Causative Structure Research Articles

Model of Comparative Analysis of the Structure and Semantics of Causal Constructions in Multi-Structural Languages

This article explores the application of constructive grammar, a linguistic approach that integrates cognitive, syntactic, and semantic frameworks to analyse causative constructions in English and Russian languages. Constructive grammar interprets not only the form and content of linguistic components but also the structure itself, which influences and imposes constraints on these components. The study considers the methodological evolution from traditional syntactic theories to cognitive models, particularly the influence of Ch. Fillmore’s work. By focusing on causative constructions, specifically analytical causatives like "The police made him confess," the research draws upon the theories of V.P. Nedyalkov, G.G. Silnitsky, and A.A. Kholodovich, among others, to provide a comparative analysis of causative structures in different languages. Cognitive and generative grammar perspectives, including R. King's spatial metaphor and L. Talmy’s force dynamics, are integrated to establish a comprehensive framework for understanding the universal and language-specific properties of causative expressions. The findings highlight the importance of the cognitive interpretation of syntactic structures, the role of energy transfer between agents and patients, and the diverse semantic types of causative situations. The study concludes by suggesting future research directions in the syntactic classification and formal expression of causative components.

<b>Analysis of State Changes in English Causative Constructions: Insights from Construction Grammar</b>

This research aims to explore how English causative constructions convey changes in state, using the frameworks of Construction Grammar and Radical Construction Grammar. The 310 English language samples were selected based on their relevance to illustrating transitions caused by internal or external factors, sourced from reliable texts, diverse contexts, varied grammatical constructions, and common usage patterns. Through a thorough examination of syntax and semantics, the study aims to illustrate how causative constructions effectively capture dynamic processes and cognitive perceptions. Emphasis is placed on the roles of the agent and patient, with the analysis seeking to uncover how these structures deal with causality and, crucially, changes in state. The findings show that causative structures in English mainly depict physical changes, although there is still a significant representation of emotional and mental changes. This analysis reveals the universal and language-specific aspects of causative constructions and provides insights into how they are used in everyday conversations and cognitive activities.

LINGUISTIC UNITS FORMING CAUSATIVE MEANING

The article deals with comparative study of linguistic units that express causative meaning in English and Karakalpak languages. It is noted that there are similarities and differences of causative structures that can be formed morphologically and syntactically. Moreover, some scholars’ views were stated and examples of causative verbs were taken from literary texts in order to reveal causative meaning used in the text. Due to the study, analytical form is used to express causative meaning in English while it is mostly formed morphologically in Karakalpak language.

Semantic Features of MAKE Causative Structures (in English) and LÀM Causative Structures (in Vietnamese): A Contrastive Study

Semantic Features of MAKE Causative Structures (in English) and LÀM Causative Structures (in Vietnamese): A Contrastive Study

Causative construction in Likpakpaanl (Konkomba)

This article is a contribution to the cross-linguistic discussion on causation. It proceeds on the note that causation is a significant notion, both cognitively and grammatically. I make a case that the Mabia (Gur) languages of West Africa are severely under-represented in the literature on causation. I then focus on causation in Likpakpaanl, an under-researched Mabia language spoken in Ghana and Togo in West Africa. I further present data from thirteen other related West African languages for comparative purposes. Broadly speaking, Likpakpaanl deploys all the traditional causation strategies- lexical, morphological, serialising and analytic. However, the use of nasals, especially vowel nasality as a causativisers is novel and uniquely places Likpakpaanl among its linguistic relatives. The Likpakpaanl analytic causative marker chà has a functional scope for both factitive and permissive causatives. In a sense, the source of the specialised analytic causative marker in Likpakpaanl diverges from the oft-cited cross-linguistic source of analytic causative markers. The Likpakpaanl biclausal causative is the balanced structure and, therefore, aligns well with the biclausal causative structure described for the West African linguistic area, contra the deraked structure of Indo-European languages. A thorough investigation of the constellation of causatives in Mabia promises new insights into causative typology.

