Structure Of Relations Research Articles

The structure of the mathcal{N}=4 supersymmetric linear W_{infty }[lambda ] algebra

For the vanishing deformation parameter lambda , the full structure of the (anti)commutator relations in the mathcal{N}=4 supersymmetric linear W_{infty }[lambda =0] algebra is obtained for arbitrary weights h_1 and h_2 of the currents appearing on the left hand sides in these (anti)commutators. The w_{1+infty } algebra can be seen from this by taking the vanishing limit of other deformation parameter q with the proper contractions of the currents. For the nonzero lambda , the complete structure of the mathcal{N}=4 supersymmetric linear W_{infty }[lambda ] algebra is determined for the arbitrary weight h_1 together with the constraint h_1-3 le h_2 le h_1+1. The additional structures on the right hand sides in the (anti)commutators, compared to the above lambda =0 case, arise for the arbitrary weights h_1 and h_2 where the weight h_2 is outside of above region.

The Relationship Between Attachment Symbols, Attachment Styles and Self-Differentiation with Marital Intimacy

Intimacy is a basic human need and is recognized as an important process in the development of friendly relationships. Given the importance of this structure in marital relations, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-differentiation, attachment symbols and attachment styles in the prediction of marital intimacy of marital couples in Zanjan city. The research method was correlation. All married couples living in Zanjan city in 2018 formed the statistical population of this study. The final sample consisted of 278 people selected by stepwise cluster sampling. The instruments of the Bagarozzi intimacy scale (2001), self-differentiated R-DSI revised questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver (1995), attachment style questionnaire and Hazen Attachment Symptom Questionnaire (1987). Non-parametric correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intimacy with security and support. There is a positive and significant relationship between rational intimacy with support. There is a positive and significant relationship between sexual intimacy with adjacency and support. There is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual intimacy with security. There is a positive and significant relationship between the aesthetic intimacy with security. There is a positive and significant relationship between social-entertainment intimacy and proximity. There is a positive and significant relationship between the overall score of intimacy with proximity, security, and support. Pearson correlation showed that Pearson correlation indicated that there is a negative and significant relationship between the avoidant attachment style and the total score of intimacy and the components of social recreational intimacy and emotional intimacy. There is a negative and meaningful relationship between the attachment style of social-communicative intimacy. There is a negative and significant relationship between the ambivalent attachment style and the general score of intimacy and the components of social intimacy-emotional and emotional intimacy. The results of regression analysis indicated that only anxiety attachment style could predict marital intimacy among attachment styles and self-differentiation dimensions (R2 = 0.02). The findings of this study can be used to develop and implement educational and therapeutic programs in order to increase marital intimacy of couples. Key words: self-differentiation, attachment styles, marital intimacy, married couples

Agricultural holdings in the structure of agrarian legal relations: pro and contro

Purpose: the purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the legal aspects of the creation and operation of agrarian holdings, taking into account the need to ensure food security of Ukraine and guarantee the constitutional right of everyone to a sufficient standard of living in conditions of martial law. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the research, such methods of scientific knowledge were used: comparative-legal, systemic-structural, analysis and synthesis, historical method. Results. In the process of the research, the definition of an agricultural holding in the structure of agrarian legal relations in Ukraine was substantiated as an association of enterprises in the agrarian sphere with the aim of ensuring a closed cycle of production, processing, storage and/or sale of agricultural products with the use of large land plots mainly on lease rights, which is carried out under by the principle of subordination of corporate (subsidiary) enterprises to the holding (parent) company, has at least two participants (the holding (parent) company and the corporate (subsidiary) enterprise), and in which the holding (parent) company owns, uses and disposes of holding corporate blocks of shares ( shares) of two or more corporate enterprises, on the condition that the indicated block of shares exceeds 50% or amounts to an amount that ensures the right to decisive influence on the economic activity of the corporate (subsidiary) enterprise. Originality. In the process of analyzing the activities of agricultural holdings under martial law, it is substantiated that agricultural holdings in Ukraine, together with other subjects of the agrarian market, are in difficult conditions of conducting agribusiness in the conditions of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, while their access to land plots, financial resources, foreign investment and international aid programs is complicated. Therefore, in the post-war period, agricultural holdings may lose their dominant positions on the agricultural market of Ukraine and undergo reorganization. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in the research field - for the further development of the problems of legislative regulation of the creation and operation of agricultural holdings in Ukraine, as well as in the rule-making work - in the preparation of projects of normative and legal acts aimed at improving the legislative regulation of the functioning of agricultural holdings in the agricultural market of Ukraine.

