Process Of Structural Transformation Research Articles

Achieving excellent cycle stability in Zr–Nb–Co–Ni based hydrogen isotope storage alloys by controllable phase transformation reaction

Hydrogen isotope (deuterium and tritium) as a special form of hydrogen energy, its storage in an efficient and safe way has been paid more and more attention by researchers in recent years. ZrCo alloy is regarding as the one and only promising material for large-scale storage of hydrogen isotope. However, poor cycle life and inferior capacity retention restrict its engineering application. Herein, we propose a co-substitution strategy of Nb (for Zr) and Ni (for Co) in ZrCo alloy to overcome the defects. Significantly, Zr0.8Nb0.2Co0.8Ni0.2 alloy exhibits ultralong cycle life (97.6% retention) and remarkable capacity (2.42 H (f. u.)) in 100 cycles, which far exceeds all existing hydrogen isotope storage alloys (Pd, U and other ZrCo-based alloys). These outstanding performances are entirely revealed from two aspects: stable homogeneous structural phase transformation process of parent structure (Zr0.8Nb0.2Co0.8Ni0.2H0.3-B33 ↔ Zr0.8Nb0.2Co0.8Ni0.2H2.8-B33″) and ordered migration mechanism of H atom (layered and linear de-/intercalation). Our attractive insights into the ultralong cycle life of ZrCo-based alloys through homogeneous structural phase transformation will serve as a pioneer on cycle optimization in the field of hydrogen storage materials.

Construction and structural transformation of two coordination sphere supramolecular isomers based on Co(ii) and 4-(2-pyridyl)-NH-1,2,3-triazole via one-pot synthesis

Two coordination sphere supramolecular isomers based on Co(ii) have been obtained via one-pot synthesis. The structural transformation process has been investigated with the help of mass spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.

MODELING OF MANAGEMENT PROCESSES IN DISTRIBUTED ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

Because of the upward trend in the development of network organizational systems has recently become the leadership strategy of objects united in this system under the leadership of the control center, the need to focus on the processes of structural transformation of the network is becoming increasingly important in resource management. In the paper the modeling of management processes in distributed organizational systems is carried out. The illustration of the components of the structure of the network organizational system is demonstrated. The features of the structural transformation of network organizational systems, providing an increase in management efficiency are shown. The proposed approach can be used for a wide class of organizational systems.

Orientation-dependent shock compression behavior of non-porous/porous NiTi shape memory alloy: An atomic scale study

Crystal orientation has a strong influence on the mechanical behavior of a material, especially at high-strain-rate impact loading. In this study, the effects of different crystallographic orientations on the non-porous/porous NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) under high-strain-rate impact loading are studied by using molecular dynamic methods. The structural phase transformation process, energy propagation trajectory, defect dislocation evolution, and shock wavefront changes of the NiTi SMA under shock compression are comparatively analyzed. The simulation results show that for three typical crystal orientations, [100], [110], and [111], the phase transformation structures extend in the form of disordered dots, "X"-shaped meshes, and line segments, respectively. Both phase transformation and phase transformation-induced plasticity are more likely to occur in the [110] NiTi SMA; thus, more energy is dissipated, and the propagation speed of the shock wave is the lowest. In addition, the magnitude of the shock wave propagation velocity in the three crystal orientations is of the following order: [111] crystal orientation > [100] crystal orientation > [110] crystal orientation. Finally, the presence of voids affects the propagation patterns of the wavefront, and the crystal orientation directly affects the shape of the shock wavefront and the steepness of the shock wavefront for porous samples. In terms of the crystal orientation and voids, the [110] crystal orientation and voids uniformly arranged along a straight line can improve the buffer performance of the single-crystal NiTi SMA under high-strain-rate impact loading.

Factors, challenges and obstacles for internationalization of Romanian agro-food products

Abstract The world-wide process of structural transformation is a result of the emergence of new challenges with long-term effect; which requires a strategic vision in the agro-food trade, together with the implementation of concrete actions by the authorities. Increasing global population, increasing pressure on natural resources and global warming are leading to a new framework at international level. In Europe, the aging process is an additional challenge. All these aspects will have profound implications for agriculture and rural areas. Global food demand is increasing, a large scale of urbanization, rising input prices, pressure on water resources and increasing vulnerability of crops and animals to climate change will limit food production. Even in these conditions agricultural sector of Romania has a huge potential. Domestic food demand could be covered if this potential will be exploited with technological resources and would not depend so much by climatic factors. Also Romania could export significant quantities of agro-food products. On the other hand, Romania suffers from one of the most pronounced structural divisions of agricultural land between all EU member states and also between the new member states. Precisely for this reason, Romania loses a lot in terms of production and export of agro-food products, in competition with developed countries. This paper analyzes the competitive position of Romanian companies in agro-food value chains. The article also answers to one of the most important questions. Are Romanian companies competitive in the agro-food value chains? What are the factors, challenges and obstacles for internationalization of Romanian agro-food product? In order to answer these questions, a quantitative research was performed using statistical data obtained from International Trade Center, for the year 2019 and Romanian National Committee for Macro prudential Supervision, 2020.

