Structure Of System Research Articles

Structure and regional optimization of a phase change material Trombe wall system

Trombe walls (TW) have been an effective passive solar technology for enhancing building energy efficiency. Considering the thermal storage and regulation capabilities of phase change materials (PCM) in solar energy utilization, TW with PCM (PCMTW) were designed and optimized to further improve building energy performance. This study investigated the combined effects of PCM phase change temperature, PCM location and ventilation strategies on a single-layer PCMTW. Moreover, a novel double-layer PCMTW was proposed and evaluated across various climate regions of China in consideration of the effect of PCM phase change temperature combinations. Results show that the single-layer PCMTW with PCM22 placed next to inner surface and ventilation achieved the lowest annual energy consumption. The selection of PCM phase change temperature was crucial for various climatic conditions. Compared to the traditional building, the highest heating energy-saving was 118.16 kWh/m2 achieved in Changchun with PCM22 + 28, and the highest cooling energy-saving was 45.71 kWh/m2 achieved in Haikou with PCM25 + 28. Additionally, the double-layer PCMTW was recommended for climate regions where the daily average temperature and the daily average solar emissivity were 20–25 °C and below 4 kWh/m2 in summer, and below 10 °C and 2–6 kWh/m2 in winter.

Alleviation of drought stress damages by melatonin and Bacillus thuringiensis associated with adjusting photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidative system, and anatomical structure of Glycine max (L.)

These experiments were performed to study the effect of exogenous treatment with melatonin at 100 μM and seed treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis (106−8 CFU/cm3) on growth, physio-biochemical characters, antioxidant enzymes, and anatomical features of soybean plants cv. Giza 111 under drought conditions. The findings showed that leaves number, nodules number, branches number, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were significantly reduced in soybean under drought stress. In addition, anatomical structure of stems and leaves were negatively affected in stressed plants. Moreover, proline, electrolyte leakage (EL%) lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), were significantly increased under drought stress. However, application of melatonin or Bacillus caused an improvement in growth characters, such as branches number, and increased chlorophyll a and b content, RWC as well as Fv/Fm in drought stressed soybean plants. Furthermore, melatonin and Bacillus treatments showed a significant decrease in EL%, MDA, O2·- and H2O2, besides regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. The stems and leaves anatomical structure, such as lamina thickness, lower and upper epidermis thickness, number of xylem vessels/bundle, stem diameter, xylem vessels diameter, and phloem thickness, were improved under drought conditions with melatonin and Bacillus treatments. Therefore, the outcomes of this investigation recommended the use of melatonin as foliar spray and Bacillus thuringiensis as seed treatment, which could regulate a number of stress-responsive mechanisms to protect the stressed soybean plants, improve their growth under drought stress.

Optimizing asset management for Structure System Components of RSG-GAS: A reliability-centric approach

This study focuses on the Structure, System, and Components (SSC) of G.A Siwabessy Multipurpose Reactor (RSG-GAS), emphasizing the integration of reliability improvement within asset management optimization. The research aims to derive Maintenance Priority Index (MPI) values, contributing to system reliability ratings, crucial for assessing component functionality and estimating Remaining Useful Life (RUL) The methodology involves measuring critical aspects of system quality, safety, and cost. The MPI value, representing 10 % of SSC critical components, guides subsequent reliability calculations. Utilizing failure data from RSG-GAS components (2010–2018) and reactor core configurations (70th-96th core), SSC reliability is simulated using Monte Carlo simulation, with RUL based on real data. High MPI values are identified for critical components such as KBE01/AP01-02_B in the primary purification system, JE-01/AP01-02_A in the primary cooling system, and PA01-02/CR001_A in the secondary cooling system. Maintenance intervals of 100 days are recommended for KBE01/AP 01–02_B and JE-01/AP01-02_A, exceeding 50 % reliability, while PA01-02/CR001_A maintenance can extend to 75 days. Monte Carlo simulation results, with 1000 samples, closely align with real reliability values. The RUL result projects operational lifetimes of 225.6, 221.4, and 171.5 days for KBE01/AP 01–02_B, JE-01/AP01-02_A, and PA01-02/CR001_A components. This study improves asset management, offering practical insights for critical safety system component maintenance planning.

