Pavement Structure Research Articles

Analysis of Flexible Pavement Structural Behavior Considering Decreased Subgrade Resilient Modulus

This research focuses on the subgrade resilient modulus and its significance in investigating flexible pavements. The study compares results obtained from two distinct flexible pavement structures, utilizing numerical analysis using FLAC3D softawere. Four decreasing levels of subgrade resilient modulus (PF50, PF25, PF10, and PF5) were examined. Our findings reveal that the decrease in subgrade resilient modulus has a more pronounced effect on the GB/GB structure compared to the GB/GNT structure, with the latter demonstrating superior performance. By assessing subgrade resilient modulus, this research contributes to a better understanding and improving road infrastructure investigation not only in Algeria but also in broader contexts

Effects of heavy truck braking on inverted asphalt pavement considering vehicle dynamics

Inverted asphalt pavement is an innovative pavement structure where the unbound aggregate base (UAB) is sandwiched between the asphalt concrete (AC) layer and cement-treated base (CTB). This structure has the potential to improve rutting resistance of pavement and prevent propagation of reflective cracks. However, its implementation has been limited due to the lack of experience. In addition, the braking condition of the vehicle applied on the pavement surface plays a significant role on the pavement responses, thereby affecting its service life. This study conducted a simulation using finite layer method to investigate the effects of heavy truck braking on inverted asphalt pavement considering vehicle dynamics. The results indicated that truck braking would generate a significant horizontal load and change the magnitude of the vertical load at each axle. Furthermore, the impact of vertical load on mechanical responses would gradually enhance and eventually dominate with increasing pavement depth. It was also observed that when the truck was treated as a whole, vehicle braking would result in a 3.2% to 10.2% increase in critical responses, but cause a 0.023% and 31.7% decrease in predicted rutting and life respectively. Among three truck axles, the effect of driving axle was close to that of the entire truck, but the effect of other axles was greater or lower than that of the entire truck. A comparison of three inverted pavements found that a thick AC layer could effectively reduce the critical responses and extend the pavement life. Furthermore, a thick CTB layer could also achieve most of the above purposes due to higher integral stiffness of pavement.

Analysis of Implementation Plans for the ACR -PCR System on Flexible Pavement Runways at Utilization Cooperation Airport

ICAO determined that the ACR–PCR system will take effect in July 2020 and be effective in November 2024. It is very important for airports in Indonesia to make adjustments to optimize the use of pavement assets. The research aims to calculate ACR-PCR, compare it with ACN-PCN, evaluating the airside pavement structure of airport through the application of the ACR-PCR system. Case study analysis of calculations with ICAO–ACR1.32 and FAARFIELD2.0. ACN/PCN and ACR/PCR ratios are classified against pavement strength limitation criteria. Evaluation based on the criteria for permanent deformation of the subgrade layer andfatigue cracking of the asphalt layer. Tjilik Riwut airport runway PCR value 542FBXT, Radin Inten II 850FCXT, Fatmawati Soekarno 712FCXT and H. AS. Hanandjoeddin 643FCXT. Comparison of the ACR/PCR and ACN/PCNratiosshows an increase in pavement capacity of 1.4746. Based on the criteria for fatigue cracking of the asphalt layer and permanent deformation of the PCR subgrade layer at Tjilik Riwut airport 668 and 575 FBXT, Radin Inten II 1027 and629FCXT,Fatmawati Soekarno 862 and 629 FCXT, H. AS. Hanandjoeddin 675 and 560 FCXT. The structural pavement capacity of PT Angkasa Pura Indonesia airport has the opportunity to be increased in terms of flight frequency.

Research on the Damage Mechanics Model of Asphalt Pavement Based on Asphalt Pavement Potential Damage Index

In recent years, due to the increasing traffic volume and the serious deterioration of overloading, the heavy vehicle load has emerged, leading to the more and more common early damage of asphalt pavement, and overloading has become one of the important factors endangering the pavement. The traditional method is to strengthen the road, but as the base course and asphalt pavement thickness are both improved, TOP-DOWN fissures and ruts on the asphalt pavement surface have emerged as the most prevalent form of asphalt pavement damage. However, a final verdict on a single mechanical explanation for the many occurrences of asphalt pavement deterioration has not yet been reached. Material yielding and failure under varying stress conditions are the focus of strength theory, which seeks to provide norms and standards for their computation. Mohr Coulomb and Drucker Prager strength theories are two of the most well-established, thoroughly investigated, and widely used strength theories in geological and geotechnical engineering. In this research, the damage form and stress condition of asphalt pavement are analyzed and predicted using M-C and D-P criteria, and a new pavement structure damage control index, the Asphalt pavement potential damage index with fatigue loading (APPDI), is established. Preliminary calculations reveal that APPDI may become a unified mechanical assessment index of asphalt pavement structural damage, since it can explain both flexural tensile damage at the base of the layer and rutting and cracking at the surface.

