Code Structure Research Articles

Novel Multi-Classification Dynamic Detection Model for Android Malware Based on Improved Zebra Optimization Algorithm and LightGBM.

With the increasing popularity of Android smartphones, malware targeting the Android platform is showing explosive growth. Currently, mainstream detection methods use static analysis methods to extract features of the software and apply machine learning algorithms for detection. However, static analysis methods can be less effective when faced with Android malware that employs sophisticated obfuscation techniques such as altering code structure. In order to effectively detect Android malware and improve the detection accuracy, this paper proposes a dynamic detection model for Android malware based on the combination of an Improved Zebra Optimization Algorithm (IZOA) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model, called IZOA-LightGBM. By introducing elite opposition-based learning and firefly perturbation strategies, IZOA enhances the convergence speed and search capability of the traditional zebra optimization algorithm. Then, the IZOA is employed to optimize the LightGBM model hyperparameters for the dynamic detection of Android malware multi-classification. The results from experiments indicate that the overall accuracy of the proposed IZOA-LightGBM model on the CICMalDroid-2020, CCCS-CIC-AndMal-2020, and CIC-AAGM-2017 datasets is 99.75%, 98.86%, and 97.95%, respectively, which are higher than the other comparative models.

Review of Opportunities and Challenges for Additive Manufacturing of Steels in the Construction Industry

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3-D printing, encompasses a range of technologies that “print” material layer by layer to create the final part. Though there is significant interest in the AM of concrete in the construction sector, opportunities for the AM of steel still need to be explored. This review focuses on the AM of low-alloy steels, stainless steels, duplex stainless steels (DSSs), precipitation-hardened (PH) stainless steels, and tool steels, highlighting the challenges and opportunities of employing AM technology for construction applications. Fusion-based AM technologies, such as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), and laser-directed energy deposition (LDED), are the core technologies that have been tested in the industry so far. WAAM has seen the most exploration for construction applications because of its higher deposition rate, larger build volume, and lower cost than other AM technologies. The mechanical performance of low-alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel shows increased tensile strengths after AM processing compared with wrought counterparts. Although AM is not economical for geometrically simple metal components or geometries, there is potential for AM to fabricate unique structural connections or joints, optimized load-bearing columns, and even entire bridges, as highlighted in this paper. AM’s digital nature (i.e., using computer-aided design (CAD) to create G-code paths for printing) can increase structural efficiency if coupled with topology optimization methods and high-strength alloys. Currently, however, general applications of AM in the industry are limited because of barriers with structural codes and standards not incorporating AM parts and AM technology barriers (i.e., limited build volumes).

Constacyclic codes over F q S T and their applications

Let q = p r , where p is an odd prime and r is a positive integer. Consider a ring F q S T , where S = F q + u F q + v F q + uv F q with u 2 = 1 , v 2 = 1 , uv = vu and T = F q + u F q + v F q + w F q + uv F q + uw F q + vw F q + uvw F q with u 2 = 1 , v 2 = 1 , w 2 = 1 , uv = vu , uw = wu , vw = wv . In this paper, we examine the algebraic structure of constacyclic codes over the ring F q S T of block length ( α , β , γ ) . Further, a construction of quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) from constacyclic codes over F q S T is also given. Moreover, we derive a number of new QECCs.

Reinforcement Learning for Jointly Optimal Coding and Control Policies for a Markovian System Controlled over a Communication Channel

This paper develops approximation and optimality results for the optimal control of a networked system. In this system, a Markovian process is managed over a finite-rate, noiseless communication channel. Solving this problem involves determining joint optimal coding and control policies that minimize cost over time. While theoretical results on optimal coding and control structures exist, practical implementation has remained largely infeasible for non-linear systems due to the computational complexities and uncountable state spaces. This research introduces an approach that combines structural results with reinforcement learning (RL) techniques. The method uses regularity properties of the system to approximate the uncountable state space with a countable one, which allows reinforcement learning algorithms to achieve near-optimal solutions. Specifically, we establish that finite model approximations (where infinite state spaces are quantized to finite ones) and sliding finite window approximations (where a finite memory "window" of past control actions is maintained at each time step) can be employed to develop near-optimality. These approximations allow the system to be reformulated as a Markov Decision Problem (MDP) with a finite state space, making RL algorithms implementable. The convergence of the reinforcement learning algorithm to a near-optimal policy (under both the previous approximations) is supported by theoretical analysis and performance simulations. We ensure that the solutions obtained are not only computationally feasible but also nearly optimal with respect to the original problem. The applications of this work extend to many networked control systems, especially those with zero-delay coding and partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). By integrating structural results with learning algorithms, this paper provides a practical framework for implementing optimal control in finite-rate environments.

