Structure Of Sweden Research Articles

The Transformation of Ownership Policy and Structure in Sweden: Convergence towards the Anglo-Saxon Model?

We investigate the dramatic transformation of ownership policies and ownership structure in Sweden during the postwar period. After WWII, Swedish ownership policies were guided by a socialist vision where the ultimate goal was abolition of private ownership. These policies came to an end in the early 1980s. Since then a large number of Swedish firms have been acquired by foreign owners or merged with foreign firms and the foreign ownership share on the Swedish Stock Exchange has increased rapidly. A central question is whether this fast transformation is merely a logical consequence of current globalization, or whether this tendency has been reinforced by economic policies vis-a-vis the business sector in Sweden. We show that until the late 1980s, Swedish economic policy – aimed at discouraging wealth accumulation among households and favoring institutional ownership and debt financing – effectively precipitated the rapid takeover of the Swedish business sector by foreign owners that gained momentum in the 1990s. Policy measures intended to create a system of “capitalism without capitalists” can be said to have “packaged” large Swedish corporations in terms of ownership and financing structure, so that foreign takeover was facilitated. The article ends with a discussion as to whether the dramatic change in ownership structure in the Swedish business sector may result in the demise of the old corporatist model of industrial relations, giving way to a new trend towards a liberal market economy of the current Anglo-Saxon variety. JEL Classification: M13, N24, O38, P16.

Food Prices and Market Structure in Sweden

This paper examines retail grocery price levels across a large panel of stores in Sweden. We explain price variation across stores by market structure variables to capture differences in competition intensity and a number of store– and region–specific factors. Most of the explained variation in prices can be attributed to store–specific factors such as size and chain affiliation. Overall, the relation between market structure variables and food prices is weak, and effects are small in percentage terms. Nevertheless, higher local concentration of stores, higher regional wholesaler concentration and a lower market share of large stores are all correlated with higher prices. JEL classification: D43; L13; L81

Automatic interpretation of magnetic dike parameters using the analytical signal technique

The analytical signal of the magnetic field is used to automatically determine the source parameters of dikelike structures. The method is particularly useful for interpreting large amounts of data collected during airborne surveys because it makes full use of the high density of data along the flight lines while simultaneously checking for two‐dimensionality and strike directions by searching for coherent signals in neighboring profiles. The maximum horizontal curvature of the amplitude of the analytical signal is used to locate the dikes along a given profile. Tests with synthetic data show that the dike’s horizontal position is resolved accurately. Magnetic data from the Siljan impact structure in Sweden show that the estimated strikes are reliable and that dip, depth, and width estimates are coherent, especially for well‐isolated dikelike structures.

Inversion of controlled‐source tensor magnetotelluric data for a layered earth with azimuthal anisotropy

Fractures in the upper part of the crust are pervasive in crystalline areas. They often are aligned and nearly vertical. Magnetotelluric studies carried out in different parts of the world often indicate that the upper brittle part of the crust is electrically anisotropic. One model is that deep fluid‐filled fractures, when observed from the surface, mimic an anisotropic medium. The transfer functions of the controlled‐source tensor magnetotelluric (CSTMT) method contain information from current systems running both parallel and perpendicular to the principal horizontal axes of anisotropy, so that the CSTMT method is capable of detecting azimuthal anisotropy. For the CSTMT method, electric dipoles provide the source field, and hence fields are localized. Thus, the distortion generated by a major conductive anomaly lying outside the induction volume defined by the transmitter and receiver positions will be small. Therefore, one‐dimensional models often may be valid. We have developed a nonlinear least‐squares inversion approach to invert CSTMT data for azimuthal anisotropy in an one‐dimensional layered earth. Near‐surface distortion effects on the impedance tensor are parameterized as a real distortion matrix. The elements of the distortion matrix are incorporated into the model parameters. By using tipper functions which are less distorted by near‐surface structures, near‐surface distortion effects can be removed adequately. One striking feature of our inversion algorithm is that the partial derivatives of the response functions, with respect to model parameters, are given in analytical forms, which results in an efficient computation of the Jacobian matrix. Theoretical studies show good convergence and good resolution of the model parameters. We have applied the inversion scheme to a set of controlled‐source data from the Siljan impact structure in Sweden. The derived models give much better data fits than a corresponding isotropic model.

Farm subdivision in pre-industrial Sweden: fact or fiction?

Research into the transformation of the agrarian structure in Sweden in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has been based on the view that it was marked by the subdivision of farms; that the number of farmers increased and their size diminished. Since the 1970s, however, it has become clear that what in some places looks like a subdivision may, in fact have been an illusion. Holdings were often amalgamated to form large farms whose production was intended for sale on the market. These new findings are, with few exceptions, merely local samples taken from a large country. This essay studies the subdivision of farms in a broader geographical perspective. The results show that the number of farms decreased continuously in many places, not only on the grain-producing plains, but also in many forest districts. However, the transformation of the agrarian structure had many regional aspects. Whereas the number of farms steadily decreased in most of eastern Sweden, there were several areas in the west and south of the country where the partitioning of farms continued. One explanation for this is probably the extensive land reclamation and the labour-intensive domestic production that characterized the western part of the country, mainly during the nineteenth century.

