Code Structure Research Articles

고등학교 기술교사의 고교학점제 경험에 대한 질적 연구

The study aims to provide implications, based on the experience of technology teachers, regarding the direction for technology instruction in high schools in view of the high school credit system. To this end, in-depth interviews were conducted with seven technology teachers, experienced in the research and preparation of the high school credit system, and field data were collected. Additionally, some of their classes were observed. The collected data were analyzed and categorized through the process of emic coding and structural coding. According to the analysis, the participants faced limitations because of a high school culture that is oriented towards college entrance, since technology is not covered in South Korea’s national college entrance exam. The teachers experienced “difficulty in securing class time,” “burden of teaching multiple subjects,” “difficulty in teaching unfamiliar subjects,” and “difficulty in conducting classes” due to the introduction of the high school credit system. The analysis reveals that this system caused the following changes in the attitude towards the technology class: ‘avoidance,’ ‘survival,’ and ‘opportunity.’ Based on these findings, the pedagogical implications of technology teachers’ experiences, due to the introduction of the high school credit system, may be interpreted as ‘establishing firm values for the subject matter' and ‘thinking from the students’ perspective.’ The following steps are proposed based on the analysis outcomes: an experiential study for students who undertook technology instruction under the high school credit system, development of a program to enhance the expertise of technology teachers at high schools, and action research on “delivering good technology instruction” in high schools. This study is meaningful as it interprets and analyzes not only the changes in the technology instruction due to the introduction of the high school credit system, but also their significance, thereby deriving the aforementioned implications. The findings of the study may serve as useful data for offering implications regarding the direction for technology as a subject in high schools.

Analysis of ChatGPT's capabilities for solving problems of reverse-engineering of software

The article presents the results of the analysis and evaluation of the capabilities of the open version of the chatbot with artificial intelligence ChatGPT 3.5 for solving typical problems of software reverse engineering. Three classes of reverse engineering tasks were selected for analysis: source code analysis, binary code analysis, and data models analysis. In each class of tasks, the most typical tasks were selected taking into account the limitations of ChatGPT regarding the processing of graphical models and the amount of input and output data, and sets of test tasks were developed for each task. As an approach to assessment, an approach similar to the assessment of competencies of higher education applicants after studying the relevant discipline was chosen. The following were considered as criteria for evaluating answers to test tasks: correctness (rightness, coincidence with expectations); completeness (obtaining the final result); accuracy (solving the task without additional questions); reasonableness (availability of explanations and answers to questions). The following scale was used and described for evaluations: excellent, very good, good, satisfactory, sufficient, unsatisfactory. During the testing for each test task, tasks statement and all necessary data were entered through the ChatGPT interface. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that ChatGPT better solves the problems of source code analysis (excellent and very good grades were obtained for semantic and structural analysis, restoration of mathematical support, quality assessment, security audit and refactoring, as well as for conversion to another programming language), tasks of decompilation of IDA pseudocode into complete C source code, tasks of reverse engineering of relational databases, and tasks of generating YARA rules for recognizing file formats. Unsatisfactory grades were obtained for dynamic analysis of assembly code and determination of binary file structures of non-standard formats. ChatGPT solves the rest of the problems well and satisfactorily, but requires checking the results, clarifying queries and prompts, as well as manual error correction in some cases. ChatGPT errors were observed when analyzing binary data represented by hexadecimal symbols, as well as errors in generated scripts for programming in IDA. On the basis of the set grades, conclusions were made regarding the expediency, possibility, or impracticality of using ChatGPT to solve each type of software reverse engineering problems, and appropriate recommendations were also provided. Prospects for further research include testing new versions of ChatGPT and other similar artificial intelligence systems regarding the capabilities of analyzing and synthesizing graphical models of software.