An Investigation into the Effects of Structured Input, Referential Activities, and Affective Activities on the Acquisition of English Causative Forms

The present study was conducted to investigate the relative effect of structured input, referential activities, and affective activities on the acquisition of English causative forms. The processing of English causative structures is hindered by The First Noun Principle. Forty-one school-age Chinese learners of English as a second language were assigned to three treatment groups: (1) Structured input group; (2) Referential-only group; (3) Affective-only group. This classroom-based study adopted a pretest-posttest design. The test in the study assessed the interpretation and production of the target feature at the sentence level. Results showed that the structured input group, and the referential-only group made significant improvements in both the interpretation and production of English causative structure, while the affective-only group yielded almost no learning gains from pre-test to post-test.

Chinese EFL Learners' Acquisition of Alternating Unaccusatives in Lexical and Periphrastic Causative Structures

Chinese EFL Learners' Acquisition of Alternating Unaccusatives in Lexical and Periphrastic Causative Structures

Morphosyntax of causatives and applicatives in Tshiluba


 
 
 This work explores the argument structure of causatives and applicatives in Tshiluba, a Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The data were elicited with a speaker of Tshiluba through storyboard elicitation and grammaticality judgement tasks. Consistent with preceding analyses of benefactives in Bantu languages (Pylkkänen 2002; McGinnis 2008; de Kind and Bostoen 2012, inter al.), this work supports the analysis that benefactives in Tshiluba are high applicatives. Cases where both causative and applicative morphemes are present provide evidence that the position of the applicative morpheme determines whether the construction is benefactive or malefactive. Within the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz; 1993, 1994), the applicative morpheme -el occurs as the head of a high ApplP, occasionally above vCAUSE and crucially always above Voice. This work shows that this is the case for both passives and antipassives of benefactives. Malefactives appear to be lower, as -el crucially occurs below vCAUSE and Voice in all cases. An unexpected pattern arises – Tshiluba double-object applicatives have been previously analysed as asymmetric in the positions available to each argument, in that the recipient indirect objects must follow the verb and precede the direct object (as in English, Bo grew Jo fruit vs. #Bo grew fruit Jo) (Dom et al. 2015). In the present data, direct objects and indirect objects can alternate in position.
 
 

SYNTACTIC-SEMANTIC REALIZATION OF CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES

The article deals with the syntactic-semantic expression of causative structures in English and Karakalpak languages. Causative structures in comparatively studied languages have their own characteristics, and the semantics of causative verbs in English and Karakalpak languages are presented in a certain classification. In the Karakalpak language, causation is formed under the influence of the lexical meaning of the verb, certain morphological forms and context while in English it is formed by analytical and lexical means. Moreover, it is represented that if the causative structure is used together with the main predicate, it acts as a complex participle.

Video game addiction in psychiatric adolescent population: A hospital-based study on the role of individualism from South China.

For decades, video game-related behaviors have been investigated in different psychologic research, much of whose attention has been paid to video game addiction (VGA), while the differences between VGA and social media addiction (SMA) should have deserved more attention. In addition to detecting common risk factors of VGA, one core question is whether social inclination (individualism or collectivism) matters. The objectives of this study were to clarify the prevalence of VGA and SMA,, identify the influencing factors of VGA, and clarify the relationships between VGA and adolescents' individualism-collectivism inclination. The survey was conducted among 110 adolescent psychiatric patients. For each interviewee, psychological scales were filled face to face. Path analysis was used to examine the causation structure of the childhood trauma-related symptoms. The prevalence of VGA was 40.9% (45 out of 110), and it was 41.8% for SMA (46 out of 110); childhood trauma, social media addiction, the individualistic inclination, and the rate of homosexuality were observed to be independent indicators for video game addiction (r2 =0.46). Psychological counseling on patients' internet-related behaviors may focus on the individualistic personality and possible childhood trauma, which are two important risk factors of video game addiction. It is recommended to distinguish between video game addiction and social addiction in clinical practice.

Symptoms mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and non-suicidal self-injury: A hospital-based study of adolescents with mood disorder.

