in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has not been clarified. Here, we identified four HvCRK genes and named HvCRK1-4 according to chromosomes localization. Moreover, the physiological function of highly induced genes of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 were investigated in drought stress tolerance by examining their overexpression transgenic lines functions generated in Arabidopsis thaliana. Under drought stress, both overexpression HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 displayed reduced drought resistance, and accompanied by higher accumulation levels of ROS. Notably, overexpression of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 reduced sensitivity to exogenous ABA, meanwhile the expression of ABA-responsive genes in transgenic plants were down-regulated compared to the wild type in response to drought stress. Furthermore, the physically interaction of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 with calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like (CML) proteins were determined in vivo, the further results showed that HvCML32 binds to HvCRK2/4 S_TKC structural domains and negatively regulates drought tolerance. In summary, this study identified HvCRK members and indicated that HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 genes play negative roles in drought tolerance, and provide insight into potential molecular mechanism of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 in response to drought stress.

Characteristics of Rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) genome DREB family demonstrate their roles in stress

Dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) proteins are crucial transcription factors in plant regulatory mechanisms, playing a key role in responding to environmental stresses. Dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) proteins are crucial transcription factors in plant regulatory mechanisms, playing a key role in responding to environmental stresses. This study employs bioinformatics research methods to identify and characterize the DREB gene family in rapeseed (Brassica rapa L.) under abiotic stress conditions. The approach facilitates a detailed exploration of the genomic architecture and potential regulatory mechanisms that these genes may exhibit in response to environmental stresses. A whole-genome survey identified 75 DREB genes in rapeseed, which were classified into six subgroups (Ⅰ-Ⅵ) based on phylogenetic comparison with Arabidopsis homologs. The amino acid lengths of these genes ranged from 144 to 530, with predicted molecular weights between 15.63kDa and 60.36kDa, and isoelectric points from 4.48 to 9.32. Chromosomal localization revealed that these genes are distributed across 10 chromosomes, predominantly near telomeric regions, with more than 10 DREB genes located on Chr3 and Chr9 respectively. Structural domain analysis indicated that 57 DREB genes possess a single exon. Promoter cis-element analyses suggested that BrDREB genes could respond to diverse stressors, including drought, heat, hormones, and light. Transcriptomic analysis under cold stress revealed significant upregulation of BrDREB17, 24, 49, 50, and 51 in response to low temperature, while five BrDREB genes were not expressed. Specifically, BrDREB17, 24, 49, 50, and 51 showed high expression levels at 3 hours of cold stress, whereas BrDREB30, 42, and 67 were highly expressed at 24 hours of cold stress. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis demonstrated that the majority of biological processes mediated by BrDREB are associated with plant stress resistance. Protein interaction network analysis revealed that BrDREB9 and BrDREB26 interact with 15 proteins each, underscoring their significant biological roles within the DREB family in rapeseed. These findings provide a theoretical framework for further examination of the physiological and biochemical properties of the DREB gene family components in rapeseed. Our results may help to screen candidate genes for cold resistance in rapeseed and select rapeseed varieties better suited to the Tibetan locality to improve quality and yield in agricultural production.

A distinct isoform of Msp300/Nesprin organizes the perinuclear microtubule organizing center in adipose cells.

In many cell types, disparate non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (ncMTOCs) replace functional centrosomes and serve the unique needs of the cell types in which they are formed. In Drosophila fat body cells (adipocytes), an ncMTOC is organized on the nuclear surface. This perinuclear ncMTOC is anchored by Msp300, encoded by one of two Nesprin-encoding genes in Drosophila. Msp300 and the spectraplakin short stop (shot) are co-dependent for localization to the nuclear envelope to generate the ncMTOC where they recruit the microtubule minus-end stabilizer Patronin (CAMSAP). The fat body perinuclear ncMTOC requires Patronin, Ninein, and Msps (ortholog of ch-TOG), but does not require γ-tubulin for MT assembly. The Msp300 gene is complex, encoding at least eleven isoforms. Here we show that two Msp300 isoforms, Msp300-PE and -PG, are required and only one, Msp300-PE, appears sufficient for generation of the ncMTOC. Loss of Msp300-PE,-PG retains the presence of the other isoforms at the nuclear surface, indicating that they are not sufficient to generate the ncMTOC. Loss of Msp300-PE,-PG results in severe loss of localization of shot and Patronin, and disruption of the MT array. This results in nuclear mispositioning and loss of endosomal trafficking. Msp300-PE has an unusual domain structure including a lack of a KASH domain and very few spectrin repeats and appears therefore to have a highly derived function suited to generating an ncMTOC on the nuclear surface.

