Structure-function Research Articles

Combination of trehalose and botulinum toxin type A in REVITOX skin treatment protocols

This article presents the REVITOX protocol, developed by the author, which includes the combination of REVI products (native hyaluronic acid + trehalose) and botulinum toxin type A (BTA) for the treatment of rosacea and correction of age-related changes. A plethora of studies has demonstrated that trehalose, an exceptional stabilizer of proteins, contributes to maintaining cellular integrity, exhibits antioxidant and angioprotective effects, and has been shown to induce autophagy. In combination with the proven effects of hyaluronic acid and BTA, these properties facilitate the optimal environment for cellular structure functioning, influencing the basic mechanisms of rosacea pathogenesis and mitigating the severity of age-related changes through the balanced elimination of dynamic and static rhytides, stimulation of neocollagenesis and improvement of the mechanical properties of the dermis. By targeting the multifactorial processes of facial aging, improving skin hydration and elasticity, the REVITOX Beauty protocol has ensured the balanced rejuvenation of the perioral and periorbital skin, resulting in a significant improvement in skin quality, as confirmed by the results of 3D diagnostics. After 3 treatment sessions of the REVITOX Derma program, the patients showed a general improvement of facial skin, a visible reduction in erythema and telangiectasia severity, regression of papulopustular elements, enhanced skin hydration and elasticity, and no recurrences at the follow-up. Further studies on the combined use of BTA and REVI will investigate the potential for using these protocols in the treatment of other dermatological conditions, including in combination with energy-based devices and beauty injections.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Contributes to Intestinal Injury in Intrauterine Growth Restriction Newborn Piglets.

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in piglets is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality after birth due to gut dysfunction, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study selected six pairs of IUGR newborn male piglets and normal birth weight newborn piglets (Large White × Landrace) to investigate differences in intestinal structure and digestive functions, intestinal ERS and apoptosis, intestinal barrier function, and inflammatory response. The results showed that IUGR significantly reduced the jejunal villi height (p < 0.05) and the ratio of villus-height-to-crypt-depth (p = 0.05) in neonatal piglets. Additionally, the microvilli in the jejunum of IUGR neonatal piglets were shorter than those in normal-weight piglets, and swelling of the mitochondria and expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum were observed. IUGR also significantly reduced serum glucose and lactase levels (p < 0.05) while significantly increasing mRNA levels of jejunal IRE1α, EIF2α, CHOP, Bax, Caspase9, Mucin2, Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1, Bcl-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ (p < 0.05), as well as GRP78 protein levels in neonatal piglets (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that IUGR impairs intestinal structure and barrier function in newborn piglets by enhancing intestinal inflammatory responses, activating intestinal ERS and the signaling pathways related to the unfolded protein response, thereby inducing ERS-related apoptosis.

DNP enhanced solid-state NMR – A powerful tool to address the surface functionalization of cellulose/paper derived materials

This concept summarizes recent advances in development and application of DNP enhanced multinuclear solid-state NMR to study the molecular structure and surface functionalization of cellulose and paper-based materials. Moreover, a novel application is presented where DNP enhanced 13C and 15N solid-state NMR is used to identify structure moieties formed by cross-linking of hydroxypropyl cellulose. Given these two aspects of this concept-type of article, we thus combine both, a review on recent findings already published and unpublished recent data that complement the existing knowledge in the field of characterization of functional lignocellulosic materials by DNP enhanced solid-state NMR.

Stamping cleaning conception on cross-contamination free multi-ceramic bioglass-tricalcium phosphate core-shell structure fabrication

Multi-ceramic additive manufacturing has always been a topic of discussion, considering that implementing multiple materials in one structure can bring innovative functionalities to it. However, the realization of the fabrication system is still plagued by cross-contamination when alternating materials. Therefore, we developed a new machine and suggested a stamping cross-contamination prevention system to address this issue. The contaminant removal mechanism was understood, efficiency was improved, and the stamping process parameters were optimized. To demonstrate, a bone hierarchical structure naturally modeled with advanced functionality to withstand mechanical loads and assist metabolic reactions was replicated. The material combination chosen included chemically identical calcium phosphates and bioglass. First, specific properties such as compressive strength were measured, and in-vitro bioactivity was evaluated to assign appropriate roles. Subsequently, the functionality of the hierarchical structure was controlled and fabricated using the previously optimized parameters. Finally, cross-contamination and multi-functionality of the generated structure were confirmed again for conclusion.

