Regular Structure Research Articles

Efficient Quantum Circuit Design with a Standard Cell Approach, with an Application to Neutral Atom Quantum Computers

We design quantum circuits by using the standard cell approach borrowed from classical circuit design, which can speed up the layout of circuits with a regular structure. Our standard cells are general and can be used for all types of quantum circuits: error-corrected or not. The standard cell approach enables the formulation of layout-aware routing algorithms. Our method is directly applicable to neutral atom quantum computers supporting qubit shuttling. Such computers enable zoned architectures for memory, processing and measurement, and we design circuits using qubit storage (memory and measurement zones) and standard cells (processing zones). Herein, we use cubic standard cells for Toffoli gates and, starting from a 3D architecture, we design a multiplication circuit. We present evidence that, when compared with automatic routing methods, our layout-aware routers are significantly faster and achieve shallower 3D circuits (by at least 2.5×), while also reducing routing costs. Additionally, our co-design approach can be used to estimate the resources necessary for a quantum computation without using complex compilation methods. We conclude that standard cells, with the support of layout-aware routing, pave the way to very-large-scale methods for quantum circuit compilation.

Review of: "Graphite, which is a widely used and well-known carbon material , is formed by stacking graphene layers and forming a regular structure"

Review of: "Graphite, which is a widely used and well-known carbon material , is formed by stacking graphene layers and forming a regular structure"

Review of: "Graphite, which is a widely used and well-known carbon material , is formed by stacking graphene layers and forming a regular structure"

Review of: "Graphite, which is a widely used and well-known carbon material , is formed by stacking graphene layers and forming a regular structure"

Facile Fabrication of Monodisperse Vinyl Hybrid Core-Shell Silica Microsphere with Short Range Radial Channel in bi-phase System.

The development of monodisperse hybrid silica microspheres with highly regular pore structure and uniform distribution of functional groups have significant value in the biomolecular separation field. In this work, the short range ordered pore channels are precisely constructed onto the non-porous silica microsphere surface by a bi-phase assembly method, and the cylindrical silica channel introduced a plethora of vinyl groups by "one-pot" co-condensation to form vinyl hybrid silica shell. As hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) stationary phase, the vinyl hybrid core-shell silica microsphere is simply modified with zwitterion glutathione (SiO2@SiO2-GSH), in which the HILIC enrichment process is significantly shortened due to its specific porous characteristics. Most importantly, SiO2@SiO2-GSH microsphere can enrich 2186 N-glycopeptides from the rat liver protein digest within 2min, which mapped to 806 glycoproteins. Compared with HILIC enrichment result within 1h, the glycoproteins and glycopeptides overlap are 88.3% and 79.1%, performing excellent reproducibility. The short range ordered channels onto the silica microsphere surface exhibit excellent mass transfer efficiency, so the developed bi-phase assembly method is expected to design more advanced hybrid silica materials for other urgently fields.

Seismic vulnerability analysis of irregular and regular structures using fragility curve

The demand for innovative and visually appealing building designs according to specific desires or needs has led to many structures being built with irregularities. High-rise buildings with structural irregularities are at a higher risk of collapse during an earthquake if they are not designed and constructed properly according to existing regulations. Some buildings have non-uniform floor heights, which can lead to uneven distribution of stiffness throughout the structure vertically. Excessive height of one floor compared to the floor above it can potentially create an excessive soft story. Evaluating and assessing seismic vulnerability of structures is a major issue in earthquake-resistant design. This study discusses an analytical model for developing fragility curves by evaluating the seismic performance of a structure. The objective of this research is to determine and compare the estimated fragility levels of structures subjected to seismic loads between irregular structures with soft story irregularities and regular structures. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that irregular structures (with soft story irregularities) have higher fragility levels compared to regular structures in both the x and y directions.

Photodetachment dynamics of negative ions in a quantum well with two expanding walls