Structured Field Coding and its Applications to National Risk and Cybersecurity Assessments

Data on cybersecurity capacity building efforts is critical to improving cybersecurity at national levels. Policy should be informed not only by measures that allow internal assessment of strengths and weaknesses that enable cross-national comparisons. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and its Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) has used a standardized survey that has been adapted and used in multiple national assessments by the Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre. This adaptation includes an addition of open field coding assessments that rely heavily on trained experts and interactions with national focus groups. These assessments are checked using multiple coders to increase reliability and reduce bias. This process of ‘structured field coding’ (SFC) is an approach to collecting and coding observations based on multiple methods, quantitative as well as qualitative. This approach differs from open field coding in providing a set structure for coding observations from the field based on established frameworks for assessment. The SFC process is explained along with a discussion of the origin and the advantages and limitations of this methodological approach. It can be used in a variety of studies but is presented here as a means to integrate data for cross-national comparative analyses. Its application to improving the reliability and validity of data collection across a region, such as the EU, would help stakeholders evaluate where they should invest resources to improve their cybersecurity capacity.

Окремі новели сучасного законодавства про кримінальну відповідальність

In the proposed article, the need for a timely reaction of the legislator to the risks that arose in connection with the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is ascertained. It was determined that the main changes were made to the sections of the current Criminal Code, the content of which is related to the need to protect the most important social relations. It is noted that with the introduction to the structure of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, Art. 436-2, “Justification, recognition as legitimate, denial of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, glorification of its participants” appeared several new, so far unknown to the Ukrainian legislation on criminal liability concepts, such as: “recognition as legitimate”, “denial of armed aggression”, ” glorification of participants”. It was determined that the specified concepts are actions of an informational nature. It is emphasized that actions of an informative nature should be carried out publicly, that is, designed to convey information to at least several other people. It was established that Article 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, “Justification, recognition as legitimate, denial of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, glorification of its participants,” does not include the method of committing it “publicly” as a sign of the objective side of the composition of the criminal offense. Based on the research of modern scientific literature, it was determined that the concept of “publicity” has a sign of transversality and is found in many other criminal law norms when characterizing informational actions. The need to improve the provisions of Art. 436-2 of the current Ukrainian Criminal Code. The application of the concepts of “recognition as legitimate”, “denial of armed aggression,” and “glorification of participants” without presenting them with publicity requirements lose their meaning and significantly reduce public danger. Keywords: armed aggression, justification, recognition as legitimate, denial of armed aggression, glorification of its participants, comprehensive concept, publicity.

Культурные и лингвокультурные коды: теоретический обзор

The review paper aims to summarize scientific theoretical knowledge on the problem of codes presented in its humanitarian aspect. The paper provides various points of view on the essence, composition, structure and functioning of codes in general, culture and linguoculture codes in particular. The interaction of verbal and non-verbal codes is discussed. Special attention is paid to such a variety of linguoculture codes as figurative codes. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the authors of this review paper attempt to provide insight into the concept of culture and linguoculture codes, to demonstrate scholars’ diverse opinions, coinciding views and their disagreements on this issue, which gives a detailed idea of the current state of the issue. As a result of studying various points of view of Russian linguists, semiologists and scholars in culture studies on the essence, composition, structure and functioning of codes, the review demonstrates the high importance attached to the notion of code within the entire spectrum of the humanities and the great effectiveness of the theory of codes, which acts as a general scientific epistemology that makes it possible to consider society, culture and language in a single system of categories. In addition, by extracting and bringing together the disparate features presented in the works on the subject under consideration, the review paper presented a list of essential (categorical) features collectively forming the notion of ‘culture code’.

Learning to Detect Memory-related Vulnerabilities

Memory-related vulnerabilities can result in performance degradation or even program crashes, constituting severe threats to the security of modern software. Despite the promising results of deep learning (DL)-based vulnerability detectors, there exist three main limitations: (1) rich contextual program semantics related to vulnerabilities have not yet been fully modeled; (2) multi-granularity vulnerability features in hierarchical code structure are still hard to be captured; and (3) heterogeneous flow information is not well utilized. To address these limitations, in this article, we propose a novel DL-based approach, called MVD+ , to detect memory-related vulnerabilities at the statement-level. Specifically, it conducts both intraprocedural and interprocedural analysis to model vulnerability features, and adopts a hierarchical representation learning strategy, which performs syntax-aware neural embedding within statements and captures structured context information across statements based on a novel Flow-Sensitive Graph Neural Networks, to learn both syntactic and semantic features of vulnerable code. To demonstrate the performance, we conducted extensive experiments against eight state-of-the-art DL-based approaches as well as five well-known static analyzers on our constructed dataset with 6,879 vulnerabilities in 12 popular C/C++ applications. The experimental results confirmed that MVD+ can significantly outperform current state-of-the-art baselines and make a great trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency.