Boosting the photocatalytic decontamination efficiency using a supramolecular photoenzyme ensemble.

Continuous industrialization has raised daunting environmental concerns, and there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable strategy to tackle the contamination issues. Here, we report a supramolecular photoenzyme ensemble enabling the harvest of solar energy to remove contaminations in water. The well-sourced oxidoreductase, laccase, is confined into a photoactive hydrogen-bonded organic framework (PHOF) through an in situ encapsulation method. The direct electron migration between the oxidation center in a PHOF and the reduction center in laccase facilitates synergistic photoenzyme-coupled catalysis, showing two orders of magnitude higher activity than free laccase for pollutant degradation under visible light, without the need for sacrificial agents or costly co-mediators. Such high decontamination efficiency also surpasses the reported catalysts. The structure and decontamination function of this supramolecular photoenzyme ensemble remain highly stable in complex environment matrices, presenting desirable reusability and almost 100% conversion efficiency of pollutants for real sewage samples. Our conceptual photoenzyme hybrid catalyst offers important insights into green and sustainable water decontamination.

Discovery of Substituted 5-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)-2-Pyridone Analogues as Inhibitors of the Human Caf1/CNOT7 Ribonuclease.

The Caf1/CNOT7 nuclease is a catalytic component of the Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex, which is a key regulator of post-transcriptional gene regulation. In addition to providing catalytic activity, Caf1/CNOT7 and its paralogue Caf1/CNOT8 also contribute a structural function by mediating interactions between the large, non-catalytic subunit CNOT1, which forms the backbone of the Ccr4-Not complex and the second nuclease subunit Ccr4 (CNOT6/CNOT6L). To facilitate investigations into the role of Caf1/CNOT7 in gene regulation, we aimed to discover and develop non-nucleoside inhibitors of the enzyme. Here, we disclose that the tri-substituted 2-pyridone compound 5-(5-bromo-2-hydroxy-benzoyl)-1-(4-chloro-2-methoxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carbonitrile is an inhibitor of the Caf1/CNOT7 nuclease. Using a fluorescence-based nuclease assay, the activity of 16 structural analogues was determined, which predominantly explored substituents on the 1-phenyl group. While no compound with higher potency was identified among this set of structural analogues, the lowest potency was observed with the analogue lacking substituents on the 1-phenyl group. This indicates that substituents on the 1-phenyl group contribute significantly to binding. To identify possible binding modes of the inhibitors, molecular docking was carried out. This analysis suggested that the binding modes of the five most potent inhibitors may display similar conformations upon binding active site residues. Possible interactions include π-π interactions with His225, hydrogen bonding with the backbone of Phe43 and Van der Waals interactions with His225, Leu209, Leu112 and Leu115.

Ocotillol Derivatives Mitigate Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway.

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) injury can lead to various retinal diseases. Oxidative stress is considered an important pathological event in RIR injury. Here, we designed and synthesized 34 ocotillol derivatives, then examined their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities; we found that compounds 7 (C24-R) and 8 (C24-S) were most active. To enhance their water solubility, sustained release, and biocompatibility, compounds 7 and 8 were encapsulated into liposomes for in vivo activity and mechanistic studies. In vivo studies indicated that compounds 7 and 8 protected normal retinal structure and physiological function after RIR injury, reversed damage to retinal ganglion cells, and the S-configuration exhibited significantly stronger activity compared with the R-configuration. Mechanistic studies showed that compound 8 exerted a therapeutic effect on RIR injury by activating the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway; compound 7 did not influence this pathway. We also demonstrated that differential isomerization at the C-24 position influenced protection against RIR injury.

Topology and functional characterization of major outer membrane proteins of Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum.