This work is to investigate the photo-detachment cross-section (PCS) of anions in an expanding quantum well formed by two moving elastic walls. Through the study of the closed orbits of the detached electrons, we derive the analytical expression for the period of these closed orbits. We utilize the classical closed-orbit theory (COT) to deeply explore and derive the PCS of this system, which is a superposition of a smooth background term and an oscillatory term caused by collisions between electrons and the two elastic walls of the quantum well. The calculation results show that the oscillation amplitude of the photo-detachment cross-section is highly sensitive to the wall velocity of the extended quantum well. When the quantum well is static, the photo-detachment cross-section exhibits a regular saw-tooth structure. As the walls begin to move, this regular saw-tooth structure becomes irregular. As the wall velocity increases, the oscillation structure within the PCS becomes increasingly complex. Furthermore, the photo-detachment cross-section is closely related to the initial distance between the negative hydrogen ion and the two moving walls, known as the well width. And through calculations of two different scenarios involving extended quantum wells, we find that for an asymmetrically expanding quantum well, the effect of moving walls on anionic PCS is more significant than for a symmetrically expanding quantum well. The research findings also reveal that as the well width narrows, the localized space for electrons becomes smaller, leading to stronger quantum confinement and an increase in the oscillation amplitude across the cross-section. As the well width increases, the quantum confinement effect on the electrons weakens, resulting in a decrease in the oscillation amplitude across the cross-section. When the well width reaches a certain level, the quantum well no longer exhibits significant quantum confinement effects, and the photo-detachment cross-section tends to approach a smooth background term. Therefore, precise control of the photo-detachment cross-section of negative hydrogen ions in an expanding quantum well formed by two moving elastic walls can be achieved by adjusting the initial size of the quantum well and the expansion speed of the quantum well. The phenomena revealed in this study are quite intriguing, and the methods employed are universal, providing guidance for future studying the photo-detachment cross-sections in more complex dynamic quantum wells. The findings of this study have significant reference value in the field of surface physics, enriching our understanding of the photo-detachment dynamics of anions in moving quantum wells, and they also provide a theoretical basis and guidance for future experimental research on the photo-detachment dynamics of anions in dynamic quantum wells.

Double deep Q-network-based dynamic offloading decision-making for mobile edge computing with regular hexagonal deployment structure of servers

Double deep Q-network-based dynamic offloading decision-making for mobile edge computing with regular hexagonal deployment structure of servers

Unraveling the ROS-Inflammation-Immune Balance: A New Perspective on Aging and Disease.

Increased entropy is a common cause of disease and aging. Lifespan entropy is the overall increase in disorder caused by a person over their lifetime. Aging leads to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage the antioxidant system and disrupt redox balance. Organ aging causes chronic inflammation, disrupting the balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. Inflammaging, which is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, is activated by oxidative stress and can lead to immune system senescence. During this process, entropy increases significantly as the body transitions from a state of low order to high disorder. However, the connection among inflammation, aging, and immune system activity is still not fully understood. This review introduces the idea of the ROS-inflammation-immune balance for the first time and suggests that this balance may be connected to aging and the development of age-related diseases. We also explored how the balance of these three factors controls and affects age-related diseases. Moreover, imbalance in the relationship described above disrupts the regular structures of cells and alters their functions, leading to cellular damage and the emergence of a disorganized state marked by increased entropy. Maintaining a low entropy state is crucial for preventing and reversing aging processes. Consequently, we examined the current preclinical evidence for antiaging medications that target this balance. Ultimately, comprehending the intricate relationships between these three factors and the risk of age-related diseases in organisms will aid in the development of clinical interventions that promote long-term health.

San Francisco World: Leveraging Structural Regularities of Slope for 3-DoF Visual Compass

San Francisco World: Leveraging Structural Regularities of Slope for 3-DoF Visual Compass

Robust blind Q-compensated denoising for seismic data with adaptive structural regularization

Robust blind Q-compensated denoising for seismic data with adaptive structural regularization

TOPOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMICAL RELATIONS OF NERVES AND ARTERIES IN THE THENAR MUSCLES

The hand has a high functional significance, and it is important to note that today, especially during military operations, it is often subject to injuries. In addition, hand injuries are common both at work and in everyday life. The success of reconstructive operations and restoration of motor functions of the hand largely depends on the extent to which it is possible to preserve the innervation and normal blood supply of the muscles, which is crucial for further rehabilitation and return to normal functioning. Objective of the research. To establish the topographical-anatomical relationships of nerves and arteries in the thenar muscles of human fetuses. Material and methods. Clarification of the intramuscular distribution of nerves and arteries in the muscles of the thenar eminence was carried out on 32 preparations of the hand of human fetuses of 81.0-375.0 mm parietococcygeal length (PCL) using macromicroscopic preparation, injection vessels, and morphometry without external signs of anatomical deviations or congenital malformations of the skeleton, fascial-muscular and vascular-nervous structures of the upper limbs. The study was conducted in accordance with the basic bioethical provisions of the Convention of the Council of Europe on Human Rights and Biomedicine (4 April 1997), the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association on the ethical principles for scientific medical research involving human subjects (1964 - 2013). ), Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 690 of 23.09.2009, and taking into account the Methodological Recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine "Procedure for Removal of Biological Objects from Deceased Persons Whose Bodies are Subject to Forensic and Pathological Examination for Scientific Purposes" (2018). The Commission on Biomedical Ethics of the Bukovinian State Medical University (Protocol No. 7 dated 16.05.2024) did not find any violations of moral and legal norms in the conduct of research. The research is a fragment of the planned comprehensive topic of the Department of Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy and Operative Surgery and the Department of Human Anatomy named after M.H. Turkevich Bukovinian State Medical University “Regularity of gender-age structure and topographic-anatomical transformations of organs and structures of the body at the pre-and postnatal stages of ontogenesis. Peculiarities of perinatal anatomy and embryotopography” state registration No. 0120U101571). Results. The research made it possible to establish that in human fetuses, each thenar muscle has a certain source of innervation and blood supply, a certain gate located in the thenar muscles in their proximal third. Flexor pollicis brevis in most fetuses has double innervation – from the median nerve and the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Abductor pollicis, most often receives innervation from one source – the lateral branch of the median nerve, and very rarely has an additional source – from the superficial branch of the radial nerve. Adductor pollicis is mainly innervated by 1-2 nerve trunks from the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. In 3 cases, this muscle had an additional source of innervation in the form of a thin branch from the median nerve. Conclusion. In human fetuses, each thenar eminence muscle has a specific source of innervation and blood supply; some thenar muscles are characterized by double innervation. There are usually several sources of blood supply; they can be divided into main – permanent and additional – non-permanent. The entry gates of nerves and arteries into the thenar muscles are located in their proximal third. In the flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis, and adductor pollicis, the portals of nerves and arteries do not coincide. In the extensor pollicis muscles, except the flexor pollicis brevis muscle, the direction of the intramuscular nerves does not coincide with the direction of the intramuscular arteries. In the thenar muscles, large-diameter arteries lie deeper than the nerves. In practical work, the possibility of different innervation options for the thenar muscles should be taken into account.

Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Hydrophilic Shells for the Selective Enrichment and Detection of Rosmarinic Acid in Aqueous Extraction.

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural active compound widely found in many plants belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, Boraginaceae, and so on, which has various important bioactivities, including being anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, etc. Herein, novel hydrophilic magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (HMMIPs) with a regular core-shell structure were successfully developed using RA as a template molecule, acrylamide (AM) as a functional monomer, N-N 'methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linking agent, and water as the porogen. After a series of characterization and adsorption performance analyses, it was found that HMMIPs are hydrophilic with an adsorption capacity of 8.012 ± 0.54 mg/g, an imprinting factor of 3.64, and a selectivity coefficient of 2.63~2.91. Furthermore, the HMMIPs can be rapidly separated from other components under the influence of external magnetic fields. The HMMIPs were employed for the determination of RA present in the Perilla frutescens and Rosmarinus officinalis aqueous extract with recoveries of 88.2~107.3%. These results indicated that HMMIPs of RA have the benefits of straightforward operation, rapid adsorption, and high selectivity, rendering it an appropriate way for the expedient and selective isolation of RA in an intricate matrix.

Remarkable Localized Integral Identities for 3D Compressible Euler Flow and the Double-Null Framework