Analysis of the resistance profile of real-world alectinib first-line therapy in patients with ALK rearrangement-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer using organoid technology in one case of lung cancer.

Alectinib has achieved excellent therapeutic efficacy in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, however, patients eventually develop resistance to it. Exploring the gene variant mapping after alectinib resistance provides a basis for the whole management of ALK-positive advanced NSCLC. This study aimed to characterize the mutation profiles of real-world ALK rearrangement-positive advanced NSCLC patients after first-line alectinib treatment resistance. The research also investigated the treatment options and coping strategies after resistance. Clinical data of patients with advanced NSCLC who received first-line alectinib treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between November 2018 and April 2022 were collected. Moreover, next-generation sequencing (NGS) data of the patient's baseline and post-resistance tissues were gathered. One patient underwent lung cancer organoid culture and drug sensitivity testing. Out of 35 first-line alectinib-treated patients with advanced NSCLC, 31 are presently in progression-free survival (PFS; 4.3-35.0 months). Four patients experienced progressive disease, and all of them were sequentially treated with ceritinib. Tissue NGS results before sequential treatment in three patients indicated an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-ALK fusion that remained at the original baseline, and the PFS for ceritinib treatment was 0.5-1.3 months. One patient developed acquired resistance mutations in the structural domain of ALK protein kinase (V1180L and E1161D), and the PFS for ceritinib treatment was 6.7 months. For one patient who maintained original baseline ALK rearrangement positive without acquired mutation after progression of ceritinib resistance, lung cancer-like organ culture with sequential brigatinib and lorlatinib led to a PFS of 3.2 and 1.9 months, respectively, which aligned with the corresponding drug susceptibility testing results for this patient. For ALK rearrangement-positive patients, blind sequencing of other second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or third-generation lorlatinib may not guarantee satisfactory tumor suppression following first-line second-generation ALK-TKI alectinib administration for treatment progression. NGS testing of patients' blood or tissue samples after disease progression may provide insight into the etiology of alectinib resistance. Patient-sourced drug sensitivity testing of lung cancer-like organs selects drug-sensitive medications based on NGS results and provides a reference for subsequent drug therapy for patients after drug resistance, particularly those who remain ALK rearrangement-positive at baseline.

Analysis of the Drag-Reduction Ability of the Layout and Cross-Sectional Shapes of Subsea Structures in the Critical Flow Mode

Introduction. Slender structures of subsea energy production systems are under constant influence of currents and waves. Hydrodynamic loads result from the interaction of subsea pipelines, umbilicals, equipment supports with fluid flows, and lead to the vortex formation in the area behind the structures. Vortex-induced forces are the sources of the cyclic loading. They accelerate gradually the fatigue damage, which may result in a failure. One of the ways to reduce the loads on subsea structures is to alter the shape of a cross-section, taking into account the flow regime. Dependence of the resulting hydrodynamic loads on the cross-sectional shape and relative position of structures has not been studied in details for the uniform flow in the critical mode. The current work is aimed at filling this gap. The research objective is to consider the impact of the distance between the structures, and also, the presence of a D-shaped structure, placed upstream relative to the group of three cylinders of different cross-sectional shapes.Materials and Methods. The computational fluid dynamics approach was used in this work for numerical simulations of vortex-induced forces in the ANSYS Fluent software for cylinder with D = 0.3 m. Modelling was conducted with the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) method, which combined advantages of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) method and the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method. The object of the research was the system of four structures in the 2D computational domain, which included the upstream D-shaped cylinder and the main group of three cylinders with the circular, squared and diamond shapes of the cross-section. The transient process was considered, where structures were under the influence of the uniform flow in the critical regime at Re = 2.5×10⁵.Results. Five sets of data were obtained in simulations for the time-dependent coefficients of the lift and drag forces: for the main system — of the D-shaped, circular, square and diamond structures, and also for the four systems — of only D-shaped, only circular, only square and only diamond shaped structures. Additional analysis was conducted for the effect of the distance between the structures on the amplitude of fluctuating hydrodynamic force coefficients. The obtained results are presented as time histories of coefficients of the lift and drag forces, frequency analysis and contours of velocity, pressure and vorticity fields. The results indicate a positive effect of the upstream D-shaped structure on reducing the drag force, acting on the central structure in the group of three cylinders located downstream.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the performed studies facilitate the informed decisions regarding the arrangement of subsea structures in a group of four objects, depending on the cross-sectional shape and the distance between the structures. The upstream D-shaped structure provides reducing the hydrodynamic drag force acting on the central structure in the downstream group of three structures, thereby slowing the fatigue accumulation and increasing the time of safe operation.