Numerous Treponema species are prevalent in the dysbiotic subgingival microbial community during periodontitis. The major outer sheath protein is a highly expressed virulence factor of the well-characterized species Treponema denticola. Msp forms an oligomeric membrane protein complex with adhesin and porin properties and contributes to host-microbial interaction. Treponema maltophilum and Treponema lecithinolyticum species are also prominent during periodontitis but are relatively understudied. Msp-like membrane surface proteins exist in T. maltophilum (MspA) and T. lecithinolyticum (MspTL), but limited information exists regarding their structural features or functionality. Protein profiling reveals numerous differences between these species, but minimal differences between strains of the same species. Using protein modeling tools, we predict MspA and MspTL monomeric forms to be large β-barrel structures composed of 20 all-next-neighbor antiparallel β strands which most likely adopt a homotrimer formation. Using cell fractionation, Triton X-114 phase partitioning, heat modifiability, and chemical and detergent release assays, we found evidence of amphiphilic integral membrane-associated oligomerization for both native MspA and MspTL in intact spirochetes. Proteinase K accessibility and immunofluorescence assays demonstrate surface exposure of MspA and MspTL. Functionally, purified recombinant MspA or MspTL monomer proteins can impair neutrophil chemotaxis. Expressions of MspA or MspTL with a PelB leader sequence in Escherichia coli also demonstrate surface exposure and can impair neutrophil chemotaxis in an in vivo air pouch model of inflammation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that MspA and MspTL membrane proteins can contribute to pathogenesis of these understudied oral spirochete species.

Xylan acetate ester ameliorates ulcerative colitis through intestinal barrier repair and inflammation inhibition via regulation of macrophage M1 polarization

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from abnormal immune response to gut microflora translocating through damaged intestinal barrier. Xylan acetate ester (XylA) can increase colon short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels and alleviate kidney disease by inhibiting inflammation through the G protein-coupled receptor pathway. Here, we synthesized and purified XylA, and then the effects and mechanisms of XylA on dextran sodium sulfate-induced UC in mice were investigated. The results showed that in mice, similar to the positive drug 5-aminosalicylic acid, oral administration of XylA significantly alleviated all UC symptoms, including weight loss, diarrhea, and hematochezia. Further mechanism studies revealed that XylA could repair the damaged colon structure and intestinal barrier function by increasing the expression of tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 and occludin, thus reducing LPS penetration. Moreover, XylA could also restrain intestinal inflammation via inhibiting LPS-TLR4 pathway, downregulating M1 macrophage polarization, and reducing proinflammatory cytokines expression, and in vitro cell experiments showed that these effects may be mediated by XylA derived SCFAs, particularly acetates, propionates and butyrates. All these results suggested that XylA may be a potential improving agent for UC treatment, and natural polysaccharides may represent a novel avenue for drug development of UC.

Dual cytokine release from microsphere-containing decellularized extracellular matrix immune regulation promotes bone repair and regeneration

Most bone filler materials currently achieve bone regeneration by mimicking the natural bone extracellular matrix. However, it is difficult for these materials to replicate the structural functions and bioactivities, including immunomodulation, of natural bone perfectly to reduce inflammation and promote bone regeneration synergistically. Repairing bone defects with scaffolds using a decellularised extracellular matrix (dECM) as a matrix material is an important clinical application and research direction. Here, we processed bovine cancellous bone via an optimised combination of decellularisation methods and preferred dECM, which has the shortest processing time and lowest immunogenicity. Hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were prepared using the complex emulsion method. The HMS/PLGA microspheres had longer cytokine release periods than did the separate HMS and PLGA microspheres. Composite BMP-2/HMS/PLGA microspheres were used to prepare dual-loaded cytokine scaffolds with bone immunomodulatory capacity, which were prepared from composite BMP-2/HMS/PLGA microspheres to increase the osteogenic activity of the dECM and to adsorb interleukin-4 (IL-4) on the surface of the scaffolds. The results showed that the dECM had good cytocompatibility and mechanical strength, and the composite microspheres and IL-4 further endowed the dECM with an ordered spatiotemporally controlled release function, which could release BMP-2 for more than 4 months in the long term and release IL-4 for approximately 10 days in the short term. The composite scaffold not only effectively promoted the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) but also immunomodulated the M1 to M2 polarisation of macrophages (MPs) and mediated the M2 polarisation of MPs, which in turn promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, creating a favourable immune microenvironment for bone regeneration. In vivo, the dual drug-loaded scaffolds also exhibited good biocompatibility and significantly superior immunomodulatory bone-enhancing properties compared with those of the other groups. In summary, the combination of dECM scaffolds with cytokine-carrying microspheres and immunomodulatory factors can promote the orderly spatiotemporal release of cytokines, which significantly enhances the bone regeneration and repair effects of dECM scaffolds and is a promising bone filler material for clinical application.