Numerical analysis on seismic response and failure mechanism of articulated pile–structure system in a liquefiable site from shaking-table experiments

Numerical analysis on seismic response and failure mechanism of articulated pile–structure system in a liquefiable site from shaking-table experiments

Study on seismic performance of SRC frame-bent structures in CAP1400 nuclear power plants

With the conventional island turbine plant project of a CAP1400 nuclear power plant (NPP) as the research background, this paper proposed to apply steel reinforced concrete (SRC) frame-bent structure system to the main building of the NPP. Substructures comprising three frames and two spans from the prototype structure were identified for testing, and a test model was constructed at a scale ratio of 1/7 to test the dynamic and pseudo-dynamic characteristics of the substructures. On the basis of the test results, the structure was further verified using the finite element analysis method. The results showed that the first three modes of substructure were respectively lateral translation with torsion, longitudinal translation with torsion and torsion; The ratio between the third-order and first-order mode cycles was 0.72, indicating that the torsional stiffness of the structure was relatively small and the torsional effect was obvious. When the maximum acceleration peak was 2200 gal, the maximum inter-story drift ratio of the model structure reached 1/31. Ultimately, when the structure was finally destroyed, the concrete at the bottom of each SRC column was crushed and peeled off.

Application of Data Security Protection in Smart Grid Based on Computer Electronic Technology

Abstract With the continuous improvement of the intelligence level of the State Grid, data security protection in power system automation has become an important challenge for the development of power enterprises. In order to solve this problem, this article is based on the research of power system structure, data types, and the current development status of security protection, combined with computer electronics technology, to conduct in-depth research on data security protection in power system automation, and establish a security protection model based on its theoretical foundation. In order to verify the effectiveness of the model, this paper tested it from three dimensions: data security protection degree, risk processing efficiency, and response time, and compared it with traditional security protection models. The test results show that under different test cases, the maximum protection degree of the data security protection model proposed in this article reaches 95.16%, and the average protection degree is about 91.88%. From the specific test results, it can be seen that the application of data security protection in power system automation based on computer electronic technology has strong operability.

Histomorphological and Histochemical Study of Esophagus and Stomach in Adult Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)

This study was performed to examine and compare the esophagus and stomach histomorphological and histochemical characteristics during adulthood to clarify micromorphological alterations. In addition to the importance of this animal species as a model in many scientific experiments and due to some of its unique anatomical and physiological features. It also supports further studies on vital processes of the digestive system, such as food processing and absorption. To conduct such a project, ten heathy adult guinea pigs at 2 months age and weighing 461.8±8.3g were gathered from the public spinning market. The animals were euthanized and dissected, then the organs were topographically investigated in situ, and samples were collected from the ten animals and was kept in 10% neutral buffered formalin for routine histological procedures. The esophagus is a musculo – membranous tube structure extended from the pharynx to the stomach, measured about 10.54±0.14 cm in length and 0.35±0.01 g in weight, and segmented according to its position in the body into three sections: the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. The stomach is a simple unilocular transverse grayish white sac-like structure of the digestive system; it connects the esophagus to the intestine; its mean length was 4.39±0.11 cm; its capacity was 17.01±0.22 ml; and its weight was 7.07±0.05 gm. It lacks an outward demarcation-limiting ridge between its divisions and appears relatively smooth. Histologically, the esophagus is devoid of glands, while the stomach's three interior sections are dotted with glands, and both organs consist of the same four basic histological layers.