Тенденції розвитку законодавства та доктрини приватного права про підприємницькі юридичні особи

The scientific article raises the question of outlining the direction of development of civil and corporate legislation of Ukraine regarding legal entities in general and business, in particular. The definition of legal forms of legal entities in the light of the recodification of the Civil Code of Ukraine. The author of the article supports the idea laid down in the Concept of updating the Civil Code of Ukraine in the part that the legal regulation of organizational and legal forms should be developed in the direction of a closed list of organizational and legal forms of legal entities– societies and institutions. The need to systematize those legal entities that are part of the legal form of «institution» is emphasized, because institutions, funds, and individual legal entities of public law operating in the legal form of the institution differ in their legal status and are not sufficiently regulated today. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the role of the Civil Code of Ukraine in determining the legal status of legal entities of public law by enshrining in the Code norms that would indicate the fundamental nature of the provisions of private law in regulating the organizational and legal forms of legal entities of public law. It is noted that the basis of understanding the concept of an entrepreneurial legal entity are two criteria: activities for profit and its subsequent distribution between participants; the emergence of the founders of a special type of property and personal rights, which are called corporate rights. It is indicated on the need to distinguish between corporate and membership legal relations arising in entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial societies. In the article, due to the application of the criterion of «degree of completeness of rights», it was concluded that there are no grounds for identifying membership and corporate legal relations. The content of membership rights in non-entrepreneurial societies is non-property rights, that is, one of the elements of the corporate rights of participants in entrepreneurial societies. Certain property interests, if any, arise in non-entrepreneurial societies, as a general rule, fit into the design «not to get more than invested». It also emphasized the need to improve Art. 961 of the Civil Code of Ukraine regarding the definition of corporate rights, the need to determine the degree of detail of regulation of entrepreneurial legal entities at the level of the Civil Code of Ukraine, in particular in terms of returning to the structure of the Civil Code of Ukraine the norms on joint-stock companies and limited and additional liability companies.

Flexural behaviour of Q1100 ultra high strength steel welded I-sections

An experimental and numerical program investigating the in-plane flexural behaviour of Q1100 ultra high strength steel (UHSS) welded I-sections is presented in the current paper. The testing program comprised of material coupon tests, measurements of residual stresses, and in-plane 3-point bending tests. Subsequently, a numerical program was executed, involving the development of finite element (FE) models. The FE models validated against the experiments were subsequently employed for parametric studies, aiming at assessing the flexural behaviour of Q1100 welded I-sections across a broader spectrum of section geometries. The data obtained from the experiments and numerical simulations were used to assess the applicability of prevailing design provisions outlined in the European, Chinese and Australian codes for high-strength steel structures. These design provisions encompass classification limits for cross-sections and predicted methods for cross-sectional resistance in bending. Via reliability analyses, adjustments were made to the cross-section classification limits. Finally, a modified direct strength method was proposed to predict the in-plane bending resistance for Q1100 welded I-sections.

Structure and Dynamics of Carbon Dioxide inside ”Hot” Ice with Cylindrical Channels

Inclusion compound based on crystalline water is increasingly recognized as a promising solution for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, either for carbon sequestration from greenhouse gas emissions or for gas mixture separation. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that water crystallizes into a novel porous structure in a carbon nanobrush environment even at room temperature, thus termed ”hot” ice whose structure code is dtc. This study employs a hybrid Grand Canonical/isothermal-isobaric Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations to investigate CO2 confinement inside the cylindrical channels of ice dtc structure. The results show that CO2 occupancy, here expressed as CO2-to-water mole ratio, is approximately 2:5 at maximum. The simulations also demonstrate the mechanical stability of ice dtc structure under positive pressures when its voids are filled with CO2. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to provide molecular insights into the structures and dynamics of CO2 inside the porous channels framework. The results show that CO2 molecules form a bilayer structure inside the cylindrical channels, where certain molecule orientation angles are favored. Dynamics analysis shows that CO2 molecules are relatively immobile in all directions at maximum occupancy.