EXPLORING FACILITATORS AND BARRIERS TO CONDUCTING SPIRITUAL HISTORIES IN OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Nurses can relieve spiritual suffering in older adult cancer patients through spiritual histories, yet may be reticent to engage in spiritual conversations. The qualitative aim of Lift the Spirit, a pilot feasibility and acceptability study, was to explore factors affecting cancer nurses’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to conducting spiritual histories in clinical practice. Lift the Spirit, an enhanced educational communication intervention, was designed to equip nurses with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to conduct spiritual histories. A purposive sample of nurses (n = 17) independently engaged in an online multimedia course, Spiritual Assessment in Clinical Practice, then synchronously role-played conducting a spiritual history in dyads (nurse/patient), engaged in a skills performance, and participated in Debrief Interviews. Qualitative data were collected during Debriefing Interviews using the Debrief Interview Guide. Interpretive description guided the qualitative content analysis of Debrief Interview data. Structural coding was used to sort data into barriers and facilitators on the first pass. Next, within each structural code, data fitting the definition of barrier and facilitators were inductively descriptively coded. Participants described barriers and facilitators at the levels of institution/profession (lack of education and training), self (vulnerability, perceived riskiness), and patient (cultural difference) that were similar to barriers already noted in the literature. Facilitators included feeling equipped and supported and having external cues as reminders. The degree of angst, fear, and vulnerability expressed towards conducting spiritual histories was surprising. Equipping nurses with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes is essential to reduce spiritual suffering in older adults.

Additive conjucyclic codes over a class of Galois rings

As a tool towards quantum error correction, additive conjucyclic codes have gained great attention. But, their algebraic structure is completely unknown over finite fields (except Fq2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathbb {F}}_{q^2}$$\\end{document}) as well as rings. In this article, we investigate the structure of additive conjucyclic codes over Galois rings GR(2r,2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$GR(2^r,2)$$\\end{document}, where r≥2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$r\\ge 2$$\\end{document} is an integer. We develop a one-to-one correspondence between the family of additive conjucyclic codes of length n over GR(2r,2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$GR(2^r,2)$$\\end{document} and the family of linear cyclic codes of length 2n over Z2r\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathbb {Z}}_{2^r}$$\\end{document}. This correspondence helps to obtain additive conjucyclic codes over GR(2r,2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$GR(2^r,2)$$\\end{document} via known linear cyclic codes over Z2r\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathbb {Z}}_{2^r}$$\\end{document}. We prove that the trace dual CTr\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {C}}^{Tr}$$\\end{document} of an additive conjucyclic code C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathscr {C}}$$\\end{document} is also an additive conjucyclic code. Moreover, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition of additive conjucyclic codes to be self-dual. We further propose a technique for constructing linear cyclic codes over Z2r\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathbb {Z}}_{2^r}$$\\end{document} contained in additive conjucyclic codes over GR(2r,2)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$GR(2^r,2)$$\\end{document}. Last but not least, we explicitly derive the generator matrices for these codes.

Clinamen2: Functional-style evolutionary optimization in Python for atomistic structure searches

Clinamen2 is a versatile functional-style Python implementation of the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) utilizing Cholesky decomposition. On top of a problem-agnostic core algorithm, the software package offers a suite of utilities and library code enabling applications to important atomistic structure searches. Features include massively distributed computation and the BI-Population restart scheme. This article details the general code structure and introduces examples that illustrate some relevant applications for the materials science and chemistry worlds, including interfacing to density-functional-theory codes and machine-learned surrogate models. The functional design renders the code modular and adaptable, and makes the creation of interfaces to other atomistic software straightforward. Program summaryProgram Title: Clinamen2CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/x7syr2txsd.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/Madsen-s-research-group/clinamen2-public-releasesCode Ocean capsule:https://codeocean.com/capsule/4950229Licensing provisions: Apache-2.0Programming language: PythonSupplementary material:Nature of problem: Find optimal atomistic structures retaining full flexibility in the choice of the optimization target, the methodological approach and its implementation (e.g. CPU- vs. GPU-heavy calculations). Enable interfacing with relevant software, including but not limited to density-functional-theory (DFT) codes and machine-learning (ML) solutions.Solution method: The covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) algorithm is implemented using Cholesky decompositions for efficiency. The core algorithm and application examples for specific problems are implemented in functional-style Python free of side effects, with data classes to keep track of the state of the evolution. Dask is used for job control to enable highly distributed workflows. Advanced strategies like BI-Population CMA-ES are easy to implement and illustrated in the examples.