Neo-Weberian Reading of Violent Non-State Actors: The Case of Hezbollah

Multiple-actor reality and the impact of different units, except the states in stratified structural relations, have become more apparent in recent international relations. Specifically, the rising role of Violent Non-State Actors (VNSA) in regions like the Middle East and North Africa, and their challenges to the sole and central position of states, reinforced this idea. Hence, comprehending the possible actorhood of these groups within the structural relations consisting of internal and external realms necessitates alternative concepts and challenging arguments. The Neo-Weberian approach, inspired by historical sociology, offers a grounded and balanced analysis of actors. This approach puts state-society at the center of attention and, thus, looks at all dimensions (both actor and structure) of social relations as ingrained in the theory of structuration. In this way, it seems to capture the complex interactions between actors and structural dynamics, as well as the dynamic transformation of both ontological realities. Along this line, this study intends to illuminate the intriguing aspects and certain advantages of the structuration approach by scrutinizing Hezbollah’s agency, which is a critical VNSA in the Middle East, and its impact on structural relations, as well as its evolution over time. In other words, as a modest contribution to the structuration literature, the mutual interaction between agent and structure is explored via a unique case. This study argues that Hezbollah emerged as a result of the preexisting structural realities and, during the process, it proved its agency and influential role on these stratified structural dynamics. To substantiate these theoretical arguments, the permissive structural conditions in the region and in Lebanon will be explained, and then Hezbollah’s impact as an actor on these structural realities will be surveyed with a special emphasis on Hezbollah’s role over two regional dynamics: Arab uprisings, particularly the Syrian internal war, and its now hegemonic position in Lebanese politics.

On the structure of poroplastic constitutive relations

The paper discusses from first principles all aspects relevant to the plasticity of porous materials. Emphasis is laid on unhomogeneous yielding, defined as the process of yielding and plastic flow under gradient-free macroscopically nonuniform deformation. The nonuniformity is represented by strain localization in one or more bands of finite thickness. A universal feature of all intrinsic yield criteria is their dependence upon the normal and shear tractions resolved on the band. When specialized to isotropy, a Mohr–Coulomb criterion and a Rankine–Tresca criterion emerge as two extremes. The latter is an ideal that typifies the yield behavior of porous materials under arbitrary loadings. The general theory stands for a finite number of bands or yield systems. Its overall structure bears some features of crystal plasticity, but with dependence upon the resolved normal stress. The evolution of microstructural parameters can be given in general terms, being solely based on the kinematic constraints of unhomogeneous yielding and matrix incompressibility. Throughout the paper, the competition with homogeneous yielding, heretofore taken for granted, is analyzed with or without strain and strain-rate hardening effects. We close by discussing the thermodynamic consistency of this new class of constitutive relations and a link to strain-gradient theories.

Проблемы защиты прав потребителей при заключении опционных договоров

In this article, a study of judicial practice on disputes arising from the conclusion of option contracts with consumers, imposed in lending, is carried out. The use of the option contract structure in relations with citizens when they use financial services for personal needs is unjustified, obviously losing for consumers. It is concluded that it is necessary to universally recognize such agreements as contracts for the provision of paid services with the right of a citizen to refuse, as well as the impossibility of limiting the operation of the law “On Consumer Rights Protection” from the sphere of consumer relations in the case of using the construction of an option contract.