MORC2 phosphorylation fine tunes its DNA compaction activity.

Variants in the poorly characterised oncoprotein, MORC2, a chromatin remodelling ATPase, lead to defects in epigenetic regulation and DNA damage response. The C-terminal domain (CTD) of MORC2, frequently phosphorylated in DNA damage, promotes cancer progression, but its role in chromatin remodelling remains unclear. Here, we report a molecular characterisation of full-length, phosphorylated MORC2, demonstrating its preference for binding open chromatin and functioning as a DNA sliding clamp. We identified a phosphate interacting motif within the CTD that dictates ATP hydrolysis rate and cooperative DNA binding. The DNA binding impacts several structural domains within the ATPase region. We provide the first visual proof that MORC2 induces chromatin remodelling through ATP hydrolysis-dependent DNA compaction, regulated by its phosphorylation state. These findings highlight phosphorylation of MORC2 CTD as a key modulator of chromatin remodelling, presenting it as a potential therapeutic target.

Structural analysis of the FERM domain of human protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 21.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 21 (PTPN21) is a cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates cell growth and invasion. Due to its oncogenic properties, PTPN21 has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic target for cancer. In this study, the three-dimensional structure of the PTPN21 FERM domain was determined at 2.1 Å resolution by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure showed that this domain harbors canonical FERM folding and consists of three subdomains that are tightly packed via highly conserved intramolecular hydrophobic interactions. Consistent with this, the PTPN21 FERM domain shares high structural homology with several other FERM domains. Moreover, structural superimposition demonstrated two putative protein-binding sites of the PTPN21 FERM domain, which are presumed to be associated with interaction with its binding partner, kinesin family member 1C. Thus, these data suggest that the FERM domain of PTPN21 serves as a module that mediates protein-protein interaction, like other FERM domains.

Ultra‐Stable Zinc Anodes Facilitated by Hydrophilic Polypropylene Separators with Large Scale Production Capacity

AbstractElectrochemical Performance of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (AZIBs) is prominently constrained by poor stability of zinc‐metal anodes. However, the use of conventional aqueous separators unfavorable to the uniform deposition of Zn metal and restricted cell cycle life, has hindered the large‐scale application of such battery systems. Here, a separator with hydrophobic/hydrophilic structural domains (marked as PP‐g‐AA) is reported, where the polypropylene (PP) polymer backbone permits partial blockage of water molecules and prevent side reactions, and the carboxyl functional groups in the grafted acrylic acid (AA) facilitate to well regulate the interfacial electric field and Zn2+ ion concentration field, thus remarkably promotes homogenization of zinc ion flux, achieving dendritic‐free deposition of Zn2+. Moreover, the PP‐g‐AA separator sustains a long‐term cycling over 4000 h at a current density of 2 mA cm−2 with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% achieved in Zn||Cu cells, which if assembled into Zn||Zn0.27V2O5·nH2O (ZVO) cells would yield ≈100% retention for 1000 cycles. This research highlights that the strategy opens up a new avenue based on PP‐g‐AA for further decreasing the cost and promoting the industrial application of AZIBs.

Carnap’s Problem, Definability and Compositionality

AbstractIn his Formalization of Logic (1943) Carnap pointed out that there are non-normal interpretations of classical logic: non-standard interpretations of the connectives and quantifiers that are consistent with the classical consequence relation of a language. Different ways around the problem have been proposed. In a recent paper, Bonnay and Westerståhl argue that the key to a solution is imposing restrictions on the type of interpretation we take into account. More precisely, they claim that if we restrict attention to interpretations that are (a) compositional, (b) non-trivial and (c) in the case of the quantifiers, invariant under permutations of the domain, Carnap’s Problem is avoided. This paper has two goals. The first is to show that Bonnay and Westerståhl’s solution to Carnap’s Problem doesn’t work. The second is to argue that something similar to their proposal seems to do the job. The problems with Bonnay and Westerståhl’s approach trace back to issues concerning the (un)definability of subsets of the domain of first-order structures, as well as to the compositionality of first-order languages. After expanding on these problems, I’ll propose a way to modify Bonnay and Westerståhl’s account and solve Carnap’s Problem.