AGE-FRIENDLY PARTNER EVALUATION: REVIEWING FLORIDA ACTION PLANS

Abstract Understanding community collaboration is crucial to advance age-friendly community change (Greenfield, et al., 2022). This poster’s purpose is to provide evidence about age-friendly partner involvement to bring awareness to the extent that partnerships are collaborative and holistic at the age-friendly action plan stage. We conducted a qualitative, thematic analysis by reviewing Age-Friendly Florida Action Plans (N = 13) to code for partner involvement. The evaluation used the World Health Organization’s Age-Friendly Environments framework, which includes 4 cyclical steps: Engage and Understand, Plan, Act, and Measure. The evaluation questions were (1) How many partners are typically involved in action plans? and (2) Which types of partners are typically involved in action plans? The Florida Age-Friendly Communities evaluated have diverse characteristics in community type (e.g., rural, urban, and suburban), population size, and the percentage of the population that is 65+. After an iterative process was conducted between coders, a partner coding structure emerged. The partner coding structure included codes for government, businesses, non-profits, communities, and other partners. Partner themes for each sector (government, businesses, non-profit, community, and other partners) were identified and will be discussed. Overall, results concluded that there were an average of 16 partners involved in age-friendly action plans. On average, age-friendly partners were most involved in the Act step of the World Health Organization’s Age-Friendly Environments framework. Lastly, government sectors were the most frequent partner identified in age-friendly action plans. Considerations and recommendations for age-friendly partner involvement for creating collaborative and holistic age-friendly partners will be included.

AN IMPROVED POLARIZATION WEIGHTS CONSTRUCTION FOR POLAR CODES

Polar codes proposed by Arikan based on channel polarization have been proven to achieve Symmetric Binary-Discrete Input Memoryless Channels capacity. 3GPP has also chosen the Polar codes as the error correction code in the fifth mobile communication system (5G New Radio - 5G NR) with a maximum codeword length of 1024 bits. The design of the code based on the reliability of the synthetic channels has been researched with many different methods to satisfy the requirements demanded in the application of 5G NR. The Polar codes design requirements are ease of implementation, low decoding complexity, and high performance in error correction. This paper has proposed a method of designing Polar codes by determining a synthetic channels reliability index sequence based on the Polarization Weights (PW) method called the Improved Polarization Weights (IPW) method. The simulation results show that the error correction performance of the code designed according to IPW is better than the code structure selected for 5G NR and designed according to the original PW method.

‘People that suffer or have been through it know the answers’: stakeholders’ perspectives on improving healthcare systems for end-of-life care in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and disabling lung condition with a high mortality. Our research has shown that health care for end-of-life COPD is poorly integrated. The aim of this study was to involve people with end-of-life COPD, their support people and health professionals in the design of healthcare services to help improve the delivery of care for advanced COPD, including informing system-level quality improvement.DesignWe conducted a focus group study involving stakeholders of healthcare services: people with end-of life COPD, support people, bereaved support people, and community- and hospital-based health care professionals.MethodsWe conducted qualitative analysis using deductive structural coding, and then inductive descriptive and pattern coding. Analyses were triangulated by investigators. The research positioned people with end-of-life COPD, their support people and health professionals as experts in healthcare services. Critical theory and Actor-Network theory informed the analysis.ResultsSeven focus groups involving 74 participants reported their experiences of end-of-life care for COPD. Five themes related to healthcare systems responses to improving care quality were identified: governance, system integration, resource design and development, standardisation of processes, and communication.ConclusionStakeholders provided multiple healthcare system-level responses to end-of-life care in COPD that could inform healthcare service design and clinical quality improvement.