Stock Market Response to the Covid-19 Shock: Lessons for Africa

Abstract African stock markets are predominantly underdeveloped. However, the increasing financial openness and dependency on external trade implies that these stocks markets can potentially be impacted by global shocks. We use daily data to investigate the response of a sample of African emerging and developed stock markets to the COVID-19 shock. We use the event-study methodology to estimate the cumulative average abnormal returns before and after the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that the reaction of active stock markets in Africa mimics that of markets in India and the United Kingdom. The patterns persist at sector-level, when the Johannesburg Stock Exchange is excluded, that while the pharmaceuticals, industrials, mining, and the transport sectors recorded significant abnormal gains, financials, real estate, wholesale, retail, and services lagged behind, and the response of the agricultural was subdued. These results have policy lessons for Africa’s structural transformation process and the recovery of developing markets, which have had a muted response to previous global shocks.

Structural transformation and production linkages in Asia-Pacific least developed countries: An input-output analysis

The least developed countries (LDCs) of Asia and the Pacific have achieved significant development gains in recent decades, most visibly in the reduction of extreme poverty. Structural transformation, although still in its formative stages, has played an important role in these processes. Through the movement of labour out of agriculture, structural transformation has resulted in productivity and output growth directly raising incomes of workers. However, it is not clear whether Asia-Pacific LDCs have been able to harness the potential backward and forward linkages between sectors such that productivity growth in one sector indirectly stimulates demand for goods and services of other sectors, which in turn creates additional employment within and across sectors. For an economy to fully benefit from such indirect impacts, structural transformation should be accompanied by strong backward and forward linkages.Using the input-output (I-O) analysis framework developed by Mercer-Blackman, Foronda and Mariasingham (2017), and network theory, this paper examines how backward and forward linkages have evolved in Asia-Pacific LDCs during the process of structural transformation since 2000. The I-O analysis is then complemented by sectoral-level employment multipliers to assess the extent to which agricultural development can sustain job creation and thereby reduce poverty in these countries.This paper argues that, for the Asia-Pacific LDCs, agriculture continues to be the key sector for poverty reduction, for two reasons. First, given the current production structure of these countries, the agriculture sector's job creation potential is higher than other sectors, based on the employment multipliers estimated at the sectoral level. Second, if increases in agricultural productivity are accompanied by stronger production linkages with other sectors of Asia-Pacific LDCs’ economies, as experienced by many developing countries outside of the LDC category, the impact of structural transformation on job creation will be greater in the future.

Advanced processes for low-temperature formation of functional metal oxide based thin films

The analysis the discharge processes in magnetron plasma, target sputtering processes, as well as nucleation and formation of oxide thin films during dc magnetron sputtering is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of instabilities of the current-voltage characteristics of magnetron plasma during the sputtering of oxide targets, the processes of structural transformations of the surface of metal oxide targets under ion bombardment impact, and the mechanisms of low-temperature magnetron deposition of metal oxide thin films. Based on the results of the analysis performed the optimal routes for improving technologies for the low-temperature formation of transparent conductive oxide thin films have been discussed.

Convergence, Development, and Energy-Intensive Infrastructure in Africa: A Review of the Evidence

The structural changes in an economy that accompany its growth to high-income status have been predictable in Europe, the United States, and Asia, characterized by declining employment in agriculture and rising levels of urbanization driven by jobs in the modern industrial sector. As agricultural productivity rises, the share of people employed in agriculture declines, and both urbanization and employment in manufacturing increase. Food prices fall relative to wages, causing the share of income spent on food to decline to very low levels. Asian countries have followed a similar path, although at a much faster pace. Africa, however, is different. Despite a high share of the population in urban areas, most African countries have yet to see significant increases in agricultural productivity that might drive industrial growth and jobs. The rising share of urban population has not been matched by increases in agricultural productivity, falling food prices, or the emergence of a viable industrial sector. Available evidence shows that agricultural yields in Africa are low and food is costly, while the share of employment in agriculture remains high. For the process of structural transformation to get underway, African countries must invest in the manufacture of fertilizer, develop better methods of water control, improve transportation, and invest in cold storage. Each of these interventions requires significant amounts of energy, including energy from fossil fuels, and they are not replaceable—countries have managed structural transformation in different ways but to date none have leapfrogged the process.