Deep structure of Sweden and neighbouring areas - integrated geology and geophysics: Introduction and summary

Deep structure of Sweden and neighbouring areas - integrated geology and geophysics: Introduction and summary

The Siljan Deep Well: Helium isotope results

The Siljan Ring impact structure in Sweden is the scene of current deep-drilling exploration for methane trapped in a crustal reservoir. The initial hole, drilled to a depth of 6100 m through Precambrian granite, has been augmented by three branching “side-track” holes beginning at −4700 m that have extended the drilled depth to 6957 m. Forty-four gas samples extracted from the circulating drilling fluid have been analyzed for He, Ne, and 3He 4He ratios. Granite chips recovered from the well and eight natural gas seeps from the Siljan Ring and other localities in Sweden have also been analyzed to provide ambient helium comparisons. The 3He 4He ratios in the well gases are mixtures of three components: (1) atmospheric helium dissolved in recirculated drilling fluid, (2) “carrier” He used for well-site gas chromatography that contaminated some of the samples taken for He isotope analysis, and (3) a “crustal” radiogenic component from the granite with a 3He 4He ratio of 0.015 times the atmospheric ratio (1.40 × 10 −6). Although helium concentrations are generally low throughout the hole (up to 4800 ppm), hydrofracturing at the termination of drilling in Side-track Hole 3 yielded gas with 23,100 ppm of helium and the “crustal” isotope ratio for Siljan granite fluids. Isotope ratios in the gas seeps are in agreement with the deep “crustal” value, but the granite itself has lower 3He 4He ratios due to preferential extraction of 3He from Li-bearing micas. No evidence of a mantle helium component is observed in the isotopic data: an upper-limit calculation based on the difference between He isotope ratios in the granite and in the formation waters gives a maximum of 0.15% of MORE helium in the well gas helium.

INVERSION OF MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA: A NON‐LINEAR LEAST‐SQUARES APPROACH1

AbstractThe inverse problem of magnetotellurics over a horizontally stratified earth is described, with emphasis on practical application. The inversion is divided into basically two steps. The construction of some best solution, and the analysis of that solution with regard to uncertainty and complexity. For the construction of best solutions a robust non‐linear solver was developed, and for the estimation of parameter errors a modified eigenvalue‐eigenvector analysis is performed to better describe non‐linear effects. The choice of the number of layers is shown to be intimately connected with the structure of data errors and the misfit between model and data. An example from the Siljan impact structure in Sweden illustrates the power of the technique.

Geochemical Investigations for Deep Gas Drilling in Siljan Impact Structure, Sweden: ABSTRACT

The geochemical analysis program for the Gravberg 1 well in the Siljan Ring (impact structure in Sweden) monitors and evaluates for scientific and commercial purposes the gas encountered in the borehole which has penetrated Precambrian crystalline rocks to a depth of 6.6 km. At the well, three different systems measure hydrocarbons C/sub 1/-C/sub 5/. Inorganic gases, H/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, He, and Ra, are also measured. Offsite laboratories conduct more sophisticated studies of a routine and experimental nature. These include headspace and desorbed gas analysis, and isotopic analysis of hydrocarbons, helium, and hydrogen. Two types of hydrocarbon gases have been encountered. Hydrocarbon concentration is highest in the dolerite intrusions, about 4 to 10 times higher than in granite. In the dolerites, the hydrocarbons consist of up to 98% methane, whereas in the granite the methane content is 50-70% The dolerite gases contain small proportions of unsaturates; in the granite, the C/sub 2/-C/sub 4/ oplefins are in equal amounts with the saturates. The dolerites contain isotopically heavy methane (deltaC/sup 13/ generally -10 to -24 o/oo), similar to abiogenic gases. In the granite, the methane is lighter (delta C/sup 13/ generally -23 to 36 o/oo). Experiments show that almost allmore » the hydrocarbons in the granite are associated with the magnetic fraction; this does not hold for the dolerites. The hydrocarbon in the granites may be formed from CO and H/sub 2/ by magnetite catalysis (Fischer-Tropsch reaction) but other explanations may be possible. Hydrogen is a prominent part of the gas mix; it exceeds methane concentration normally by an order of magnitude. The hydrogen could be indigenous. Helium is found mainly below 6 km; isotopic analyses show that the helium is of crystal origin.« less

Results from Surface and Borehole Geophysical Investigations During Deep Gas Drilling in Siljan Impact Structure: ABSTRACT