Civil-legal control in the law of Ukraine

Based on the current legislation, the article examines the theoretical foundations of civil-legal control in the law of Ukraine using general scientific methods of knowledge, such as systematic, complex and comparative analysis, methods of typology and classification, historical-legal, formal-legal, comparative jurisprudence. With the help of an interdisciplinary method, the general concept of control examined through the legal category of subjective law, which reveals the essence of control regardless of the scope of control processes. This position determined by the fact that control consists in restraining and directing free actions carried out by participants in social relations. Considered usually as a management function, control in the field of civil legal relations, like any other category analyzed from private legal positions, acquires a number of features characteristic of civil law institutions. The essence of control in the civil law sense is the ability of the subject of civil relations to influence contractual activity. It is noted that civil legal control is based on a set of subjective rights of a participant in civil legal relations. Civil-law control plays a special, dual role in the structure of contractual relations, being its object and constituting at the same time the content of civil legal relations, expressed in the set of basic and derivative rights arising from the fact of participation in contractual relations of an organizational and property nature. The specified classification makes it possible to clarify the terminology of civil law in this area and to operate with universal categories during the analysis of the specifics of the manifestation of civil-law control, which makes it possible to reach a higher level of generalization. As part of considering the issue of legal forms of the dynamics of civil-legal control, those forms that mediate the movement, change of existing civil relations and the emergence of new ones, i.e. implementation and protection of civil-legal control, are highlighted. The obtained research results make it possible to form legal foundations in the field of civil-law regulation of control for further improvement of civil legislation.

“La Grève de la fierté”

On 15 August 1983, 9,500 workers from the Montréal locals of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union went on strike for the first time in 43 years. The strike became known as “la grève de la fierté” and made clear that the women working in the city’s garment factories were taking a stand against the layoffs and closures prompted by industrial restructuring and deindustrialization. However, the strike’s success was limited, revealing the extent to which the structural inequities in the garment industry had calcified along gendered, classed, and ethnic lines. The union executive had grown increasingly distant from its rank-and-file, and it was immigrant women workers who were left to organize against the flurry of closures and the corresponding decline in their working conditions. The campaign leading up to the 1983 strike, organized by the Comité d’action des travailleurs du vêtement, articulated a series of demands for the improvement of workplace health and safety conditions, better benefits, and more representative union leadership. With original archival research and oral history interviews, I argue that the 1983 “grève de la fierté” illustrates how the historically entrenched gendered structure of labour relations shaped the pathways of deindustrialization in Montréal’s garment industry.

THE DEFINITION AND STRUCTURE OF FINANCIAL SECURITY

The purpose of the article is to clarify the definition and structure of financial security. The subject of the research is the definition and structure of financial security. Financial security is defined as the most important element of the country's economic security in modern conditions; approaches to the definition of the concept of economic security are characterized; the concept of financial security is defined; administrative and legal relations in the field of financial security are characterized; the structure of administrative relations in the field of financial security is determined; threats to financial security are identified; threats to the development of the insurance market are identified; problems of the market of non-banking financial services in Ukraine are characterized; factors ensuring the competitiveness of the non-banking financial sector in modern conditions are characterized. Methodology. General scientific methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction and modeling) are used in the article. Results. Thus, the financial security of Ukraine should be understood as a complex, dynamic, social system with an extensive network of interconnected and interdependent elements and connections, which guarantees the state's ability to effectively form, preserve against depreciation and rational use of financial resources and is aimed at stabilizing the socio-economic development of the country, ensuring its stability, as well as the formation of prerequisites for preserving the integrity and unity of the state financial system, maintenance of financial obligations.