Atomic structure and Stark width calculation for Cl III ion

In this work, we calculated Stark broadening widths of several doubly-ionized chlorine Cl III spectral lines using the modified semi-empirical approach. The theoretical values of Stark widths are calculated using term energies and oscillator strengths of Cl III from the AUTOSTRUCTURE atomic structure code. We compared the calculated Stark widths with available data from the literature. If we need to interpolate these Stark widths at different temperatures for the studied transitions of Cl III, we use a simple and accurate fitting formula based on a least-squares fitting method.

Multilingual code refactoring detection based on deep learning

Refactoring is a critical process of improving the internal structure of the source code without altering its external behavior. Existing deep learning-based refactoring detection relies on commit messages to extract features. However, these commit messages are not trustful enough since some developers do not consistently record refactoring activities. Furthermore, current approaches are designed for a single programming language and lack multilingual refactoring support. To this end, this paper proposes RefT5, a multilingual code refactoring detection approach based on deep learning. Firstly, we select 110 real-world projects with Java and Python programming languages as a corpus to construct the dataset. Secondly, we extract features including commit messages, code changes, and refactoring types from these projects. RefT5 generates edit sequences from code changes and takes refactoring types as labels. Thirdly, we employ CodeT5 and BiLSTM-attention to extract semantic and structural features and generate feature vectors. Finally, the feature vectors are input into a classification layer to detect the refactoring type. The experimental results show that RefT5 obtains 98.05% precision and 97.77% recall. Furthermore, compared with existing approaches, it improves precision by 51.61% and recall by 52.9% on average, demonstrating its effectiveness.

General Structure and Properties of Cyclic Codes Over \(GF_2\)

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of cyclic codes in GF(2), focusing on their general structure and key properties. Cyclic codes are characterized by their generator polynomials, which define their structure and play a crucial role in encoding and decoding processes. The cyclical shift property, inherent in cyclic codes, facilitates efficient implementation using shift register circuits, making them practical for real-world applications. The discussion highlights the algebraic properties that distinguish cyclic codes from other linear block codes, emphasizing their ability to detect and correct errors.

Investigating the Role of Software Quality Managers and Software Developers in Creating Code Smells

Software code smells are regarded as signs of potential problems in code design or implementation, they might not affect functionality but impact future maintenance and readability. However, refactoring is a process of code transformation that improves code structure without changing code behavior. This process occurs in the stage of software maintenance where software developers and software quality managers/engineers must work closely in order to identify code smells and plan for refactoring. This research aims to investigate the role of quality managers and software developers in creating code smells.

Automated Compliance Checking System for Structural Design Codes in a BIM Environment

Automated Compliance Checking System for Structural Design Codes in a BIM Environment

Pressure-Induced High-Energy-Density BeN6 Materials: First-Principles study

Recently, the use of polymeric nitrogen in the search for high-energy–density materials (HEDMs) has attracted widespread attention. However, synthesizing polymeric nitrogen materials is quite challenging; for instance, the synthesis of cubic gauche nitrogen requires a high pressure of 110 GPa. Previous theoretical predictions and experiments have shown that adding alkaline earth metals as cationic ligands can stabilize polymeric nitrogen and reduce the synthesis pressure. Using the USPEX structural prediction code and first-principles calculations, this study predicted 2 new nitrogen salt with nitrogen contents up to 89.80 %, namely α-BeN6 and β-BeN6, with their unique nitrogen chain structures, have energy densities as high as 3.32 and 3.59 kJ/g, respectively. The exceptional explosive properties reveal these two BeN6 are potential HEDMs. In addition, α-BeN6 is a direct bandgap semiconductor.

A Reliability-Based Design Approach for the Flexural Resistance of Compression Yielded Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)-Reinforced Concrete Beams

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement has been employed as an alternative to conventional steel reinforcement in concrete structures, which is attributed to its excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, one drawback is that FRP reinforcements are brittle and affect the ductility of concrete structures. One of the recent effective techniques proposed to overcome ductility issues is the compression yielding (CY) concept. The CY mechanism allows the structure to fail differently than the conventional FRP-reinforced concrete structure. Thus, the existing design recommendations as per the current codes for FRP-reinforced concrete structures are not appropriate. Hence, reliability studies are crucial for the development of a functional CY beam design in order to emphasise the structure’s lifetime performance and to guarantee safety requirements. In this study, a reliability-based design approach is developed for a compression-yielded FRP-reinforced concrete beam (CY beam) using load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Firstly, the flexural failure modes of CY beams are discussed. The uncertainties involved in the development of the probabilistic model for the CY beam are defined. A case study is consequently conducted for a CY beam with random variables that are associated with the statistical characteristics of material properties and load. The reliability analysis method employed in this research is the Hasofer–Lind method. The results suggest the importance of choosing appropriate design variables and stochastic parameters for CY blocks that contribute to a higher level of reliability. The reliability index and resistance factors of a CY beam are then evaluated using the Monte Carlo Simulation computational method. The reliability index value of 3.336 is obtained from the simulation, which indicates that the CY beam demonstrates ductile behaviour. The results not only demonstrate ductile behaviour but also contribute to a possible reduction in material costs and a substantial safety margin. When compared to conventional FRP-reinforced concrete beams, for different load ratios, CY beams showed higher resistance and better reliability levels.