Seismic data reveal high-amplitude subhorizontal reflections in the crystalline rock of the Siljan impact structure in Sweden. Pre-drilling geophysical investigations, included gravity, magnetics, VLF and magnetotelluric surveys. By using vertical seismic profiling (VSP), the depth in the borehole has been related directly to times on the seismic sections and ensures that reflections are real. All of the surface investigations indicate the Siljan Ring area to be a geophysically anomalous region. A composite log, which includes the standard logs run in most boreholes, shows both gradual and abrupt changes in the amount of natural gamma activity, sonic velocity, and resistivity of the rock. The discrepancy between the maximum caloper reading and the minimum reading on the four-arm caloper log gives a clear indication of the anisotropic horizontal stress conditions present in the rock. The resulting elliptical and rugose hole caused several compilations both in data acquisition and processing. The micro electric scanner tool (FMS) display shows the configuration of the individual fractures within fracture zones. Current studies using the geochemical tool string, consisting of the NGS, GST, and AACT tools will help evaluate the chemical composition of the rock.

Characterization of Lithology and Reservoir Rock for Deep Gas Drilling in Siljan Impact Structure, Sweden: ABSTRACT

The Gravberg 1 well in the Siljan impact structure in Sweden has been drilled entirely in granite and dolerite intrusions of Precambrian age to a present depth of 6.6 km. Study of the cuttings at the well site included a lithologic description, with emphasis on quantifying mineralogical, textural, and pore-space parameters that affect porosity and permeability and that can indicate the potential presence of a fractured reservoir. Important mineral parameters are epidote, reddish feldspar, chlorite, and other alteration products. Textural parameters include the presence of fractures, cataclastic and brecciated graikns, vugs, and drusy crystals. Although rare, the presence of drusy crystals clearly shows that open fractures are present. The study is also geared to identify minerals that affect wireline logs (e.g., alteration products such as chlorite,sericite, and illite, and heavy minerals such as pyritic and magnetite4). Cuttings examination is crucial as relatively few cores or sidewalls have been recovered. Laboratory studies incorporating capillary pressure tests, SEM, and thin-section petrography (in polarized and fluorescent light) reveal that the samples contain a bimodal pore structure composed of larger pores representing the microfractures and smaller pores representing the intercrystalline microporosity developed within altered grains. Porosity in the granites averages 0.96% (typical Swedish granitemore » is 0.5%), and the permeability is 0.003-0.027 md.« less

Primary health care in relation to socio-political structure

Primary health care is both a reflection of the society's political, social, economic, and cultural history and current structure and, in some countries, a leading edge for change in that structure. In this paper, after describing a “model” for primary health care presented by the Director-General of the World Health Organization, we examine briefly the relationship between primary care and socio-political structure in Sweden, Britain, the Soviet Union, The United States, China, and Chile. There is evidence that only in countries in which there has been a fundamental shift of wealth and power to those who previously had least and in which there has been an exercise of that power for the strengthening of equity and community is the model of primary care approached. We urge that the Conference develop tactics to strengthen primary care in countries whose socio-political structure is antithetical to it and to use primary care as a means toward bringing changes in the structure in societies where it now is a barrier to health and to care.

Crustal structure of the Baltic Shield beneath Umeå, Sweden, from the spectral behavior of long-period P waves

abstract The method of spectral ratio response for crustal thickness determination beneath a receiving station, using long-period P waves of teleseismic events, has been applied. The purpose of this study is to investigate further the already well-depicted shield structure in Sweden beneath the WWSSN station at Umeå, the methodical procedure involved in this inversion problem, and possible sensitivity of the method to lateral variations of the shield area beneath the recording station. Teleseismic events from the Okhotsk Sea, Mongolia, and Hindu Kush regions are considered. Results suggest a value of 42 km for the two-layer crustal model beneath Umeå with possible lateral variations in velocity and/or dipping M-discontinuity surface to the east. It is proposed that a quantitative measure of the reliability of amplitudes and periodicity of peaks of the response ratios and indications of possible lateral anisotropy are obtained by treating the horizontal P-wave component both as a radial component of a three-component vector field and as being along the great circle through the epicenter and the receiving station.

Average crustal structure of Sweden

Records obtained at the permanent stations of the Swedish seismograph network from explosions carried out in Scandinavian waters in June 1969 are evaluated. The study includes determination of velocities for all crustal phases observed, furthermore of layer thicknesses, Poisson ratios and amplitude ratios. The purpose of the study is partly to provide a first approximation to the crustal structure in Sweden, partly to provide regional data for location of earthquakes and explosions in the area in the future. Average velocities (km/sec) are forPn 7.88±0.05,Pg1 6.25±0.08,Pg2 5.70,Sn 4.58±0.04,S* 3.70±0.04,Sg1 (Lg1) 3.58±0.03,Sg2 (Sg) 3.40±0.03,Rg 3.02±0.07. The average thickness is 12 km for the granitic layer, and 23 km for the basaltic layer, thus making the average crustal thickness equal to 35 km. Relative amplitudes plotted versus distance complete the dynamical side of the study and they are useful for identification of waves. A regional travel-time table is presented for the distance range 0°–10° with entries for each 0.1° and including all crustal phases read.