The Transformation of Subjects and Objects of the Socio-Economic System of Neo-Colonialism in the Context of a Global Structural Crisis

Relevance. The merging of the economic interests of the state and private structures, supported by the concentration and centralization of power-property in the context of the global structural crisis, indicates the transformation of the existing global socio-economic conjuncture, in particular the transformation of subjects of socioeconomic relations into objects. Thus, there is a need to study the ongoing transformation with the subsequent identification of the emerging structure of class society, which makes is possible to determine a promising direction of research in the field of socio-economic relations developing in the global liberal socio-economic system, which is in the terminal stage of crisis.The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the transformation of the global system of socio-economic relations, its elements (subjects and objects of relations), as well as the socio-economic (class) relations themselves, formalization of the presented transformation and ensuring its representativeness.Objectives. This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks: identifying the integration of the institution of the state with transnational capital, representing the emerging structure of socio-economic subject-object relations, as well as the system of subject-object relations of a new global class society.Methodology. The solution of these tasks is carried out by applying general scientific research methods within the framework of logical analysis and synthase. Formulated and applied the author’s method, presented in the text in the form of an algorithm that describes the logic of the process of transformation of subjects of socio-economic relations, represented by a flowchart.Results. The result of the research is the modeling of the emerging structure of socio-economic subject-object relations.Conclusions. The conducted research is applicable for the structural analysis of global socio-economic processes, as well as the formation of interdisciplinary theoretical models that reveal the destructive processes taking place in the modern market world system, which is on the verge of transformation.

Corn in postcut crops

In agrotechnologies postcut crops of intermediate cultures are placed after harvesting annual grasses for green mass, and stubble crops after harvesting early grain crops. Annual herbs at the April sowing dates reach mowing maturity and are harvested for green mass in the third decade of June – the first decade of July. However, after harvesting the main crop of the crop rotation, there are still about 70–90 days left until the end of the growing season, which is quite enough to obtain a full-fledged harvest in the hay crops, and thereby increase the index of arable land use [1; 6]. In this regard in 2020–2022 in the foothill zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (the Baksansky district), the scientific research was carried out on the irrigated Ciscaucasian chernozems (according to B.A. Dospekhov “Methodology of field experience”) in order to study the elements of improving the technology of growing corn in hay crops, providing a reduction in energy costs and optimization of the main parameters of soil fertility. Recently, agricultural production has been operating in the conditions of a resource deficit and an increasingly complex structure of economic relations and an ever-increasing problem of soil and water conservation. The dominance of economic mechanisms fundamentally changes many generally accepted ideas and approaches in the field of agricultural land use. The overall objective is to maximize crop production per unit of input. As a result of the research, it has been found that the cultivation of corn for grain by cutting, after winter rapeseed by chisel processing to a depth of 28–30 cm and the application of fertilizers at a dose of N120P90, contributes to the stabilization of the agrophysical properties of the soil and the optimization of the energy balance

Measuring structural HIV stigma

Despite the progress in pharmaceutical and epidemiological tools for combating HIV spread, HIV stigma remains a significant social barrier impeding treatment and prevention efforts, potentially reducing the effectiveness of interventions to reduce HIV transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to defining and estimating HIV stigmatization through the structure of sexual relations, as opposed to attitudes. We conceptualize structural stigma as arising from two mechanisms: (1) a reduced propensity towards HIV serodiscordant partnerships (exclusion); and (2) a reduced propensity towards partnerships with seroconcordant individuals who themselves have serodiscordant partnerships (ostracism). Both mechanisms can be assessed from observed partnership network data using exponential family random graph models (ERGMs). We demonstrate our approach on a sexual contact network of black men who have sex with men in the South Side of Chicago. We find a tendency for serodiscordant sexual relationships to be suppressed in the network (θ = −0.69, p < .05), as well as a suppressive tendency for HIV negative YBMSM to have sex with other HIV negative people in serodiscordant relationships (θ = −0.96, p < .05) suggesting that structural HIV stigma is present in this network. Potential relationships with attitudinal stigma and implications for epidemiological strategies for reducing HIV stigma are discussed.