Energy efficiency in general equilibrium with input–output linkages

Industrial activity periodically experiences breakthrough innovations in energy efficiency, but the estimated impacts of these innovations on aggregate energy use are highly varied. We develop a general equilibrium model to show this variation is in part determined by the structure of the economy’s input–output network. Our results show industrial energy efficiency improvements affect aggregate energy use through adjustments in factor and commodity markets, and a process of structural transformation that alters the way energy is used and produced in the economy. We describe the aggregate impact of these processes using new energy centrality concepts that measure the extent to which an industry implicitly produces or consumes energy resources. In a calibrated simulation, we find variation in these energy centrality concepts explains between 38 and 92% of variation in the rebound effect, which suggests input–output structure is a critical determinant of the aggregate effects of energy efficiency.

Understanding the behaviour of house prices and household income per capita in South Africa: application of the asymmetric autoregressive distributed lag model

PurposeHomeownership provides shelter and is a vital component of wealth, and house purchase signifies a lifetime achievement for many households. For South Africa confronted with social and structural challenges, homeownership by the low and lower middle-income household is pivotal for its structural transformation process. In spite of these potential benefits, research on the affordable housing market in the context of South Africa is limited. This study aims to contribute to this knowledge gap by answering the question “do changes in household income per capita have a symmetric or asymmetric effect on affordable house prices?”Design/methodology/approachA survey of the international literature on house prices and income revealed that linear modelling that assumes symmetric reaction of macroeconomic variables dominates the empirical strategy. This linearity assumption is restrictive and fails to capture possible asymmetric dynamics inherent in the housing market. The authors address this empirical limitation by using asymmetric non-linear autoregressive distributed lag models that can test and detect the existence of asymmetry in both the long and short run using data from 1985Q1 to 2016Q3.FindingsThe results revealed the presence of an asymmetric long-run relationship between affordable house prices and household income per capita. The estimated asymmetric long-run coefficients of logIncome[+] and logIncome[−] are 1.080 and −4.354, respectively, implying that a 1% increase/decrease in household income per capita induces a 1.08% rise/4.35% decline in affordable house prices everything being equal. The positive increase in affordable house prices creates wealth, helps low and middle-income household climb the property ladder and can reduce inequality, which provides support for the country’s structural transformation process. Conversely, a decline in affordable house prices tends to reduce wealth and widen inequality.Practical implicationsThis paper recommends both supply- and demand-side policies to support affordable housing development. Supply-side stimulants should include incentives to attract developers to affordable markets such as municipal serviced land and tax credit. Demand-side policy should focus on asset-based welfare policy; for example, the current Finance Linked Income Subsidy Programme (FLISP). Efficient management and coordination of the FLISP are essential to enhance the affordability of first-time buyers. Given the enormous size of the affordable property market, the practice of mortgage securitization by financial institutions should be monitored, as a persistent decline in income can trigger a systemic risk to the economy.Social implicationsThe study results illustrate the importance of homeownership by low- and middle-income households and that the development of the affordable market segment can boost wealth creation and reduce residential segregation. This, in turn, provides support to the country’s structural transformation process.Originality/valueThe affordable housing market in South Africa is of strategic importance to the economy, accounting for 71.4% of all residential properties. Homeownership by low and lower middle-income households creates wealth, reduces wealth inequality and improves revenue collection for local governments. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by modelling the asymmetric behaviour of affordable house prices to changes in household income per capita and other macroeconomic fundamentals. Based on available evidence, this is the first attempt to examine the dynamic asymmetry between affordable house prices and household income per capita in South Africa.

Measuring internal migration

Measuring the extent and direction of the movement of people across space is key to understanding spatial gaps and processes of structural transformation. A range of sources from census data, survey data, to administrative data and newer types of data such as mobile phone data have been used to examine such patterns. This paper investigates how different types of data are used to measure migration and mobility, and how complementary data determine which research questions they can answer. I discuss measurement concerns related to these different types of data, definitions of migration rates used in the literature, selection concerns and other survey design considerations. I conclude by highlighting gaps in the measurement of migration.