Performance of asphaltic concreate binder course (AC-BC) using gilsonite modified asphalt

The road pavement structure is the most important part of the design and manufacture of highways, so there is a need for innovation in designing pavement to get a type of pavement that has good quality and is efficient in its design. At this time, many road pavements have suffered damage caused by poor quality. Gilsonite is a natural asphalt that has a relatively high asphalt content compared to other additives, which is 70.9%. In addition, Gilsonite has a maltene content of 27% and 2% oil, then has a nitrogen content of 3.2%. After that, to carry out this test, a test object was made with the addition of Gilsonite Resin using 3 variations of the addition, namely 6%, 7%, and 8%, and compared to the mixture without Gilsonite. The mixture using the addition of Gilsonite (6%, 7%, 8%) an increase in the stability value of the mixture using the addition of Gilsonite, but the flow becomes increased so the properties of the mixture have large deformations. From all the tests that have been carried out, the optimum Gilsonite content is 8%

Water Absorption Rate in Porous Concrete Paving Block as a Permeable Pavement Structure

Controlling surface water runoff is one way to maintain environmental sustainability. Rainwater on the road surface is one of the problems that must be controlled. Most road surfaces are covered with waterproof material so that rainwater cannot infiltrate into the ground, which then accumulates and causes flooding. This research aims to study porous concrete paving blocks to prevent flooding. This paving block material is made from a coarse aggregate of 4 – 9.5 mm as the main component for making porous concrete paving blocks with height variations of 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm. Concrete Paving Block is used to compare the performance of Porous Concrete Paving Block. Compression, porosity, and infiltration rate tests have been carried out to see its characteristics. Based on tests that have been carried out, porous concrete paving blocks have a porosity ranging from 19 - 23% and an infiltration rate ranging from 0.17 - 0.42 cm/second; however, porous concrete paving blocks experience a decrease in compressive strength of 58 - 60% when compared to concrete paving blocks conventional.

Future-oriented trends in intelligent building materials and applications

Abstract Nowadays, smart materials appear more and more frequently in people’s daily lives, and this paper investigates the development and current status of the application of smart materials in the construction industry in view of the high energy consumption status quo of the construction industry. The goal of the energy conversion mode of piezoelectric material is to be based on the basic principle of piezoelectric sensors. Study the monitoring function of buried piezoelectric sensors on the damage to the concrete main frame. The passive energy storage method of phase change material and its integration with the building are being investigated at the same time. The performance of these two materials is then tested by applying different forces to the piezoelectric sensors with the help of linear motors, and the output voltage of the piezoelectric materials is tested, which proves its good cyclic stability. The phase change material is split into multiple layers based on heat flow direction, and each layer’s temperature is calculated separately to analyze the thermal behavior inside the material in depth. Through experimental analysis, it has been found that the output voltage of the triangular piezoelectric transducer can reach 550 V, which can be applied to optimize pavement structure and pavement energy harvesting. The phase change material has excellent energy saving and thermal insulation effect in the summer, and the average heat flux decrease rate of the wall can reach 45.0%, which greatly reduces the energy consumption of air conditioners and other temperature-controlled appliances. The application of intelligent building materials is in line with the requirements of sustainable development planning, and there is ample room for growth.

Regression Analysis of Temperature and Atmospheric Temperature for Steel-UHPC Bridge Deck Pavement Structure in Seasonally Frozen Regions

Regression Analysis of Temperature and Atmospheric Temperature for Steel-UHPC Bridge Deck Pavement Structure in Seasonally Frozen Regions

Analysis of Fixed and Variable Rigid Pavements in Comparison for Longevity, Durability and Cost-effectiveness

Urbanization has increased significantly during the last century, affecting both rural and urban areas. Due to the growing need for improved connectivity and services, roads and other transportation infrastructure are being built quickly. To meet this need, scientists, designers, and builders have been investigating novel and reasonably priced manufactured goods with the goal of streamlining the building process and improving overall robustness. In recent times, concrete pavements have witnessed a surge in popularity in India, driven by the escalating costs associated with bituminous pavement. The main benefit of using stiff pavement is that it is resilient and can hold its form even under harsh weather and traffic situations. Although concrete pavements may have a higher initial cost, they frequently wind up being more economical in the long run since they require less upkeep and have an excellent design life. This study's primary objective is to present a comparative analysis of pavement appropriateness while accounting for longevity, durability, and cost-effectiveness, among other factors. The simulation can be utilised to gain a quantitative understanding of the dynamic strains and deflections present in a rigid pavement and flexible system. It is discovered that the impact of surface roughness on a slab structure's dynamic response is significant for the pavement structure's useable life span and can be taken into consideration during pavement design. The model can be adjusted to determine the k-value needed to assess a pavement's subgrade support as it ages.