The Trajectory and Trend of International Political Economy in Southeast Asia

International political economy debates in Southeast Asia have expanded in the last decades from the perspectives of development theories in conjunction with the structure of states relations to the links between state-market-society. The article explores the studies of Southeast Asia’s political economy that has stimulated the debate over the past years and its future trends. It intends to analyse the trajectory of the issues and topics identified utilizing structured research of studies in scientific databases and derive discussion on its future topics by looking at the links between state-market-society. The existing topics related to issues of the political economy of Southeast Asia are grouped into themes related to development financing from traditional and emerging donors, State-Owned Enterprises, and regional integration. In addition, it captures the topics based on the trend that are proposed and emerged within the policy discussion and academic forums. The initiated issues are climate change and environment, the importance of sub-regional in ASEAN integration, and digitalisation and technological advancement.

Dostępność wymiaru sprawiedliwosci w sprawach cywilnych dla osób uprzywilejowanych (doświadczenia meksykańskie)

In this article basic legal and social problems connected with the access to justice are discussed, for the category of population of Mexico which the Author names the „underpriviledged”. Analising the evolution of Mexican legislation, opinions presented in the legal doctrine as well as the results of empirical studies, the Author presents the shortcomings of Mexican civil procedure as far as protection of underpriviledged is concerned. The Author stresses the fact that Mexican civil procedure stays behind brisk socio-economic changes which took place in this country. The civil procedure based on traditional principle of free exercise by the parties of their rights does not allow for the court’s activity aimed at finding out objective truth. According to the Author’s opinion proceedings before the court constitute a „bastion of liberal capitalism” in which „all cases are adjudicated taking into account contractual freedom of the parties”. Thus; they create no effective mechanism of adjudicating typical cases resulting from new structure of socio-economic relations. While analising the data gathered in results of empirical studies, the Author stresses the fact that „legal aid” for the poor” is only an illusion. First of all, these persons rarely turn to the courts seeking protection of their rights. Also the length and the costs of proceedings in civil law suits are very disadvantageous to them as well as negative effect of such proceedings in most cases. This corroborates an opinion widely spread among the poorer groups of Mexican population that „justice is only for the rich”.

Социально-психологический анализ основных проблем психологии правовых отношений

The social psychology of legal relations is a new scientific field. It develops at the meeting point of social and legal psychology. The main scientific problem in studying legal relations is associated with understanding the essence of law. Two leading directions have emerged in legal science: the doctrine of the natural and the social nature of law. In psychological terms, these doctrines reflect one of the main issues of psychology about the relationship between the biological and the social in the human psyche. The concept of the natural origin of law gives psychologists the opportunity to study law from the perspective of the biological foundations of the human psyche. The concept of the social nature of law (positive law) is linked to social psychology and orients psychologists towards the study of legal relations. In legal reality, there is a close relationship between natural law and positive law, which emphasises the unity of the biological and social essence of human beings.&#x0D; Theoretical analysis of the aspects of legal relations is determined by actual problems. Interest in the problems of legal relations is caused by the need to form a state governed by the rule of law and to establish a new system of legal relations in the global community. The Western legal and social psychology pays not much attention to the legal relations. The article analyses the concept of «legal relations» on the basis of national legal and socio-psychological literature. There is no consensus in jurisprudence regarding the definition of «legal relations». Legal relations are a form of social relations. Problems in the formation of consolidated legal relations are linked to insufficient knowledge in the field of law, especially among young people. When studying legal relations it is necessary to take into account psychological peculiarities of legal behavior. The article examines two socio-psychological aspects of the formation of legal relations. The first aspect is the interrelation of psyche and law, the second aspect is the connection of law with morality and ethics. The unity of law, morality and ethics is determined by the necessity of not only legal but also moral regulation of behavior. Philosophical and legal literature has comprehensively analysed the relationship between law and the human psyche. G. W. F. Hegel emphasised the psychological nature of law, since the phenomenon of law emerges as a result of the spiritual activity of a person. On this basis public legal relations originate. In Russian science, the doctrine of natural law and the relationship between psyche and law was developed by L. I. Petrazhitsky who focused his attention on the study of motives of legal behavior and developed the classification of human emotions. Positive law is psychologically expressed in the concepts of duty, responsibility and obligation. A socio-psychological analysis shows that the structure of legal relations is made up of cognitive, communicative and behavioral components. The social nature of law is determined by the moral foundations of society. Morality shapes the ideal of human behavior, while law determines the requirements for achieving that ideal.