Tuning crystal structure of MnO2 during different hydrothermal synthesis temperature and its electrochemical performance as cathode material for zinc ion battery

Rechargeable zinc ion batteries are characterized by low cost, high safety and high specific power, especially mild aqueous Zn–MnO2 battery. Owing to that manganese dioxide with different crystal types has a great impact on its electrochemical performance, it is necessary to understand the crystal structure transformation process of manganese dioxide during synthesis and its effect on the battery property. Here, the crystal structure transformation during different hydrothermal synthesis temperature and related electrochemical performance of MnO2 are researched in detail. It is found that a mixture of ramsdellite (R–MnO2) and Nsutit (γ-MnO2) can be obtained as the hydrothermal synthesis temperature ranges from 85 °C to 145 °C. While, a single phase of β-MnO2 can be observed as the hydrothermal synthesis temperature ranges from 165 °C to 185 °C. Also, manganese valence increases and BET surface area decreases during the evolution from the mixture of ramsdellite (R–MnO2) and Nsutit (γ-MnO2) to the final single β-MnO2 phase. Electrochemical performance verifies that the as-prepared MnO2 under the hydrothermal synthesis temperature of 85 °C possesses the best rate performance and cyclic property among the as-obtained samples, with a discharge capacity of 50 mAh g−1 at 2 C, and capacity retention of around 60% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C.

Tuning electrochemical transformation process of zeolitic imidazolate framework for efficient water oxidation activity

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely studied as efficient electrocatalysts for water oxidation due to their tunable structure and easy preparation. However, the rational design of MOFs-based electrocatalysts and fundamental understanding of their structural evolution during oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remain critical challenges. Here, we report a facile approach to tune the structural transformation process of the Co-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) during the OER process by using water molecules as a vacancy promoter. The modified ZIF catalyst accelerates the structural transformation from MOF precursor to electrochemical active species and simultaneously enhances the vacancy density during the electrochemical activation process. The optimized electrocatalyst exhibits an extremely low overpotential 175 mV to deliver 10 mA cm−2 and superior durability (100 h) at 100 mA cm−2. The comprehensive characterization results reveal the structural transformation from the initial tetrahedral Co sites to cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) and the formation process of oxygen vacancies (CoOOH-VO) at a high anodic potential. These findings represent a promising way to achieve highly active MOF-based electrocatalysts for water oxidation.

EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL MEASURES ON IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF BASIC EDUCATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (2010-2020)

Education is the true alchemy that can bring a nation its next golden age. It is a dynamic process that begins one child birth. The UNESCO General Conference (1964) recognized that illiteracy is a serious obstacle to social and economic development”. Provide quality basic education is fundamental for all types of country transformation in several aspects of its economic activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of government financial measures on improving the quality of basic education in DR Congo (2010-2020), i.e. to assess the strength of the links between the various state financial policies and to determine how improving the basic education sector can strengthen the macroeconomic framework and guide development choices. Furthermore, the study also attempted to find the correlation between all the resulting components of the respondents' responses and to analyze the inter-correlation between them, in order to determine the effectiveness and significance of the existing relationships between them. Indeed, the economy of the Democratic Republic of Congo, a nation with a vast wealth of natural resources, continues to struggle. The process of structural transformation remains particularly difficult for the country. Mixed methods were used to identify quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection and the office review method was also used to collect data. The data was collected and imported into SPSS for data analysis. Descriptive and deductive statistics (Rho Spearman correlation and binomial regression or binary logistic regression) were compiled to provide answers to research questions/hypotheses established for this study. As a result, the various financial measures taken by the DRC government have made little progress in the national economy. This is the case of the lack of political will in the recovery and sectorial transformation, such as the education sector, of national activities. Statistical results consist of N= 300 subjects or respondents, six independent variables Qr1a, Qr1b, Q2, Q3, Qr3 and Q4 and the variable dependent Q5 (the Congolese government's desire to ensure quality basic education). It is found that the six independent variables have the potential to influence the Government's desire to ensure quality education in the DRC and, in turn, strengthen the macroeconomic framework in DR Congo. The findings also showed that all sectors are positive and significantly correlated with each other (p Article visualizations:

STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND POVERTY ERADICATION IN EAST JAVA (A PANEL DATA APPROACH OF 38 COUNTIES)

The characteristic of structural transformation is a decrease in the share of agriculture followed by an increase in the industry share in the economy. Sometimes, the share of services to the economy increases more rapidly than the share of the industry, called immature structural transformation. This study aims to analyze the structural transformation process in East Java and its impact on poverty alleviation. Panel data for 38 districts/cities used from the Statistics Indonesia (BPS) during the 2012-2015 period. The estimation results revealed empirically that the service sector has a significant impact on reducing poverty in East Java. This research argues that East Java has experienced immature structural transformation seen from the stagnation of the industry’s share of the economy. It is supposed that the role of the industrial sector is not significant, while the service sector is better to reduce poverty.Keywords: Structural Transformation, Poverty, East Java, Panel DataJEL: B22, I32, L16

Humidity-Induced Structural Transformation in Pseudopolymorph Coordination Polymers.