Perpetual pavement utilizing crumb rubber modified bitumen: A case study of the trial section on the S-19 expressway

To minimize the environmental impact of road construction and reduce the carbon footprint, it is essential to design pavements with sustainability in mind, considering their entire life cycle. On the S19 expressway between Kraśnik and Janów Lubelski, a 400-meter-long trial section was designed and constructed in full alignment with this strategy. The pavement structure was developed following the American concept of perpetual pavement, incorporating a stiff and rut-resistant binder course along with a flexible and fatigue-resistant base course. This layer arrangement significantly extended the service life of the pavement without increasing the structure’s thickness. Additionally, recycled crumb rubber-modified bitumen from used vehicle tires was used for all asphalt layers. Beyond its ecological value, recycling waste tires also positively impacts material parameters. The constructed pavement structure enables the reduction of natural resource consumption, elongation of the periods between maintenance, and the utilization of fully valuable waste, like used car tires. Moreover, this type of structure is entirely recyclable, allowing for its use in the construction of new roads after its designated service life. The paper describes a method for designing perpetual pavement structures, presents a comparison of properties between crumb rubber-modified binders and standard binders, and provides test results for asphalt mixtures. The deflection measurements obtained by the falling weight deflectometer are also discussed.

Application of dynamic complex stiffness modulus master curves of HMA with recycled materials in the mechanistic-empirical design of road pavement structures

The main objective of the paper is to present the possibilities and advantages of advanced methods for determining the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures produced using recycled materials in individual mechanistic-empirical pavement design. The use of various types of materials in asphalt mixture production can significantly alter their functional parameters, such as the dynamic stiffness modulus. In addition, this parameter changes with the change in the temperature of the road pavement and the speed of vehicles. In order to determine the durability of the pavement structure in an informed manner and minimize the risk of error, it is necessary to investigate and describe as precisely as possible this variability in the behavior of asphalt layers as a result of changes in the properties of input materials, e.g. by the addition of recycled materials and under the influence of changes in temperature and load velocity of the pavement. The most effective approach involves the application of master curves of the dynamic complex stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture, constructed based on research results conducted at different temperatures and loading frequencies. This allows for the determination of stress and deformation states of the pavement construction under various climatic conditions, utilizing seasonal or average monthly temperatures and considering the specific characteristics of pavement operation, such as different vehicle speeds for main routes, connectors, or street intersections. The paper compares the changes in dynamic modulus master curves for different types of asphalt mixtures with and without the addition of waste or recycled materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), rubber from used tires, or synthetic fibres and changes impact on the estimated durability of the pavement structure due to different approaches to determining climatic conditions and movement speed.

Optimized pavement structures via multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithm and highway development and management model four (case study: Iran low-volume roads)

Optimized pavement structures via multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithm and highway development and management model four (case study: Iran low-volume roads)

DETERMINATION OF THE COMPRESSION MODULUS WITH A DYNAMIC CIRCULAR PLATE

<p><span class="fontstyle0">Geotechnical soil tests in order to achieve the best possible performance of new buildings or rehabilitation of existing buildings occupy one of the leading places in construction. Due to the lack of investigative work, a large number of buildings are exposed to danger. In order not to have bad effects on buildings in the future, it is necessary to minimize ground subsidence. Testing of the compressibility modulus / determination of the compressibility modulus is performed during the construction of roads, railways, buildings, parking lots and embankments, on the foundation soil, replacement layers, bedding and embankment layers and buffer. The purpose of the test is to ensure that, due to insufficiently compacted layers during installation, they do not settle after some time, as well as cracking of the floor in the building, deterioration of part of the building, deterioration of the pavement structure of roads and parking lots (potholes), etc. A circular plate is the name for an instrument used to test the compressibility module of a building's foundation. A dynamic test with a falling weight plate enables simpler and faster testing and immediate results.</span></p>