Gendered pleasures, risks and policies: Using a logic of candidacy to explore paradoxical roles of alcohol as a good/poor health behaviour for Australian women early during the pandemic

Drinking alcohol facilitates pleasure for women while also elevating disease risk. Symbolic expectations of what alcohol ‘does in’ life per lay insight (relax, identity-work, connect) sit in tension with scientific realities about what alcohol ‘does to’ women's bodies (elevate chronic disease risks such as breast cancer). Policy must work amidst – and despite – these paradoxes to reduce harm(s) to women by attending to the gendered and emergent configurations of both realities.This paper applies a logic of candidacy to explore women's alcohol consumption and pleasure through candidacies of wellness in addition to risk through candidacies of disease (e.g. breast cancer). Using qualitative data collected via 56 interviews with Australian women (n = 48) during early pandemic countermeasures, we explore how risk perceptions attached to alcohol (like breast cancer) co-exist with use-values of alcohol in daily life and elucidate alcohol's paradoxical role in women's heuristics of good/poor health behaviours.Women were aged 25–64 years, experienced varying life circumstances (per a multidimensional measure of social class including economic, social and cultural capital) and living conditions (i.e. partnered/single, un/employed, children/no children). We collated coding structures from data within both projects; used deductive inferences to understand alcohol's paradoxical role in candidacies of wellness and disease; abductively explored women's prioritisation of co-existing candidacies during the pandemic; and retroductively theorised prioritisations per evolving pandemic-inflected constructions of alcohol-related gendered risk/s and pleasure/s.Our analysis illuminates the ways alcohol was configured as a pleasure and form of wellness in relation to stress, productivity and respectability. It also demonstrates how gender was relationally enacted amidst the priorities, discourses and materialities enfolding women's lives during the pandemic. We consider the impact of policy regulation of aggressive alcohol marketing and banal availability of alcohol in pandemic environments and outline gender-responsive, multi-level policy options to reduce alcohol harms to women.

Classification of equivalent static wind loads: Comparisons and applications

This paper reviews the basic ideas, developments, and codification practices of different calculation methods for equivalent static wind load (ESWL) in the past about sixty years. From the landmark work of Davenport's Gust Loading Factor (GLF), Kasperski's Load-Response-Correlation (LRC), and Katsumura, Tamura's Universal-ESWL (U-ESWL), the development thread of ESWL is clarified. The ESWLs are classified based on the number of target load effects (Single-target or Multiple-target) and on actuality (Realistic or Unrealistic). GLF is representative as a “Single-target Unrealistic” ESWL, which has been adopted in many international codes and standards for building design and is extended into many approaches considering different targets (e.g. base bending moment), and different components (along-wind, crosswind, torsional). The LRC method identifies a realistic wind load distribution that causes one target maximum/minimum load effect, is a representative of “Single-target Realistic” ESWL, is well adopted as a background component ESWL, and is further developed to consider the dynamic resonant effect. The U-ESWL simultaneously reproduces maximum/minimum load effects in multiple structural members with only two sets of load distributions, is a “Multiple-target Unrealistic” ESWL, and has also been developed and employed in a wind load code for roof structures.

Custom as a Source of Russian Civil Law

In this paper, the author explores the historical significance and complexity of legal customs in the formation of legal systems. The paper analyzes the evolution of a custom from the primary sources of law in ancient societies to its modern status, where their role, although important, is subject to certain limitations, is analyzed.The paper highlights the understanding and application of the term «custom» in the context of modern civil legislation of the Russian Federation with an emphasis on the changes that occurred after the legislative reform of 2012. The study examines various fields of application of customs. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the role and place of international trade custom in civil law relations in the Russian Federation. Based on the opinions of experts and considering in detail the judicial practice of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, the author concludes that international trade custom is a source of law, and it also falls under the concept of «custom» within the framework of Article 5 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The study emphasizes the oral nature of a custom as a source of law, while not neglecting the importance of informal written forms such as Incoterms and UNIDROIT, as well as standard contracts Special attention is paid to the debatable topic of the relationship of customs with imperative and dispositive norms of legislation, as well as their place in the structure of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The author highlights the problem of insufficient legislative regulation of customs and calls for their further research and systematization as a critically important element of the legal system.