Experimental Study on Crack Width of HRB600 Grade High-Strength Steel Bar Reinforced Concrete Beams

High-strength reinforcement is an important direction in the development of civil engineering. In order to fill the gap that the current concrete structure code GB50010 has no standard regulations applicable to HRB600-grade high-strength reinforcement, this paper conducted an experimental investigation on the crack width of eight concrete beams reinforced with HRB600-grade high-strength reinforcement. The study examined various parameters to understand the crack development process, crack spacing, and factors influencing crack width in the pure bending section. The results revealed that the damage mode and crack development process of high-strength reinforced concrete beams were similar to those observed in ordinary reinforced concrete bending members. The crack spacing in the pure bending section was independent of the concrete strength, and the average crack width in the pure bending section exhibited a proportional relationship with the reinforcement strain. Moreover, both were mathematically related to the ratio of reinforcement diameter and ratio. A calculation formula for the maximum crack width suitable for HRB600-grade reinforced concrete beams was developed and fit. The HRB600-grade high-strength reinforcement had an obvious yield stage and good ductility, and the test study provides a powerful reference for promoting the application of high-strength reinforcement in concrete structures.

Gene Characterization of Nocturnin Paralogues in Goldfish: Full Coding Sequences, Structure, Phylogeny and Tissue Expression.

The aim of this work is the full characterization of all the nocturnin (noc) paralogues expressed in a teleost, the goldfish. An in silico analysis of the evolutive origin of noc in Osteichthyes is performed, including the splicing variants and new paralogues appearing after teleostean 3R genomic duplication and the cyprinine 4Rc. After sequencing the full-length mRNA of goldfish, we obtained two isoforms for noc-a (noc-aa and noc-ab) with two splice variants (I and II), and only one for noc-b (noc-bb) with two transcripts (II and III). Using the splicing variant II, the prediction of the secondary and tertiary structures renders a well-conserved 3D distribution of four α-helices and nine β-sheets in the three noc isoforms. A synteny analysis based on the localization of noc genes in the patrilineal or matrilineal subgenomes and a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences were accomplished to stablish a classification and a long-lasting nomenclature of noc in goldfish, and valid to be extrapolated to allotetraploid Cyprininae. Finally, both goldfish and zebrafish showed a broad tissue expression of all the noc paralogues. Moreover, the enriched expression of specific paralogues in some tissues argues in favour of neo- or subfunctionalization.

Multi-grained contextual code representation learning for commit message generation

Commit messages, precisely describing the code changes for each commit in natural language, makes it possible for developers and succeeding reviewers to understand the code changes without digging into implementation details. However, the semantic and structural gap between code and natural language poses a significant challenge for commit message generation. Several researchers have proposed automated techniques to generate commit messages. Nevertheless, the information about the code is not sufficiently exploited. In this paper, we propose multi-grained contextual code representation learning for commit message generation (COMU). We extract multi-grained information from the changed code at the line and AST levels (i.e., Code_Diff and AST_Diff). In Code_Diff, we construct global contextual semantic information about the changed code, and mark whether a line of code has changed with three different tokens. In AST_Diff, we extract the code structure from source code changes and combine the extracted structure with four types of editing operations to explicitly focus on the detailed information of the changed part. In addition, we build the experimental datasets, since there is still no publicly sufficient dataset for this task. The release of this dataset would contribute to advancing research in this field. We perform an extensive experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of COMU. The experimental evaluation and human study show that our model outperforms the baseline model.

Pengujian Sistem Jaringan Dokumentasi Dan Informasi Menggunakan Black Box Testing Dan White Box Testing

Information systems in a company are important to increase productivity and quality in the company. With the development of technology today, it is certainly an convenience for companies in making information systems to support the performance of the company. To ensure the application runs according to functionality and find undiscovered errors in anticipation of upcoming errors, System testing is needed using Black Box and White Box to find errors in code structure and function errors in forms, interface design and data structures so that it can provide recommendations in accordance with the problems found and also facilitate program code maintenance or program code development in the future. From the test results, no problems were found in the login function and the majority of forms did not have handling to check empty input fields and obtained an effectiveness value of 62.5%..

Sexual and reproductive health experiences, access to services, and sources of information among university students in Ethiopia.