DETERMINATION OF THE COMPRESSION MODULUS WITH A DYNAMIC CIRCULAR PLATE

<p><span class="fontstyle0">Geotechnical soil tests in order to achieve the best possible performance of new buildings or rehabilitation of existing buildings occupy one of the leading places in construction. Due to the lack of investigative work, a large number of buildings are exposed to danger. In order not to have bad effects on buildings in the future, it is necessary to minimize ground subsidence. Testing of the compressibility modulus / determination of the compressibility modulus is performed during the construction of roads, railways, buildings, parking lots and embankments, on the foundation soil, replacement layers, bedding and embankment layers and buffer. The purpose of the test is to ensure that, due to insufficiently compacted layers during installation, they do not settle after some time, as well as cracking of the floor in the building, deterioration of part of the building, deterioration of the pavement structure of roads and parking lots (potholes), etc. A circular plate is the name for an instrument used to test the compressibility module of a building's foundation. A dynamic test with a falling weight plate enables simpler and faster testing and immediate results.</span></p>

The investigation of the frost resistance of the aggregate-sand mixes

Problem. Recently there is a steady trend to the increase of the intensity of traffic and of the loads from the wheels of the rolling stock on the whole structure of the road pavement, therefore during the building of the road pavement layers the most important thing is a rational choice of the materials for the base layers and for the top layers which will provide the performance of the entire structure during the designed service life under the working conditions which are getting worse all the time. Nowadays the most widespread material for the road base layers is aggregate mix strengthened by cement. One of the ways of the base layers materials improving is the increase of their frost resistance. One of the ways to solve this problem can be the different additive and fibers usage as a reinforcing component of the aggregate mix. But until today the influence of the internal factors such as size of mineral grains, granulometric composition and binder content on the indexes of frost resistance is still not investigated.
 Goal. The aim of the research is the investigation of the maximum grain size and content and also mineral binder concentration influence on the indexes of frost resistance of the aggregate mixes strengthened by cement. Methodology. To achieve this goal in the laboratory of the Department of Highway Building and Maintenance named after O. Birulia the samples of sand, fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained aggregate mixes with cement content from 2 to 10 % were prepared. Results. For the frost resistance indexes determination of the aggregate mixes of different compositions strengthened by cement according to the maximum grain size the cement concentration influence on the grade strength indexes was found. The research results have shown that: with the increase of cement content the compressive strength indexes in the fine, medium and coarse-grained mixes are increasing; the increase of the maximum grain size of the same cement concentration shows that compressive strength and tensile strength indexes are increasing. The repeated freezing and thawing is one of the main aggressive factors of the external environment influence which reduces strength and durability of the materials, therefore the influence of this factor on the compressive strength and tensile strength was evaluated. In Ukraine according to the current standard the frost resistance of the aggregate mixes is evaluated only in terms of compressive strength index of samples which were subjected to certain number of freeze-thaw cycles. It is determined that the aggregate mixes with the same cement content with larger mineral grains in its composition have higher indexes of the frost resistance coefficient. Also it was found that the influence of the freeze-thaw cycles is more informatively shown at the samples testing according to the split tensile test. Conclusions: 1. The increase of the binder content in the composition of strengthened aggregate mixes leads to the decrease of the freeze-thaw cycles influence on the compressive strength and splitting strength for all studied compositions of aggregate mixes. 2. The aggregate mixes strengthened by the same cement amount with the larger size of mineral grains in its composition have higher values of frost resistance coefficients in comparison with strengthened aggregate mixes with smaller maximum size of mineral grains in its composition. 3. The influence of the freeze-thaw cycles is showed more informatively by the split tensile scheme.

Automated detection and quantification of pavement cracking around manhole

Damage detection plays an important role in pavement health monitoring and inspection. Unfortunately, research about damage detection of the special component of pavement structures, such as pavement manhole covers, is relatively few. A new pipeline for the detection and quantification of damage around the pavement manhole covers is proposed in this research. In this pipeline, the Attention-enhanced Manhole Detection Model (AMDM) is proposed to detect manhole covers. AMDM achieves an ideal balance between accuracy and speed by eliminating redundant structures and incorporating an attention mechanism. The BCSM (Boundary-enhanced Crack Segmentation Model) is proposed to segment the damage around the manhole cover, and the boundary loss function is used to enhance the fine segmentation ability of the model on the boundary. The MAP (Mean Average Precision) of the manhole covers detection model is 96.68%, and the MIOU (Mean Intersection Over Union) of the crack segmentation model is 89.73%. Attributing to this efficient and accurate pipeline, a reasonable damage evaluation method is proposed in the end, which is based on statistical data and engineering experience. Overall, not only this research will contribute an automatic and cost-effective method to the detection and evaluation of damage around the manhole cover, but also inspire the detection and evaluation of other special components of civil engineering structures.