Childhood trauma has a significant impact on the development of adolescents, which may lead to interpersonal and psychological problems. Determining the incidence and consequences of childhood trauma in psychiatric clinical practice is of great significance. A survey was conducted among adolescents with mood disorders. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Adolescent Non-Suicidal-Self-Injury Behavior Function Assessment Scale (ANBFAS) and a series of psychological scales were filled face to face. Path analysis was used to examine the causation structure of childhood trauma-related symptoms. A total of 117 participants (74.5%) had experienced at least one type of trauma. Interpersonal and psychological features of adolescent patients with childhood trauma were detailed in this study. The path analysis model showed that the relationships between childhood trauma and NSSI were mediated by depressive symptoms and thinking disorders, respectively, whereas depressive symptoms individually mediated the correlation between childhood trauma and sleep disturbances in adolescent patients with psychiatric disorders (χ2 /df = 1.23). For adolescent patients with childhood trauma, psychological counseling for interpersonal relationships should start with families and peers. It is important to treat their depressive symptoms and thinking disorders and alleviate NSSI behavior and sleep disorders.

The 1673 Tianzhen Earthquake and Rupture Behavior of the Yanggao‐Tianzhen Fault in the Northern Shanxi Graben, China

AbstractStudying the causative structure, extent, and magnitude of historical earthquakes is essential for regional seismic hazard assessment. There has been some debate in the literature regarding the epicenter, magnitude, and seismogenic source of the 1673 Tianzhen earthquake, one of the few documented strong earthquakes that occurred in northern Shanxi Graben, China. The Yanggao‐Tianzhen Fault (YTF) has long been recognized as a seismogenic fault; however, previous studies have suggested that the fault has not ruptured at the surface for several thousand years. In this work, we investigate fresh surface ruptures along the YTF based on field investigations, unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, and ground‐penetrating radar surveys. Scarp formation at Yanjiabu is bracketed to the last 1.4 ± 0.6 kyr using optically stimulated luminescence dating. More importantly, we found that the Great Wall at Li'erkou (dated from 1546 CE) was likely faulted, which led us to conclude that the YTF is the causative fault of the 1673 event. Based on our measured fault parameters, the magnitude of the 1673 event was re‐estimated to Mw 6.8–7.2, suggesting that previous magnitudes were underestimated. Four trenches were excavated to investigate paleoearthquakes on the fault. Together with previous paleoseismic data, we suggest a bimodal rupture model in which the fault can produce multi‐segment rupturing events with large magnitudes, such as the 1673 event, and smaller partial or single‐segment rupturing events. Our results shed light on the reassessment of seismic hazards in the densely populated Yangao‐Tianzhen Basin and its nearby regions.

The Syntax of European Portuguese Resultatives

This study attempts to propose a syntactic distinction between true resultatives and pseudo-resultatives and to provide an overview of the resultative constructions in European Portuguese (EP). It has been found that true resultatives, which have causative structures and involve Manner Conflation, are not allowed in EP, contrasting to languages such as English. That is because EP (or Romance languages in general) does not allow Manner Conflation. There are some resultative-like sentences in EP, but they should belong to the pseudo-resultative category, which contains an agentive structure and exhibits semantic and syntactic differences from true resultatives. In addition, simple resultatives, which have causative structures formed with light verbs (instead of Manner verbs) are also attested in EP because no Manner Conflation is involved.

현대중국어 ‘SVN1QMN2’ 구문의 유형 및 초래의미 분석

This paper aims to investigate and classify SVN1QMN2 as a causative structure into different grammatical types, and based on the classifications, each type will be analyzed respectively with its functions in the process of semantic construction and the syntax-semantic realization pattern among the grammatical structures. However, all the grammatical types share the same structure, but each of them maintains various semantic interpretations. Accordingly, there could exist a certain mechanism which enables the structure to be grammaticalized. Thus, this paper may draw some possible conclusions as the following:BR The causative SVN1QMN2 structure can be categorized as direct causes and indirect ones. Under each category, there is an extended sequence which is “directly causatives——indirectly causatives——resultative causatives”.BR There are numerous differences between the calculative structure and the beneficial structure. However, both the structures are subordinates of SVN1QMN2 structure. The conceptualization process can be seen as the fundamental reason for semantic variations. Furthermore, the Economic Principle of language requires that similar events should be expressed in the same pattern. This also verifies that the meaning of a sentence is not the truth condition of the sentence itself, but the conceptualization process related to the sentence.BR The original function of SVN1QMN2 structure is causative, and this causative function is the major cause which allows an agent and its patient to switch their structural positions. In the integrated space, the causative structure determines that the agent should be placed at the position where the causal patient can be located. In short, the theory of conceptual integration can offer the scientifical explanations towards the causative structure.