AbstractWe derive new, localized geometric integral identities for solutions to the 3D compressible Euler equations under an arbitrary equation of state when the sound speed is positive. The integral identities are coercive in the derivatives of the specific vorticity (defined to be vorticity divided by density) and the derivatives of the entropy gradient vectorfield, and the error terms exhibit remarkable regularity and null structures. Our framework plays a fundamental role in our companion works (Abbrescia L, Speck J. The emergence of the singular boundary from the crease in 3D compressible Euler flow, 2022; Abbrescia and Speck, The emergence of the Cauchy horizon from the crease in 3D compressible Euler flow (in preparation)) on the structure of the maximal classical development for shock-forming solutions. It allows one to simultaneously unleash the full power of the geometric vectorfield method for both the wave- and transport- parts of the flow on compact regions, and our approach reveals fundamental new coordinate-invariant structural features of the flow. In particular, the integral identities yield localized control over one additional derivative of the vorticity and entropy compared to standard results, assuming that the initial data enjoy the same gain. Similar results hold for the solution’s higher derivatives. We derive the identities in detail for two classes of spacetime regions that frequently arise in PDE applications: (i) compact spacetime regions that are globally hyperbolic with respect to the acoustical metric, where the top and bottom boundaries are acoustically spacelike—but not necessarily equal to portions of constant Cartesian-time hypersurfaces; and (ii) compact regions covered by double-acoustically null foliations. Our results have implications for the geometry and regularity of solutions, the formation of shocks, the structure of the maximal classical development of the data, and for controlling solutions whose state along a pair of intersecting characteristic hypersurfaces is known. Our analysis relies on a recent new formulation of the compressible Euler equations that splits the flow into a geometric wave-part coupled to a div-curl-transport part. The main new contribution of the present article is our analysis of the spacelike, co-dimension one and two boundary integrals that arise in the div-curl identities. By exploiting interplay between the elliptic and hyperbolic parts of the new formulation and using careful geometric decompositions, we observe several crucial cancellations, which in total show that after a further integration with respect to an acoustical time function, the boundary integrals have a good sign, up to error terms that can be controlled due to their good null structure and regularity properties.

Coherence effects in LIPSS formation on silicon wafers upon picosecond laser pulse irradiations

Abstract Using different laser irradiation patterns to modify silicon surface, it has been demonstrated that, at rather small overlapping between irradiation spots, highly regular laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) can be produced already starting from the second laser pulse, provided that polarization direction coincides with the scanning direction. If the laser irradiation spot is shifted from the previous one perpendicular to light polarization, LIPSS are not formed even after many pulses. This coherence effect is explained by a three-wave interference, surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs) generated within the irradiated spot, SEWs scattered from the crater edge formed by the previous laser pulse, and the incoming laser pulse, providing conditions for amplification of the periodic light-absorption pattern. To study possible consequences of SEW scattering from the laser-modified regions, where the refractive index can change due to material melting, amorphization, and the residual stress formed by previous laser pulses, hydrodynamic modelling and simulations have been performed within the melting regime. The simulations show that stress and vertical displacement could be amplified upon laser scanning. Both mechanisms, three-wave interference and stress accumulation, could enable an additional degree of controlling surface structuring.

A priori bounds for quasi-linear SPDEs in the full subcritical regime

This paper is concerned with quasi-linear parabolic equations driven by an additive forcing \xi \in C^{\alpha-2} , in the full subcritical regime \alpha \in (0,1) . We are inspired by Hairer’s regularity structures, however we work with a more parsimonious model indexed by multi-indices rather than trees. This allows us to capture additional symmetries which play a crucial role in our analysis. Assuming bounds on this model, which is modified in agreement with the concept of algebraic renormalization, we prove local a priori estimates on solutions to the quasi-linear equations modified by the corresponding counter-terms.

Efficient Removal of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc from Water and Soil by MgFe Layered Double Hydroxide: Adsorption Properties and Mechanisms

Both biochar and layered double hydroxide (LDH) have drawbacks in regard to the removal of heavy metals. The combined application of biochar and LDH not only solved the problem of the easy agglomeration of LDH but also effectively improved the heavy metal adsorption capacity of biochar. In this work, a MgFe–LDH banana straw biochar composite (MgFe–LDH@BB), with a regular hydrotalcite structure, was synthesized by employing a simple hydrothermal method. The composite showed an ultra-high adsorption capacity for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in water. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption characteristics of MgFe–LDH@BB. At pH = 6.0, MgFe–LDH@BB demonstrated the effective adsorption of Pb, Cd, and Zn. In addition, the results showed that the adsorption of Pb, Cd, and Zn by MgFe–LDH@BB was rapid and conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models, indicating single-layer chemical adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of MgFe–LDH@BB for Pb, Cd, and Zn was 1112.6, 869.6, and 414.9 mg·g−1, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of MgFe–LDH@BB mainly included metal hydroxide/carbonate precipitation, complex formation with hydroxyl groups, and ion exchange. Meanwhile, MgFe–LDH@BB had the ability to immobilize heavy metals in soil. The surface-rich functional groups and cation exchange promoted the transformation of active heavy metal ions into a more stable form.