Development of managerial economics as a component of economic theory

The object of research is managerial economics, which is considered as a component of economic theory. The scientific problem is that there are such concepts as management and managerial economics, which are tangential and somewhat overlapping. Managerial economics is included in the structure of the economic system as a separate component. It is also proven that managerial economics is a systemic entity and has the following levels: global, macro-, meso-, micro- and nano-. The study defined these levels and outlined the use of the global (international) and macro levels. Analysis of these categories is necessary for understanding the governance and governance conditions of global and national economies. The essence of the obtained results is that the existing system of managing international relations is inflexible and difficult to solve the global problems of humanity. And the management of national economies must correspond to the strategic development plans of a particular nation. These obtained results can be explained by the immobility of management structures and the need to revise the global economic order. At the state level, there should be levers for regulating economic relations. It was noted in the work that society is a set of people united at a certain stage of historical development by one or another economic relations that determine all other social relations. The economic life of society consists of various phenomena and processes, the essence of which must be sought in social production. The concept of «managerial economics» is often used to characterize the regulation of social production. There are different approaches to defining the content of managerial economics. First, managerial economy is considered as regulation by a set of industries and types of material production. Secondly, a system of regulation of productive forces and production relations is usually associated with managerial economics. Thirdly, managerial economics regulates the conditions for achieving equilibrium and cyclicality of social production.

Modelling the Dynamics of a Mobile Land Robot

The research focuses on a land-based robot consisting of a six-wheeled platform with independent suspension, onto which a short-range missile launcher is mounted. This study aims to analyse the dynamics of this mobile land robot equipped with weaponry. A model representing the dynamics of both the platform and the launcher, including the missiles, was developed. The model, formulated as a discrete system comprising solids and flexible elements, explores variability patterns in independent coordinates for both conservative and non-conservative models. The study reveals a need of modifying system parameters and structure to address the occurrence of the unfavourable phenomenon of rumble.

Analysis and comparison of the membrane-cryogenic hybrid process and multistage membrane process for pre-combustion carbon capture based on the superstructure method

The feed in pre-combustion carbon capture has a high CO2 concentration and high pressure, which gives membrane technology and membrane-based hybrid technology a strong separation driving force. Because the membrane-cryogenic hybrid method can inexpensively achieve the high CO2 purity and recovery, it offers a novel approach in addition to traditional separation methods. Nevertheless, it is uncommon to consider the combination of membrane materials and processes. Furthermore, investigations comparing multistage membrane processes with membrane-cryogenic hybrid processes under identical conditions are lacking. Therefore, this paper establishes separately the membrane-cryogenic hybrid processes and multistage membrane process by the superstructure method, which considers the number of membrane stage, membrane material type, and operating parameters simultaneously. The optimal process structures for three-stage membrane, cryogenic-membrane process, and membrane-cryogenic process are investigated and compared. The influences of membrane price and electricity price on the CO2 capture cost are also investigated. Results shows that the CO2 capture cost of cryogenic + membrane process is the lowest (11.69 $/t CO2) of the studied processes at 96 % CO2 purity and 90 % CO2 recovery. The system structure of the cryogenic + membrane process varies with CO2 purity and recovery. Electricity price has a more important impact on the CO2 capture cost than membrane price under the optimized conditions.

System dynamics simulation of green innovation and policy optimization considering decision bias

Promoting the development of green innovation is crucial for achieving the green transformation of society. This paper considers the decision bias of different agents in policy implementation and presents a theoretical model that captures the structure of the green innovation system. The model includes six subsystems: government, technology, public, energy, environment, and population. The study examines the transmission effect of green innovation and the influence mechanism of multiple decision biases on policy combination effects using a combination of various policy tools. The results show that: Various policy tools and their implementation differences have distinct effects on the green innovation and environmental performance. In most cases, the synergistic policy mix effect, surpassing the impact of individual policies, is driven by the resource effect. However, the synergistic effect of policy combination may not be fully realized, leading to potential conflicts. Due to various decision biases, particularly the gap in the public's green behavior, the policy mix faces challenges in achieving immediate synergistic effects. Combining tax policies with other policy instruments increases the risk of incoherence and inconsistency. However, in the long term, the combination of policy tools can exert strong late-developing advantages. This study provides insights for green innovation policy improvement.