Semi‐Empirical Error Ellipsoid Clustering for Identifying the Second‐Order Structural Features From a Laboratory AE Source Location Cloud: Method, Validation, and Application to a Hydraulic Fracturing Test

AbstractPoint cloud of sources in the form of acoustic emission (AE) or seismicity at both field‐ and laboratory‐scales are indicative of causative structures. The error ellipsoid clustering (EC) method, whose underlying premise is reducing the amount of discarded data, is helpful for seeking the causative structure(s) from field‐scale seismic sources. However, a proper EC method does not exist for laboratory sources. Interpretation of laboratory AE sources usually involves systematic discarding of the assumed “low‐quality” data. We seek the successful transfer of the field‐scale EC method into the investigation of laboratory‐scale sources. For that, a new semi‐empirical EC method (serendipity method) is devised, and we have systematically modified the previous EC method (standard method) in (1) error ellipsoid formation, (2) iterative clustering algorithm, and (3) clustering stopping criterion. In the literature, the standard method and its limitations were validated using synthetic data. We validate the modifications by comparing its post‐clustering results with the original source locations and with the in‐situ and post‐mortem inspections of the laboratory rock fractures; and similarly for the serendipity method. We apply the serendipity method to a laboratory hydraulic fracturing test. The serendipity method implies the existence of a 3D damage zone as the second‐order feature caused by the hydraulic fracturing in addition to the primary hydraulic fracture. This complex damage zone provides a logical explanation to the previously observed reverse permeability‐distance relationship for hydraulic fracture.

ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНО-СЕМАНТИЧНА ПРИРОДА КАТЕГОРІЇ КАУЗАТИВНОСТІ

Analytic causative constructions are said to function like extension for simple speech utterances rather than contractions of more complex basic structures. The most beneficial advantage of such approach is that it allows focusing on semantics of causative structures concerning the appropriate context. The article outlines certain theoretical principles that clearly explain the use of causative structures in the English language. Different types of carrying various lexical and grammatical meanings are brought to attention, namely word-forming, lexical and contextual ones. Examples are given in the original language and an adequate translation into Ukrainian is made for a better understanding of the causative structures functioning in speech. It was verified that causative constructions with linking verbs can fall in certain types. The results of a comparative analysis of causative constructions with linking verbs in English and Ukrainian indicate the absence of an unambiguous interpretation of the causative situation itself, since its interpretation is influenced by various internal factors. After analyzing the specificity of structures with causative meaning of English and Ukrainian texts, it was found out that among the linguistic mechanisms ensuring the process of structuring cause-and-effect relationships in them, an important role belongs to causative constructions, which represent the relevant cognitive representations of the one who perceives them.

On causatives – A comparison between European Portuguese and Mandarin Chinese

Based on the caused eventuality, causation can be subdivided into the causation of activity and causation of change of state. By analyzing how causatives are expressed in European Portuguese and Mandarin Chinese, this study shows that these two languages exhibit quite many differences in expressing causation of change of state. We observe that many Portuguese verbs that intrinsically involve causative meanings do not have Chinese equivalence in simplex verb forms – their Chinese counterparts may take complex forms, including a construction we call Causative Resultative V-Vs (CR V-Vs). Differences are also found in the derivational process: whereas anticausation plays a significant role in Portuguese, causation is the primary process in Chinese. We attribute the contrast to different semantics of verb roots in the two languages: Portuguese exhibits plenty of result roots that can intrinsically express caused-result meanings; in contrast, Chinese roots tend to denote either a pure activity or a pure (change of) state, and a causative structure is needed to express causative meanings.