“It answers questions that I didn’t know I had”: PhD students’ evaluation of an information-sharing knowledge graph

PurposeInterdisciplinary PhD programs can be challenging as the vital information needed by students may not be readily available; it is scattered across the university’s websites, while tacit knowledge can be obtained only by interacting with people. Hence, there is a need to develop a knowledge management model to create, query and maintain a knowledge repository for interdisciplinary students. This study aims to propose a knowledge graph containing information on critical categories (faculty, classes, dissertations, etc.) and their relationships, extracted from multiple sources, essential for interdisciplinary PhD students. This study evaluates the usability of a participatory-designed knowledge graph intended to facilitate information exchange and decision-making.MethodologyThe authors used data from multiple sources (such as university websites, faculty profiles, publication and dissertation metadata and crowdsourced data) to generate a knowledge graph in the Neo4J Bloom platform. The authors recruited 15 interdisciplinary PhD students using convenience sampling from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa at various PhD stages to design and populate the knowledge graph. Next, the authors conducted a mixed methods study to perform its usability evaluation. First, the authors engaged the students in a participatory design workshop to identify relevant graph queries. Second, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews to determine the usability of the knowledge graph and rate the queries. Each interview was coded with structural and thematic codes and was further analyzed using sentiment analysis in R programming language.FindingsThe usability findings demonstrate that interaction with this knowledge graph benefits PhD students by notably reducing uncertainty and academic stress, particularly among newcomers. Knowledge graph supported them in decision-making, especially when choosing collaborators (e.g. supervisor or dissertation committee members) in an interdisciplinary setting. Key helpful features are related to exploring student–faculty networks, milestones tracking, rapid access to aggregated data and insights into crowdsourced fellow students’ activities. However, they showed concerns about crowdsourced data privacy and accessibility. Although participants expressed the need for more qualitative data in the graph, they noted it helped identify people to talk to about the topics of their interest.OriginalityThe knowledge graph provides a solution to meet the personalized needs of doctoral researchers and has the potential to improve the information discovery and decision-making process substantially. It also includes the tacit knowledge exchange support missing from most current approaches, which is critical for this population and establishing interdisciplinary collaborations. This approach can be applied to other interdisciplinary programs and domains globally.

Combination of Variable Loads in Structural Design

This study delves into the intricacies of variable load combination factors (ψ) within structural codes under fundamental design scenarios, with Eurocodes serving as the primary reference. Currently, variable loads are combined by adding one load, the leading load with its full value, and the other load, the accompanying load, with a reduced value multiplied by a combination factor ψ. This approach employs an independent load combination methodology, utilizing hypothetical reference materials. In contrast, this paper advocates for a shift towards dependent load combination, anchored in the use of actual reference materials. Specifically, it is proposed that imposed loads be combined without the combination factor, i.e., ψ = 1. Given that combination factors are in approximate unity or pertain to infrequent load cases, this research recommends the elimination of ψ from codes altogether. This recommendation stems from the recognition that the current combination factor calculation excels in cases with approximately equal loads with a significant reliability gain, while more frequent unequal loads introduce a minor reliability gain and harmful unsafe errors. Despite the overall minor safety advantage of about 2–3% being negligible considering unavoidable safe errors of about 7% in codes, this simplification significantly reduces code complexity, enhances user-friendliness, and substantially decreases the workload associated with design processes.

Numerical and experimental verification of column web in transverse compression

This paper focuses on the problem of steel members of open double symmetrical cross-sections in transverse compression. First, the problem is introduced with examples of its application in steel structures of buildings and followed by the overview of selected substantial literature resources and current design codes provisions. The essential part of the paper is a presentation of results of experimental tests and advanced numerical analysis of members subjected to selected cases of transverse compression. Where possible, the results are compared with resistances obtained using provisions in currently valid design codes for steel structures. The influence of selected parameters on the resistance in transverse compression is quantified within the evaluation with specific attention paid to plate buckling of the web. Based on data obtained from the experimental and numerical investigations, the most notable findings are summarized.