Tunable topological domain structures in high-density PbTiO3 nanodots array

In this work, we demonstrated that tunable topological domain structures, e.g., center-type domains and skyrmion-like polar bubbles, can be generated at room temperature in high-density epitaxial PbTiO3 nanodots fabricated via the template-assisted tailoring of thin films. These topological domain structures can be manipulated electrically by applying an appropriate bias on the conductive atomic force microscopy tip, allowing for writing, erasing, and rewriting of topological domains into the nanodot. Moreover, ring-shaped conductive channels are observed around the center-type domain states. These findings provide a playground for further exploring their emerging functionalities and application potentials for nanoelectronics.

Carrier Recombination in Nitride-Based Light-Emitting Devices: Multiphonon Processes, Excited Defects, and Disordered Heterointerfaces.

We study recombination processes in nitride LEDs emitting from 270 to 540 nm with EQE ranging from 4% to 70%. We found a significant correlation between the LEDs' electro-optical properties and the degree of nanomaterial disorder (DND) in quantum wells (QWs) and heterointerfaces. DND depends on the nanoarrangement of domain structure, random alloy fluctuations, and the presence of local regions with disrupted alloy stoichiometry. The decrease in EQE values is attributed to increased DND and excited defect (ED) concentrations, which can exceed those of Shockley-Read-Hall defects. We identify two mechanisms of interaction between EDs and charge carriers that lead to a narrowing or broadening of electroluminescence spectra and increase or decrease EQE, respectively. Both mechanisms involve multiphonon carrier capture and ionization, impacting EQE reduction and efficiency droop. The losses caused by these mechanisms directly affect EQE dependencies on current density and the maximum EQE values for LEDs, regardless of the emission wavelength. Another manifestation of these mechanisms is the reversibility of LED degradation. Recombination processes vary depending on whether QWs are within or outside the space charge region of the p-n junction.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the SRPP/REF Gene Family in Taraxacum kok-saghyz Provides Insights into Its Expression Patterns in Response to Ethylene and Methyl Jasmonate Treatments.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a model plant and a potential rubber-producing crop for the study of natural rubber (NR) biosynthesis. The precise analysis of the NR biosynthesis mechanism is an important theoretical basis for improving rubber yield. The small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and rubber elongation factor (REF) are located in the membrane of rubber particles and play crucial roles in rubber biosynthesis. However, the specific functions of the SRPP/REF gene family in the rubber biosynthesis mechanism have not been fully resolved. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the 10 TkSRPP and 2 TkREF genes' family members of Russian dandelion and a comprehensive investigation on the evolution of the ethylene/methyl jasmonate-induced expression of the SRPP/REF gene family in TKS. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 12 TkSRPP/REFs proteins were divided into five subclades. Our study revealed one functional domain and 10 motifs in these proteins. The SRPP/REF protein sequences all contain typical REF structural domains and belong to the same superfamily. Members of this family are most closely related to the orthologous species T. mongolicum and share the same distribution pattern of SRPP/REF genes in T. mongolicum and L. sativa, both of which belong to the family Asteraceae. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication events played a key role in the expansion of the TkSRPP/REFs gene family. The expression levels of most TkSRPP/REF members were significantly increased in different tissues of T. kok-saghyz after induction with ethylene and methyl jasmonate. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the selection of candidate genes for the molecular breeding of T. kok-saghyz and the precise resolution of the mechanism of natural rubber production.

WRKY Transcription Factor Responses and Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses in Plants.

Plants are subjected to abiotic stresses throughout their developmental period. Abiotic stresses include drought, salt, heat, cold, heavy metals, nutritional elements, and oxidative stresses. Improving plant responses to various environmental stresses is critical for plant survival and perpetuation. WRKY transcription factors have special structures (WRKY structural domains), which enable the WRKY transcription factors to have different transcriptional regulatory functions. WRKY transcription factors can not only regulate abiotic stress responses and plant growth and development by regulating phytohormone signalling pathways but also promote or suppress the expression of downstream genes by binding to the W-box [TGACCA/TGACCT] in the promoters of their target genes. In addition, WRKY transcription factors not only interact with other families of transcription factors to regulate plant defence responses to abiotic stresses but also self-regulate by recognising and binding to W-boxes in their own target genes to regulate their defence responses to abiotic stresses. However, in recent years, research reviews on the regulatory roles of WRKY transcription factors in higher plants have been scarce and shallow. In this review, we focus on the structure and classification of WRKY transcription factors, as well as the identification of their downstream target genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the response to abiotic stresses, which can improve the tolerance ability of plants under abiotic stress, and we also look forward to their future research directions, with a view of providing theoretical support for the genetic improvement of crop abiotic stress tolerance.