Imaging the crustal structure beneath the Yinchuan Basin in the western north China Craton using normalized full gradient and 3D gravity inversion

• The crustal structure beneath the Yinchuan Basin is apparently heterogeneous. • The Yellow River fault is divided into two segments, with the boundary at Yongning. • The primary causative structure of the 1739 Pingluo earthquake is the Yinchuan fault. The Yinchuan Basin is located along the transition belt between the Alxa Massif and Ordos Basin, and is characterised by a complex geological structure. However, several important scientific problems remain unresolved, such as, the causative fault of the 1739 Pingluo Ms 8.0 earthquake. In order to provide new insight into the geodynamic processes, the normalized full gradient (NFG) method and 3-D gravity inversion are utilised to image the crustal structure beneath the Yinchuan Basin in the study. The NFG results indicate that the upper crustal structure is complex, particularly at depths shallower than 20 km. The inversion results infer that the locations of large faults are consistent with the high–low gradient zones in horizontal direction. The integrating NFG and density contrasts imaging results reveal that the south-western boundary of the Ordos Basin is the Yellow River Fault which is divided into two segments with the boundary at Yongning; the East Helanshan and Qingtongxia–Guyuan faults are the south-eastern boundary of the Alxa Massif; the Yinchuan fault is the causative fault of the 1739 event and the focal depth of the event is ∼15 km. These findings provide a scientific basis for studying the crustal dynamics and seismogenic mechanisms of strong earthquakes.

CADAVERIC STUDY OF KATIKTARUN MARMA WITH DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ITS LOCATION AND AGHAT LAKSHANS

Marma Science is one of the most distinctive concepts of Ayurveda. There are 107 marma sites in the body, and they are the conglomeration of muscles, veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. This peculiarity makes Marmamarma a somewhat vulnerable point, and any injury can lead to disability, dysfunction and demise. The cause of the damage can either be traumatic or iatrogenic; therefore, it becomes a necessity to rule out the exact location of the marma and anatomical structure responsible for the traumatic effects. Katiktarun being a Prishthagata marma, is prone to get injured during significant surgeries of the gluteal region and spine. Its injury can lead to delayed death. The aim of this study revolves around the anatomical entity responsible for delayed death caused by katiktarun injury. By identifying the location and structure involved in the marma, it might be possible to repair the structure and deferment the delayed end. Based on Ayurvedic literature and cadaveric observations, the superior margin of the sciatic notch (suprapiriform foraman) is considered as the position of Katiktarun Marma, whereas the neurovasculature associated with suprapiriform foramen is the causative structure of marma trauma symptoms.

ԼԵԶՎԱԿԱՆ ՆՇԱՆԻ ՀՆԱՐԱՎՈՐՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԵՎ ՀԱՎԱՆԱԿԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՄԵԿՆԱԿԵՏԵՐԸ / ASPECTS OF POSSIBILITY AND PROBABILITY OF LANGUAGE SIGN

Тhe language sign, among other features, possesses ontological measurability as well, where contrasted comembers take the role of the units of measurement as measurable aspects of the corresponding sign concept. Spatial dimensional and two dimensional, possible and probable, symmetric and dissymmetric aspects of sign are realia that explicate the measurability. This is evidently a semantic phenomenon with a relationship between objects and signs, where the above-mentioned pairs occur in the role of an object towards a sign. The expression of homonature realities in languages is interesting; for example, the regularity of n - 1 syllables in speech in relation to the linguistic system with the possibility of syllabic deprivation of literary Eastern Armenian and modern English, which is revealed historically by the method of internal restoration, which confirms the imposition of the language code on existing patterns. Under the dictates of the same code, one of the formants intended for the plural number in Armenian gets the opportunity to participate with morophonological patterns in the formation of a variant of the singular number - the allocative singular number, which increases the possibility of expanding the function of that formant. It is with the "hint" of the language code and the internal form that the valence determined by the verb gender and transitivity provides a proportional opportunity for the probability of transitions from the causative structure to either the active or neutral structure, from the active to the passive structure and vice versa. The linguistic system is the logical "residence" of the language, with the paradigmaticy of potential signs in the upper sphere, their stretching in the middle sphere, and the suggestive linearization of speech to be expressed in the lower sphere. All spheres are equipped with signality.