DNA Mechanics: From Single Stranded to Self-Assembled.

DNA encodes genetic information and forms various structural conformations with distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties. Over the past 30 years, advancements in force manipulation technology have enabled the precise manipulation of DNA at nanometer and piconewton resolutions. This mini-review discusses these force manipulation techniques for exploring the mechanical properties of DNA at the single-molecule level. We summarize the distinct mechanical features of different DNA forms while considering the impact of the force geometry. We highlight the role of DNA mechanics in origami structures that serve as self-assembled building blocks or mechanically responsive/active nanomachines. Accordingly, we emphasize how DNA mechanics are integral to the functionality of origami structures for achieving mechanical capabilities. Finally, we provide an outlook on the intrinsic mechanical properties of DNA, from single stranded to self-assembled higher-dimensional structures. This understanding is expected to inspire new design strategies in DNA mechanics, paving the way for innovative applications and technologies.

Analysis of the Internet Catchword “City or Non City?”

Internet catchword, which have emerged with the development of society. They are not only a language, but also a social and cultural phenomenon with characteristics of the times. Therefore, from the perspective of linguistics, this paper analyzes the lexical structure, syntactic features and pragmatic functions of “city or non city?”, and explores its popularity reasons and sociocultural influence.

Years of endurance exercise training remodel abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in adults with overweight or obesity.

Abnormalities in the structure and metabolic function of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (aSAT) underlie many obesity-related health complications. Endurance exercise improves cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight or obesity, but the effects of endurance training on aSAT are unclear. We included male and female participants who were regular exercisers with overweight or obesity who exercised for >2 years, and cross-sectionally compared them with well-matched non-exercisers with overweight or obesity. Here we show aSAT from exercisers has a higher capillary density, lower Col6a abundance and fewer macrophages compared with non-exercisers. This is accompanied by a greater abundance of angiogenic, ribosomal, mitochondrial and lipogenic proteins. The abundance of phosphoproteins involved in protein translation, lipogenesis and direct regulation of transcripts is also greater in aSAT collected from exercisers. Exploratory ex vivo experiments demonstrate greater angiogenic capacity and higher lipid-storage capacity in samples cultured from aSAT collected from exercisers versus non-exercisers. Regular exercise may play a role in remodelling aSAT structure and proteomic profile in ways that may contribute to preserved cardiometabolic health.

Functional carbon nanodots enhance tomato tolerance to zinc deficient soils: Mechanisms and structure-function relationships

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global problem disorder affecting both crops and humans. Herein, modified functional carbon nanodots (MFCNs) with various structures and characteristics were developed to regulate tomato yields and Zn migration in plant–soil systems affected by Zn deficiency through structure–function relationships. Sulfur-doped FCNs (S-FCNs), nitrogen-doped FCNs (N-FCNs), and nitrogen‑sulfur co-doped FCNs (N,S-FCNs) were hydrothermally modified using FCNs as precursors. Their regulatory effects on tomatoes growing in Zn-deficient alkaline soils were studied in pot culture experiments. Specifically, 8 mg kg−1 of FCNs and S-FCNs improved tomato yields by 132 % and 108 %, respectively, compared with the control. However, N-FCNs and N,S-FCNs showed no significant effect on yield compared with the control (P < 0.05). Moreover, the application of FCNs or S-FCNs significantly improved fruit quality and nutritional value, including Zn content (by 26.3 % and 22.0 %, respectively) and naturally occurring antioxidants (by 3.37- and 2.08-fold for lycopene, 1.31- and 1.18-fold for flavonoids, and 2.28- and 1.89-fold for phenolics, respectively; P < 0.05). Although N-FCNs and N,S-FCNs increased Zn contents, they inhibited the synthesis of naturally occurring antioxidants in fruits. Zn bioaccessibility, uptake, and transportation in plant-soil systems were regulated by MFCNs through both direct and indirect mechanisms, including ionic reactions, plant physiology, and environmental effects. MFCNs regulated plant tolerance to Zn deficiency not only by affecting root activity, redox homeostasis, micronutrient balance, chelator synthesis, genetic expression, and plant photosynthesis but also by influencing rhizosphere soil properties and the microbial environment. Based on their dual role as “plant growth regulators” and “soil conditioners”, MFCNs may have general applicability in agriculture. This study highlights the behavior of MFCNs in plant-soil systems, providing innovative nanotools for enhancing Zn availability, crop stress resistance and environmental preservation in sustainable agriculture.