Study of the characteristics of pavement elements made of reinforced soil with the use of secondary resources

The importance of using secondary resources on the basis of industrial waste is understood by both governments of developed countries and business (production of Portland cement using ground metallurgical slag as a mineral additive at Novotroitsk, Magnitogorsk, Sterlitamak, KatavIvanovsk and other plants in the South Urals). The use of secondary raw materials requires the creation of technological infrastructure for processing of secondary raw materials, the costs of which can be quickly recouped due to the cheapness and availability of industrial secondary raw materials and freeing the territory from environmental pollution. In order to recoup the costs of the infrastructure, it is necessary to guarantee full compliance of the quality of pavement elements with the requirements of GOST R 59120-2021. Secondary raw materials have a great variety and laboratory analysis of the quality of pavement elements is required in order to design compositions with the best quality, satisfying all regulatory requirements. In our work the authors present the results of laboratory research and evaluation of the possibility of using clinker-free lime-slag binder based on the mineral product of soda production and metallurgical slags to strengthen and stabilize soils for their use in pavement structures in the construction of roads for various purposes and climatic zones. It is experimentally shown that the addition of lime-slag binder in the amount of 8-10% of the dry weight of both cohesive (loamy soil, loamy sand) and non-cohesive (fine sand) soil allows to obtain reinforced soil with improved strength and elastic-deformative characteristics, which can be used instead of scarce natural crushed stone and gravel in the construction of underlying layers of pavements in the construction and reconstruction of highways. This technology can be used not only in the Russian Federation, but also in a number of other countries, including those with hot dry climates (e.g., the Republic of Egypt).

Influence of temperature and humidity coupling on rutting deformation of asphalt pavement

Abstract In this article, ABAQUS finite-element software is used to establish an asphalt pavement structure model under high-temperature environment in summer. The changes in the temperature field and moisture concentration field of asphalt pavement are studied under the condition of 1-day continuous temperature change. The creep model is used to analyse the influence of ambient temperature and humidity on the rutting deformation of asphalt pavement. The results show that the maximum temperature of asphalt pavement can reach 60°C in the high-temperature environment in summer. The temperature accumulation effect causes the temperature of the middle and lower layers to increase by approximately 10°C, which easily induces rutting. Ambient humidity has a great influence on the change in moisture concentration in the upper layer. Considering the influence of ambient humidity in the high-temperature environment, the rut depth increases by 67%.

Structural Analysis and Service Life Prediction of Rubberized Thin Surfacing Hot Mix Asphalt

Rubberized thin surfacing hot mix asphalt (RTSHMA) is a type of flexible pavement that is currently being developed. It can provide the same good performance as asphalt concrete–wearing course (AC-WC). Based on previous research, the use of crumb rubber in the asphalt mixture can provide several advantages, such as increasing the flexibility of the mix so that the pavement is more resistant to cracking. Based on research showing the advantages of rubberized asphalt, the idea emerged to apply it in the field, namely on the Palur–Sragen City Boundary section as wearing course. The method of analysis in this study was modeling the pavement structure with the KENPAVE and BISAR 3.0 programs. The analysis results showed that the AC-WC model and RTSHMA model have the same good performance because both of them have a service life of more than twenty years, which is the standard for flexible pavements. However, RTSHMA has an advantage, i.e., the thickness layer is 25% thinner than AC-WC’s. With a thinner layer than AC-WC but the same good performance, RTSHMA is worth considering as an alternative pavement, especially for overlays.

Innovative design of self-adhesive basalt fiber mesh geotextiles for enhanced pavement crack resistance

This study introduces a novel design of self-adhesive basalt fiber mesh geotextile, aiming to significantly enhance the crack resistance of asphalt pavements. Reflective cracks from environmental and traffic stresses in traditional semi-rigid asphalt pavements, compounded by current geotextiles' mechanical and adhesion limitations, reduce service life. This study explores the mechanical properties, adhesion to asphalt, and resistance to simulated cracking of self-adhesive basalt fiber mesh geotextiles within pavement structures. This is accomplished through a series of mechanical tests, interfacial adhesion tests, and advanced characterization using Digital Image Correlation. The results indicate that the distinctive pore structure of basalt fiber mesh geotextiles introduces an embedded interlocking reinforcement effect, which significantly enhances the strength of the composite geotextile. The SAM-160M specimen demonstrates a maximum tensile strength of 3.599 kN, surpassing that of the plain fabric specimen by over 34%. The twisted weaving process of the mesh fabric improves adhesion to asphalt by 14.54% compared to plain fabric, thereby enhancing the performance of the pavement structure's interlayer and its resistance to cracking. The mesh fabric excels at dispersing concentrated stresses, enhancing weak interface zones, and increasing the structural capacity and longevity of pavements. These improvements support sustainable road construction with broad engineering applications.