Cross-class alliances and the rise of electric vehicles in Dublin

The role of transportation in producing greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful pollutants has led governments across the globe to incorporate electric vehicles (EVs) at the centre of their climate action strategies. In turn, critical geographers have directed attention to the role of EVs in driving resource extractivism in geographies outside of the city and in enclosing urban space at the expense of infrastructures such as bus lanes, cycleways and walkable spaces. Less well charted, however, is the odd structure of class relations involved in the formation of new accumulation strategies, spaces and fixes capable of holding together, for a time at least, some of the tensions emerging from the chaotic unfolding of EVs and associated infrastructures in cities. In the following paper, I shine a light on the role of EV users in Dublin, Ireland, who pursue and forge novel cross-class alliances with automobile firms in an effort to promote EVs and cement private and commercial automobility as the core of the decarbonization agenda. I argue for the need to conceptualise the decarbonizing action of EV users as part of a wider class project intended to enrol wealthier users in a push to alter the city and produce uneven pathways of decarbonization.

Women in Pictures. A Dance Iconography of Gender Transformations

The aim of this paper is to observe the attitude of the woman in the dance through iconography. In particular, the present study, through the observation of images from the community of Nea Vyssa in Thrace in Greece, aims to highlight the structure of gender relations in the society of this community over time. The data collection of was based on secondary sources. More specifically, the data collection was carried out based on the principles of historical archival research. For the analysis of the data dance iconography will be used. However, having visual components, dance shares a representative quality with the visual arts. So, in addition, the pictures of women dance in this study will be analyzed under the terms of visual anthropology. Finally, the interpretation of the data was held with the anthropological thinking about gender identity as it appears in anthropological views of dance and particularly in Hanna. From the data analysis was found that the position of women in dance evolved significantly over time, as did the society of Nea Vyssa, which from patriarchal, today became an equal society. So through dance iconography one can study various parameters that exist in dance and which Seebas (1991) also mentioned, however, through dance iconography one can study social stereotypes, gender discriminations and social structures and therefore issues that have to do with the evolution of society over time.

ՀՀ և ԵՄ երկրների միջև առևտրաշրջանառության վերլուծությունը ներկայիս աշխարհաքաղաքային պայմաններում / Analysis of trade turnover between Armenia and EU countries in the current geopolitical conditions

The special operation of RF and the sanctions against it led to a sharp reduction in trade with the EU countries. Being the main trading partner, this situation also affected the economy of Armenia, including the trade turnover between Armenia and the EU countries and RF. The purpose of this article is to identify changes in the volumes, structure and development of Armenia's trade relations with the EU countries and RF in connection with geopolitical changes. At the end of the article, a number of measures to improve Armenia's exports are presented.

Domination, social norms, and the idea of an emancipatory interest

Domination, social norms, and the idea of an emancipatory interest

A Prize for the Village Ruling Class: “Village Funds” and Class Dynamics in Rural Indonesia

The Village Fund in Indonesia has been praised as a breakthrough policy in eradicating rural poverty. This article, based on a study of a “best practice village” in central Java, however, reveals that the Village Fund has simply facilitated the triumph of the village ruling class. Though village political institutions have adopted good governance measures (participation, transparency, accountability, and so on), the poor remain largely powerless and are unable to gain a significant share of the Village Fund. In contrast to existing “elite capture” literature which has often highlighted local elite domination, this article moves beyond this limited view. By looking at the economic bases of the powerful actors occupying village political positions and institutions, this article shows how members of the village ruling class are primarily capitalist farmers whose power lies in land ownership and agricultural commodity production. As a result, development projects in rural areas continue to be the “prize” for the village ruling class when there is no re-organisation in the structure of land ownership and production relations in the countryside.