Construction of hollow CMPs microspheres based on the kinetic quantum sieving effect for highly efficient adsorption of Iodide/Cesium ions

Considering the dangers of radioactive elements to the human body and the environment, the efficient and rapid removal of radioactive ions in water is an urgent matter. In this paper, an efficient adsorption material based on kinetic quantum sieving (KQS) effect through skillfully molecular design with specific space structure conjugated microporous polymer hollow spheres (CMPs-1) for disposal of radioactive iodide/cesium ions is reported. The adsorption properties of iodide/cesium ions at different concentrations at 10℃ were investigated. Moreover, the test results show that the iodide ions adsorption capacity of the CMPs-1 will increase with the increase of iodine ions concentration when the temperature, volume, and other conditions are fixed. The CMPs-1 exhibited up to the highest 16.93 mg g−1 iodide adsorption capacity for the solution containing 0.10 mmol L-1 iodide ions within 6 h under static adsorption experiments at a low temperature of 10℃, and the adsorption rate fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was 0.11 g mg-1 h−1. Besides, the CMPs-1 maintained an effective adsorption capacity of 16.93, 7.51 and 5.92 mg g-1 at pH = 7, 10 and 13, respectively. Furthermore, unexpectedly, the constructed CMPs-1 showed superior heat resistance with higher adsorption capacity (26.32 mg g-1, 1.6 times) at 30℃ compared to 10℃. The improvement reason is that the expansion of pores (significantly increased at 4–20 nm), and the developed porosity can provide enough space to accelerate the diffusion rate of reactants and intermediates, exposing more active sites. And the π-conjugated system and hollow structure of CMPs materials can effectively solve the problem of low diffusion rate caused by low temperature and microporous structure in the transfer of iodide/cesium ions. Therefore, this work demonstrates the customizable potential of materials in the field of molecular adsorption applications and also provides a new idea for the design of unique hollow structure adsorption materials.

Design of an information-computer system for the automated modeling of systems for automatic orientation of production objects in the machine and instrument industries

An information-computer system has been developed for the automated modeling of systems for automatic orientation of production objects, which is one of the most important and complex creative flexible production systems of machine and instrument engineering. The proposed information-computer system for automated modeling of systems of automatic orientation of production objects is an effective tool for solving an important task of a scientific and applied nature. Its use makes it possible to increase the speed and efficiency of information processing and to make correct and well-founded decisions when determining the composition and method of organization of systems of automatic orientation of production objects. The structure of this information-computer system is a specific set of software and hardware and information and telecommunication tools and interactive functional modules. This structure reproduces a certain paradigm that conditions the integrity and integration of the information-computer system for automated modeling of systems for automatic orientation of production objects in flexible production systems. In addition, uniformity, extensibility, the possibility of modernization and changeability of software components, protection of information from unauthorized access and preservation of commercial secrets are ensured according to international criteria for evaluating the protection of the computer system. Neuro-fuzzy network information processing and computer vision algorithms have been implemented for automatic identification of production objects and orientation devices, which are components of automatic orientation systems of production objects. The developed information-computer system processes information in real time with high accuracy and speed

Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by Dmp1-expressing astrocytes through mitochondrial transfer.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as the crucial physical filtration structure in the central nervous system. Here, we investigate the role of a specific subset of astrocytes in the regulation of BBB integrity. We showed that Dmp1-expressing astrocytes transfer mitochondria to endothelial cells via their endfeet for maintaining BBB integrity. Deletion of the Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) gene in Dmp1-expressing astrocytes inhibited the mitochondrial transfer and caused BBB leakage. In addition, the decrease of MFN2 in astrocytes contributes to the age-associated reduction of mitochondrial transfer efficiency and thus compromises the integrity of BBB. Together, we describe a mechanism in which astrocytes regulate BBB integrity through mitochondrial transfer. Our findings provide innnovative insights into the cellular framework that underpins the progressive breakdown of BBB associated with aging and disease.

Container Yard Layout Design Problem with an Underground Logistics System

In recent years, underground logistics systems have attracted more and more attention from scholars and are considered to be a promising new green and intelligent transportation mode. This paper proposes a yard design problem considering an underground container logistics system. The structure and workflow of the underground container logistics system are analyzed, and key features are recognized for the yard design problem, such as the container block layout direction, the lane configuration in the yard, and the number of container blocks. We formulate the problem into mathematical models under different scenarios of the key features with the comprehensive objective of maximizing the total throughput and minimizing the total operation cost simultaneously. An improved tabu search algorithm is designed to solve the problem. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can generate a satisfactory layout design solution for a real-size instance. Our research studies different container yard design options for introducing the underground logistics system into port terminals, which provides an important scientific foundation for promoting the application of underground container logistics systems.