Adolescence and youth are times of major growth and change that can place young people at elevated risk of poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes, particularly when they are living away from home for the first time. Understanding the barriers that young people face when accessing SRH services and information is imperative for addressing their SRH needs; our study explored this topic among university students in Ethiopia. Specifically, we explore university students' SRH experiences, access to services, and preferred sources of information. We draw on mixed-methods research conducted in four public universities across Ethiopia in early 2020. A random sample of 822 male and female students completed a cross-sectional survey that explored SRH knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and sources of information. We also conducted 8 focus group discussions with students and 8 key informant interviews across the four universities. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and we used structural coding and inductive analysis to analyze qualitative data. The survey data demonstrated that condoms and emergency contraceptive pills were the most used contraceptive methods. Nearly 18% of female students had experienced an unwanted pregnancy, and 14% reported having had an abortion. Approximately one-third of students reported encountering gender-based violence in the past 6 months. Most students preferred receiving SRH information from mass media, and male students were more likely than female students to seek information from friends. Our qualitative findings highlight a lack of comprehensive SRH care available on university campuses, and services that are available are often of poor quality; participants described a lack of privacy, confidentiality and respect when accessing SRH care at school. University students also lack regular opportunities to learn about SRH while on campus, and their preferred sources of information varied widely. Ethiopian university students have considerable unmet demand for SRH services and often face significant barriers to accessing high-quality information and services on campus. Consistent commitment and investment by universities and the government is vital to meeting the SRH needs of young people during this potentially vulnerable time.

PyScribe–Learning to describe python code

AbstractCode comment generation, which attempts to summarize the functionality of source code in textual descriptions, plays an important role in automatic software development research. Currently, several structural neural networks have been exploited to preserve the syntax structure of source code based on abstract syntax trees (ASTs). However, they can not well capture both the long‐distance and local relations between nodes while retaining the overall structural information of AST. To mitigate this problem, we present a prototype tool titled PyScribe, which extends the Transformer model to a new encoder‐decoder‐based framework. Particularly, the triplet position is designed and integrated into the node‐level and edge‐level structural features of AST for producing Python code comments automatically. This paper, to the best of our knowledge, makes the first effort to model the edges of AST as an explicit component for improved code representation. By specifying triplet positions for each node and edge, the overall structural information can be well preserved in the learning process. Moreover, the captured node and edge features go through a two‐stage decoding process to yield higher qualified comments. To evaluate the effectiveness of PyScribe, we resort to a large dataset of code‐comment pairs by mining Jupyter Notebooks from GitHub, for which we have made it publicly available to support further studies. The experimental results reveal that PyScribe is indeed effective, outperforming the state‐ofthe‐art by achieving an average BLEU score (i.e., av‐BLEU) of 0.28.

First Simulations for the EuAPS Betatron Radiation Source: A Dedicated Radiation Calculation Code

X-ray production through betatron radiation emission from electron bunches is a valuable resource for several research fields. The EuAPS (EuPRAXIA Advanced Photon Sources) project, within the framework of EuPRAXIA, aims to provide 1–10 keV photons (X-rays), developing a compact plasma-based system designed to exploit self-injection processes that occur in the highly nonlinear laser-plasma interaction (LWFA) to drive electron betatron oscillations. Since the emitted radiation spectrum, intensity, angular divergence, and possible coherence strongly depend on the properties of the self-injected beam, accurate preliminary simulations of the process are necessary to evaluate the optimal diagnostic device specifications and to provide an initial estimate of the source’s performance. A dedicated tool for these tasks has been developed; electron trajectories from particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are currently undergoing numerical analysis through the calculation of retarded fields and spectra for various plasma and laser parameter combinations. The implemented forward approach evaluation of the fields could allow for the integration of the presented scheme into already existing PIC codes. The spectrum calculation is thus performed in detector time, giving a linear complex exponential phase; this feature allows for a semi-analitical Fourier transform evaluation. The code structure and some trajectories analysis results are presented.

Concurrency control in tree data structures

With the increasing amount of data, there is a higher demand for fast access to data. Therefore, tree data structures are popular because they can quickly access data. In addition, with the increase of the cores of computer microprocessors, the tree data structure that can be concurrently controlled may be one of the most effective data structures today. However, there is still a lack of a summary of the differences in the data structures of various trees. Therefore, this paper collects code structures of different types of trees and then comments on the speed of various tree data structure types concerning parallel processing situations. The study covers the structure and performance of different kinds of trees and summarizes the method of concurrent control of these data structures. This paper can help to clearly understand the relationships and differences between various tree data structures and help them quickly learn the application of concurrency control in trees.