Developing MATLAB graphical user interface for acquiring single star SCIDAR data

To enhance operational efficiency and meet experimental demands, we have developed a graphical user interface (GUI) using MATLAB for Acquiring Single Star SCIDAR Data, leveraging the software’s integrated GUI Development Environment (GUIDE) tool. This interface streamlines the preprocessing and numerical computation of the power spectrum of atmospheric speckles while providing real-time graphical representations of atmospheric parameters, including the vertical profile of the refractive index structure function Cn2(h). It also incorporates parameters related to adaptive optics and high angular resolution, such as seeing, enabling immediate and instantaneous visual assessment of observational conditions. Furthermore, the novelty of this GUI lies in the ease of acquiring and processing data from various atmospheric parameters. The Single Star SCIDAR (Scintillation Detection and Ranging) method relies on analyzing the scintillation of light from single stars to assess the turbulent characteristics of the atmosphere. This assessment is based on the description provided by Cn2(h) derived from minimizing an objective function determined using the power spectrum of atmospheric speckles from single stars. For this purpose, a minimization algorithm called active-set is used.

Hierarchical microstructure design of multifunctional soft collagen-incorporated 3D hard polyetherketoneketone scaffolds for augmented bone regeneration

Implant-associated infections and insufficient osseointegration are still great challenges in clinical load-bearing applications. Exploiting the antibacterial effects and immunomodulatory properties of biomaterials has garnered substantial attention. Inspired by structural and functional cues in bone regeneration, a universal approach was proposed in which a hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating was built on 3D printed polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) scaffold, and a bioactive component-loaded soft mineralized collagen hydrogel was incorporated into 3D hard PEKK scaffold. While the PEKK scaffold exhibited exceptional mechanical performance, in vitro and in vivo data confirmed that exosomes derived from rat bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells (rBMSCs) loaded on collagen hydrogel facilitate efficient osteoimmunomodulation of the PEKK-based scaffold (denoted as the PEKK-HAp-Col/Exo scaffold). Additionally, vancomycin-loaded nanoparticles cross-linked with collagen hydrogel endowed the PEKK-based scaffold (denoted as the PEKK-HAp-Col/Van scaffold) with enhanced antibacterial effects. Overall, this study not only sheds light on the significance of exosomes in the osteoimmunomodulation of an implant but also presents a universal material–structure–function integrated strategy to fabricate multifunctional scaffolds with a soft-hard hybrid structure for clinical large-scale bone defect repair.

Analysis of Correlation Features in Material Application for Architectural Design Based on Big Data Text Mining

This study conducted a big data mining and lexical co-occurrence network analysis on design texts sourced from architectural media over the past decade, systematically evaluating the application trends of materials in architectural design. This approach distinguishes itself from traditional case studies that rely on small samples of material applications in architectural design, thereby significantly enhancing the generalizability of the conclusions. The research reveals a 27.2% increase in the material–project frequency of architectural materials over the past ten years, indicating that the materiality of architecture is gradually making a comeback to counteract the trend toward architectural visualization. Within this context, material properties, material interactions, and material presentation in architectural components emerge as universal concerns in architectural design. Notably, the sustainability and energy efficiency of wood and concrete have emerged as pivotal topics in architectural practice, in addition to their structural functions. Additionally, over the past decade, the material–project frequencies of brick and stone have grown rapidly, with respective increases of 24.3% and 11.8%. Brick and stone primarily respond to the locality and style of architectural design by emphasizing their inherent texture and color, thereby enhancing the spatial perception and experience within the designs. This study lays the groundwork for quantitative research on the influence of building materials on architectural design, and it illuminates current trends and preferences in material application within architectural design, thereby empowering architects to make more informed decisions in their material selection.