Electro-Hydraulic Variable-Speed Drive Network Technology—First Experimental Validation

The improvement of the energy efficiency of hydraulic systems remains an essential challenge for industry, and the demand for more sustainable solutions is increasing. A main focus in this endeavor is the ability to eliminate or strongly reduce the use of throttle control valves which have been the preferred control element in industrial hydraulic systems for decades. Components have been subject to continuous evolution, and current industrial grade hydraulic pumps and motors are both efficient and reliable. Even though few percentages of energy efficiency can still be achieved, the main achievements in terms of efficiency are associated with novel system designs rather than further development of components. An area subject to increasing attention is the field of variable-speed displacement control, allowing to avoid the main control valve throttle losses. Systems using this technology are, however, mainly developed as standalone drive systems, necessitating maximum force, speed, and power installed in each axis, with limited hydraulic power distribution capability compared to valve-controlled systems. An emerging field addressing this challenge is that of so-called electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive networks, which allow to completely eliminate the use of control valves and enable power sharing both electrically and hydraulically, potentially reducing the necessary installed power in many cases. The idea of such a technology was first proposed in 2022, and so far developments reported in the literature have mainly been of a theoretical nature. This article presents the first ever experimental results for a dual-cylinder electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive network prototype. The prototype was developed for an industrial application, but has initially been implemented in a laboratory testbench. Extensive data acquisition has been conducted while subject to the associated industrial motion cycle, under different load conditions. The data obtained are further used in combination with models to predict the total efficiency of the drive network prototype under higher loads than what could be achieved in the laboratory, suggesting a total efficiency from the electric supply to the cylinder pistons of 68%. Re-configuring the prototype to a known standalone drive system structure implies comparable efficiencies. Finally, the drive network is theoretically compared to a valve drive solution, generally suggesting that the prototype drive network can provide efficiency improvements of at least 40% in comparison.

РОЛЬ СЛОВАРЯ ПОНЯТИЙ В АВТОМАТНОМ ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ РАЗРАБОТКИ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОГО АКВАРИУМА

The paper considers the issue of using automa-based programming technology methods for developing software for an automated aquarium. The technological process of operating the aquarium is analyzed in detail and the choice of cer-tain hardware solutions included in the automated aquarium control system is substantiated. The need to write a con-trol system for the object (aquarium) is justified and the methods of its use are proved. The control system structure is analyzed, where each new piece of code in this program is given an explanation of its functionality and application possibilities for reference, taken from the concept dictionary of automa-based programming techniques. The result is presented in the form of a program code and block diagrams that translate the rules of this system operation into the language of logic, based on the knowledge about the technological structure of the aquarium. This software develop-ment method is a “machine” translation of a clearly written human text, being an attempt to show that the process of writing a program code is a process of translating a text from one language into another, and also that this method of programming is easy to learn and convenient in operation. In this case, the first language is understandable to hu-mans, and the second language is adapted for computers. For a stable operation of this translation technique, a dic-tionary is needed that allows the user to create a task for the computer.

Seismic performance of underground subway station structure near the strike-slip fault by the developed hybrid IBE-FEM method