Hybrid materials based on covalent organic frameworks for photocatalysis

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) feature π‐conjugated structure, high porosity, structural regularity, large specific surface area, and good stability, being considered as ideal platform for photocatalytic application. Although single COFs have achieved significant progress in photocatalysis benefiting from their distinctive properties, the COFs‐based hybrids provide an extraordinary opportunity to achieve superior photocatalytic performance. From the perspective of carrier transfer mechanism, a systematic summary of hybrids based on COFs and other functional materials (metal single atoms, metal clusters/nanoparticles, inorganic semiconductors, metal–organic frameworks, and other polymers) can offer valuable guidance for the design of COFs‐based hybrids. In this review, the photocatalytic mechanism for hybrid materials (such as Schottky junction, type II heterojunction, Z‐scheme heterojunction, and S‐scheme heterojunction) is briefly introduced. Subsequently, the performance of COFs‐based hybrids in photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollutant degradation are comprehensively reviewed. Specifically, the carrier separation and transfer in different types of hybrids are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects of COFs‐based hybrids for photocatalysis are envisaged. The insights presented in this review are expected to be helpful in the rational design of COFs‐based hybrids to obtain outstanding photocatalytic activity.image

Morphology of the Human Pineal Gland Studied by Freeze-Fracturing in Scanning Electron Microscopy.

The human pineal gland is the largest producer of the hormone melatonin. Pineal acervuli (brain sand), calcified concretions in the pineal gland, have long been studied because of their association with ageing, melatonin production, and neurological disorders. The solid inorganic matter of the hydroxyapatite crystals often renders sample sectioning impossible, to the extent that the sections lose value. Technically, freeze-fracturing has revealed the detailed structure and cell relationships without tissue damage. In our electron microscopic study, samples of the human pineal gland were obtained during autopsy from 20 donors with mean age 69 years. Samples underwent freeze-fracturing and standard histological procedures, and were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in high vacuum. Based on our results, freeze-fracturing enabled identification of a mulberry-like acervulus topography. The acervuli were situated in specific "nest-like" structures, which were surrounded by pinealocytes, interstitial cells, and nerve fibres. A fractured surface of the intrapineal acervuli exhibited a regular lamellar structure. Freeze-fracturing the pineal gland and imaging by SEM enabled complex structural analysis. This approach permits viewing the surface acervuli spherical and internal lamellar architecture. Our results confirmed that the parenchyma of this small but important gland contains two types of acervuli, depending on their size: non-aggregated and aggregated. We propose to include these forms of acervuli in the new edition of the Terminologica Histologica. In conclusion, pineal gland freeze-fracturing by SEM is suitable for complex structural analysis. Our description of our methods can be a guide for other scientists who want to study the pineal gland with electron microscopy methods.

Bioinspired single-shot polarization photodetector based on four-directional grating arrays capped perovskite single-crystal thin film.

Polarization photodetectors (pol-PDs) have widespread applications in geological remote sensing, machine vision, biological medicine, and so on. However, commercial pol-PDs use bulky and complicated optical systems with lenses, polarizers, and mechanical spools, which are complex and cumbersome, and respond slowly. Inspired by the desert ants' compound eyes, we developed a single-shot pol-PD based on four-directional grating arrays capped perovskite single-crystal thin film without other standard polarization optics. Our pol-PD has a high detectivity, two orders of magnitude greater than that of commercial photodetectors, and exhibits high polarization sensitivity. The high performance of our pol-PD is due to the highly crystalline perovskite single-crystal thin film and regular nanograting structure, made by a nanoimprinting crystallization method. Our single-shot pol-PD is a compact on-chip optoelectronic device that demonstrates excellent performance in a wide range of applications including accurate bionic navigation, sharp image restoration in hazy scenes, stress visualization of polymers, and detection of cancerous areas in tissues without histological staining.

X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies of Ga-Ge-Te alloys

The structure and vibrational properties of glassy Ge19Te81 and Ga7.9Ge11.5Te80.6 alloys were studied using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The amorphous nature of the obtained alloys was confirmed by the experimental X-ray diffraction patterns. The latter were used for calculating radial distribution functions. Such calculations gave the positions of the nearest-neighbour peak r1 – 2.65 Å and second nearest-neighbour peak r2 – 4.31 and 4.44 Å. The obtained r1 values are in good agreement with the known from literature Ge-Te and Ga-Te bond lengths. Similar r1 values were also observed for Ga-Ge-Te glasses of different compositions. The r2/r1 values of 1.63 and 1.68 are close to the typical value for a regular tetrahedron structure. The observed bands in the Raman spectra of the studied Ga-Ge-Te samples show that such glasses contain different nanophases. The Raman spectra may be interpreted in terms of vibrational modes of Ga-Te and Ge-Te binary glasses and films.