Theories for Understanding the Effect of Impact Assessment and Project Evaluation on the Practice of Science

We examine the phenomenon of impact assessment in the practice of scientific research, paying attention to the context in which project evaluation is used in federally funded research on plant health in the United States. Our analysis, which is derived from systems theory, carries out a particular view of the research process. For the purposes of this review, our use of the term systems theory references the body of interdisciplinary work that deals with the organization and function of complex structures in nature and human society. Key concepts in this body of theory are that both the components and the interactions among components are important in understanding behavior and that, frequently, systems are seen to be hierarchical in structure. The aim of our analysis is to bring to the attention of the plant health community several concepts from the social sciences that might help in understanding how researchers have responded to the increased expectations from funders to provide project evaluations and impact assessments. We generate a synthesis of these theories, which have not previously been used in a unified way, to explain choices in response to newly imposed goals. Although our analysis is motivated by a specific disciplinary focus on plant health, the issues we discuss are general. Thus, we hope the review is useful to a wide range of scientists, science program managers, and policymakers.

Alterations in the Glymphatic System and Association with Brain Structure and Cognitive Function in Moyamoya Disease.

The glymphatic system is crucial for clearing metabolic waste from the brain, maintaining neural health and cognitive function. This study explores the glymphatic system's role in Moyamoya disease (MMD), characterized by progressive cerebral artery stenosis and brain structural lesions. We assessed 33 MMD patients and 21 healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) and global cortical gray matter-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) coupling indices (gBOLD-CSF), which are indirect measurements of the glymphatic system. Cerebral perfusion in patients was evaluated via computed tomography perfusion imaging. We also measured the peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden, and cognitive function. MMD patients exhibited lower ALPS and gBOLD-CSF coupling indices compared to controls (P < 0.01), indicating disrupted glymphatic function. Significant cognitive impairment was also observed in MMD patients (P < 0.01). ALPS indices varied with cerebral perfusion stages, being higher in earlier ischemic stages (P < 0.05). Analysis of brain structure showed increased CSF volume, PSMD index, and higher WMH burden in MMD patients (P < 0.01). The ALPS index positively correlated with white matter volume and cognitive scores, and negatively correlated with CSF volume, PSMD, and WMH burden (P < 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed the number of periventricular WMH significantly mediated the relationship between glymphatic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. In summary, MMD patients exhibit significant glymphatic system impairments, associated with brain structural changes and cognitive deficits.

Enhancing robustness of community structure in networks against attacks with gray information

In recent years, network science has received significant attention and application. As an important mesoscale structure of networks, community structure reveals the inherent modular structure and potential functionality of networks. Therefore, maintaining the community structure during attacks is crucial. Existing studies on community robustness primarily focus on two attack behaviors: malicious attacks and random failures. However, little is known on the community robustness in the more practical situations where the attackers have limited ability to access precise network information, leading to gray information attack behaviors. Hence, in this paper, we investigate the robustness of network communities under gray information attacks and the enhancing algorithms. Following the community robustness measure for the sequential attacks, we establish a unified evaluation framework for attacks with gray information by introducing a gray attack coefficient, which treats the usual random failures and malicious attacks as the two special situations in the proposed framework. Several enhancing algorithms with local search strategy are exquisitely devised. The efficacy of our framework and algorithms which significantly improve the community robustness against gray attacks is demonstrated by the experimental results on a variety of real-world networks. Our findings have important implications not only in enhancing the community robustness of existing networks but also in designing robust ones from the scratch, which paves the way to further understand and seek strategies and solutions for network community robustness with gray information.