To investigate the influence of strike-slip faults on the seismic responses of underground structures, based on the single-layer potential theory of the boundary element concept and the fault-site-underground structure coupling mechanisms, we proposed a hybrid indirect boundary element-finite element numerical method (IBE-FEM) to simulate efficiently the seismic response of the entire process from the near seismogenic-fault to the underground structure. Initially, based on the kinematic finite-fault model, the seismic wavefield of an overlying soft-soil sedimentary-layer site subjected to strike-slip faults with source parameters, such as rupture velocity, dip-angle, and upper-boundary burial depth, was solved using the indirect boundary element method (IBE). Subsequently, the accuracy of the IBE-FEM in predicting the site seismic wavefield was verified. On this basis, the influence laws of the source parameters and the fault-site coupling effects on the seismic performance of the structure were preliminarily investigated by establishing a numerical model of the nonlinear dynamic interaction system of a soil-underground structure. The results showed that the seismic responses of the underground structure located in the footwall far-fault region were more strongly affected by variations in the rupture velocity. The lateral deformation of the structure under the rupture velocity condition of bedrock shear-wave velocity (vs) was dramatically increased compared to sub-vs, and the lowest amplification is 59 %. Furthermore, the hanging wall and seismic damage concentration effects significantly impacted the structure located in a strike-slip fault site with a shallow-burial. This study provides a reliable and efficient analytical method for the seismic design of underground structures in complex near-fault regions.

Assessing dynamic congestion risks of flood-disrupted transportation network systems through time-variant topological analysis and traffic demand dynamics

Amid escalating climate change and extreme weather events, urban road networks face increasingly severe flood risks. Current congestion risk analyses on transportation systems, largely grounded in static network characteristics, fall short of capturing the dynamic impacts of evolving flood events on network topology. A notable gap in integrating dynamic flood models with detailed temporal network property measurements impedes a deep understanding of the cascading mechanisms of traffic disruptions caused by floods. The research introduces an innovative framework for assessing dynamic congestion risks within transportation networks under flooding conditions. This framework comprises four distinct layers. The Data and Context layer collates and contextualizes primary data, encompassing road networks, commuter behaviour patterns and hydrological risks. This layer establishes a baseline for understanding the structure of the transportation system and its environmental vulnerabilities. The Computation layer focuses on calculating context-based betweenness centrality values to capture the importance of road segments within the network, setting a static indicator. Concurrently, this layer examines the dynamic exposure flag under flood conditions, providing a dynamic indicator that accounts for the fluctuating susceptibility of road networks to flooding. The Integration layer bridges the topological analysis and the functional performance of the transportation system. It creates a dynamic series that describes the topological properties of the network, reflecting its vulnerability to disruptions. Simultaneously, the time-variant traffic demand series are tracked to capture the system’s operational response to flood-induced conditions. Finally, the Evaluation layer synthesizes data and analyses from the previous modules. This synthesis involves a novel dual assessment: generating a time-variant vulnerability index series and evaluating the time-variant congestion risk map on the transportation system under flooding. The London case study is developed based on this proposed framework to identify critical areas of congestion risks. This study offers valuable data-driven insights for urban planning and disaster management, aiding policymakers, planners and emergency teams to enhance urban resilience against flood-induced transport disruptions.

The transformation of the nuclear law of the Russian Federation into an independent public complex branch of law as a way to strengthen global nuclear security in the world

This article considers the process of transformation of the Russian Federation nuclear law into an independent public complex branch of law and its important role in improving global nuclear safety. Since it is well known that the criteria of distinguishing branches of law are usually the subject and method of legal regulation as well as the existence of their own codification, the authors are confident of such a need. The results of the analysis of the state corporation Rosatom activities serve as the basis for the proposed theses and only confirm this confidence. The main idea of the article is to assert the need for changes in the Russian legal system structure in order to increase the effectiveness of regulation in the field of nuclear safety. The paper examines the evolution of nuclear law in Russia, identifies the basic principles and norms of this area of law as well as the need to make changes to adapt to modern challenges and threats. Supporting its position by analyzing the current state of the Russian nuclear industry and world standards in the field of nuclear safety, the article suggests practical steps to strengthen legal regulation to ensure safety in the nuclear field. Special attention is paid to the importance of strengthening international nuclear safety through the modernization of the national nuclear legal system, its compliance with international norms and standards. The article discusses current issues, including the development of nuclear doctrine, control of nuclear materials, responsibility for violation of international nuclear obligations and other aspects affecting global nuclear security. The study is an important contribution to understanding the problems of nuclear law in the context of global safety, and also substantiates the need for independent development of this branch of law to ensure stability and security on the world stage. The authors of the article offer specific recommendations for improving legislation and practice in the field of nuclear law in order to strengthen global nuclear safety