Three cadmium coordination polymers, namely, {[CdL(OAc)2](C2H5OH)}n (1), {[CdL(OAc)2](CH3CN)}n (2), and [CdL(OAc)2(H2O)]n (3), were synthesized by an exoditopic 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene Schiff base ligand (L) and cadmium acetate in the presence of different solvent systems. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis showed that 1D ladder pseudopolymorphic compounds (1 and 2) transformed to the solvent-free 1D linear compound 3 through a rare case of water absorption from air at room temperature. Interestingly, compound 3 was transformed to compound 1 through a dissolution-recrystallization structural transformation process. The results illustrated that solvents and humidity have an important role in the formation of pseudopolymorphs with the same or different structural motifs.

Indonesia Dijajah Lebih dari 300 Tahun? Memahami Penjajahan Sebagai Proses Transformasi Struktural

Despite its public popularity, the claim that Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch for more than 300 years is now considered by historians as a historical myth, established as an instrument for nation-building. This article argues that rather than simply judging the claim as myth, we must understand it more comprehensively by employing the framework of International Political Economy, especially the approach which put the entanglements of Capitalism and Colonialism at the center of its analysis. By understanding Colonialism-Imperialism as a process (or a set of processes) of structural transformation, this article contends that the claim that Indonesia had been colonized by the Dutch for more than 300 years has its own merit and must be further explored.

Scaling just transitions: Legitimation strategies in coal phase-out commissions in Canada and Germany

Climate change mitigation triggers both spatial and moral complexities, as demonstrated by the contentious issue of phasing out coal power. The success of the Paris Agreement depends on, among other things, the acceptability of climate policy measures and thus, from a moral perspective, on the ability to organize transition processes in ways that do not damage the livelihoods of workers, communities, and entire regions. Spatially, the unequal distributions of burdens and advantages of both climate change and respective mitigation measures provoke struggles over their legitimacy in contexts ranging from local to global. Phasing out coal mining and the respective power generation capacity thus triggers processes of structural transformation that cut across geographic scales, vertical levels of policy and politics, as well as sectoral boundaries.In light of the urgency of the climate crisis, countries such as Canada and Germany have established stakeholder-driven commissions to develop proposals for just transition pathways for phasing out coal production and consumption. We argue that these commissions are arenas in which spatial, moral, and sectoral (re-)negotiations materialize. Comparing the Canadian and German stakeholder commissions through expert interviews with their members, the article traces how governments use commissions to legitimize their transition policies. Expectations at different levels and from different actors in turn place commission members under pressure to justify their involvement and the outputs of the commissions. We find that the Canadian task force showed greater commitment to collecting and reflecting the needs of communities in its coal regions, and to communicating these to the federal government. In the German coal commission, legitimation strategies focused mainly on a broad representation of interests, and on government spending for affected regions, workers, and industries. In that case, a compromise was reached that satisfied most, but not all, of the diverse requirements.

Enhancing water stability in Co(II) coordination polymers from their structural transformation by temperature-controlling and their dye degradation property

Two new coordination polymers with formulas of {[Co3(L)2(Im)2(H2O)2]·2H2O·DMF}n(1) and {[Co3(L)2(Im)2]·3H2O}n(2) (H3L ​= ​5-(3-carboxybenzyloxy)-isophthalic acid, Im ​= ​imidazole, DMF ​= ​N,Nʹ-dimethylformamide) have been synthesized respectively. Compound 1 holds a 2D framework with kgd topology. In order to improve its water-stability, by temperature-controlling, through the dissolution-recrystallization structural transformation (DRST) process, compound 2 can be obtained, which exhibits a 3D architecture with flu topology. These two compounds all consist of the trinuclear secondary building unit. Due to the water-stability of compound 2 is higher than that of compound 1, the dye degradation activities of 2 under UV light toward rhodamine B (RhB) with H2O2 are investigated in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the thermal stability of compounds 1–2 has also been investigated.