Structural Foundation Research Articles

The Precision of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Assessing the Structural Foundation of Teeth in Individuals with A One-Sided Cleft of The Lip and Palate Within the Iraqi Population

Background: This study aimed to assess the bone structure supporting teeth near the cleft region in individuals with a unilateral cleft lip and palate. The study also aimed to compare these measurements with the corresponding teeth on the non-cleft side using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals with unilateral cleft lip and/or palate had their CBCT scans analyzed. Cleft-adjacent teeth had their alveolar bone support measured and compared to non-cleft-adjacent teeth. The buccal bone plate thickness was measured at 0-, 1-, 2-, and 4-mm depths, as was the distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the alveolar crest (AC) on the buccal side.Results: The central incisor's bony support was notably thinner in cleft regions compared to non-cleft areas at apical depths of zero and one millimeter. The CEJ-AC space for central teeth near the cleft was significantly greater than that in non-cleft regions. Similar trends were observed for canine teeth at 0, 1, 2, and 4 millimeters, resembling the results for central teeth at 0 and 1 millimeters. The CEJ-AC space for canine teeth adjacent to the cleft was significantly developed compared to non-cleft regions.Conclusion: Individuals with a unilateral cleft lip and palate exhibited diminished alveolar bone support for teeth near the cleft area compared to controls. This discrepancy could lead to future complications, underscoring the importance of professional dental care to maintain optimal periodontal health in these patients.

Renewal Framework for Self-Built Houses in “Village-to-Community” Areas with a Focus on Safety and Resilience

Against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, with the expansion of administrative boundaries, some former villages have been transformed from administrative to urban in the sense that they have become special “village-to-city areas”; in this context, the housing pattern, which was previously dominated by self-built houses, is facing many challenges. In particular, the frequent occurrence of safety accidents in self-built houses in the village conversion areas in recent years constitutes an important component of urban spatial vulnerability. However, the ensuing “one-size-fits-all” ban on self-built housing has also raised concerns among scholars. In order to better guide the planning and construction of self-built houses, official safety inspections, planning guidance, and institutional constraints are essential. However, the safety inspection of self-built houses across China is difficult. On the one hand, it is challenging to obtain data on individual buildings (e.g., age, use, building structure ratio, foundation, structural condition, illegal demolition and alteration, and illegal use), and the methods of obtaining such data rely mainly on the basic checking of the safety grids under the responsibility of grassroots safety officers. However, the current organizational system of safety officers is not perfect, and the relevant evaluation training also has limitations. On the other hand, due to the city’s finances, development stage, and other reasons, the agricultural-to-residential areas in the cities of poverty-stricken counties are not likely to be renewed as rapidly as the cities of developed regions but instead may face long-term renewal timelines. Therefore, for the agricultural resettlement areas in the cities of poverty-stricken counties, it is necessary to screen the current problems, systematically study the mechanism and strategy of their renewal based on the management framework of the whole process, and carry out the organic renewal of self-built houses, so as to gradually realize a safe and resilient development mode. This paper establishes a framework for the renewal of self-built houses oriented to security resilience based on the theory of fortress land under the urban form theory of Conzen. Taking Lianhua County as a case study, we analyze the problems and issues related to self-built housing areas through an investigation of the current situation. Then, in response to the existing problems, based on the comprehensive investigation of the safety of self-built houses, we clarify the planning objectives and value orientation and suggest (i) the adoption of hierarchical and classified planning and construction control for the self-built housing areas of villages converted to residences in accordance with the local conditions; (ii) the enhancement of government supervision in the use of self-built houses and the establishment of laws and regulations; and (iii) renewal planning in an orderly manner to enhance the safety resilience of the self-built housing areas. Based on the renewal study of self-built houses in Lianhua County, a systematic exploration of the planning, construction, and governance strategies of self-built houses in China is carried out, which can provide a reference for the decision making of relevant departments.

The impact technique in the works of Shaker Hassan Al Said and Alberto Buri

The current research succeeded in studying the method in which the artist employs interaction with the child through the language of short influence (thank you Hassan and Alberto Buri) as a comparative model only to reveal the method in which they employ everything for his concept of impact in his artwork technically and intellectually. Which were discussed as vocabulary that formed the current studies, which distinguishes four chapters: The first chapter (the general framework of the research): The emergence of the research problem that emerged in the light of the question: What is the nature of presenting the philosophy of impact and the method of its implementation in the work of Shaker Hassan and Alberto Buri? As a comparative study, the researcher then presented the basics of the research framework, including the importance, objectives, limits, and conclusion of the separation of words. The second chapter (theoretical framework and previous studies) came to obtain it Solid structural foundations on which the research is based, and the introduction of methodological and scientific considerations. Which included three sections: The first topic: was devoted to studying the concept of impact in philosophy. The second topic: specialized in studying experimental performances in contemporary art. The topic began with a general introduction that dealt with experience and experience and its role in developing performance in artistic work, and then dealt with a review of some artistic experiences, their transformations and developments. Due to experience and intellectual development, while the third topic included: the experience of the intellectual and technical impact of Shaker Hassan and Alberto Buri, after which the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework were mentioned. and a review of previous studies, As for the third chapter (research procedures): in it the descriptive approach for the research was chosen, and then the research community was determined from which the sample was taken, as well as the selection of the research tool (observation) to achieve its objectives, then the sample models were analyzed according to a technical vision with philosophical dimensions. As for the fourth chapter (results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals): it included the results reached by the researcher through analyzing the sample and then discussing it, as the conclusions were proven.

An alternative p‐y method for piles in cohesive soils under monotonic lateral loading

AbstractPiles as onshore and offshore foundation structures are often horizontally loaded. The usual calculation method for the behaviour of piles under such loads is the p‐y method. For piles in cohesive soil, several p‐y methods are proposed in literature, leading in general to differing results. A finite element model dealing with the behaviour of horizontally loaded piles in clay soils was established and validated against field tests. Utilising the results of a vast number of numerical simulations, a new p‐y method was developed, which gives reasonable results over the entire range of possible loads for piles of almost arbitrary diameters and embedded lengths in clay soils of varying consistency. The method requires in total six soil parameters and accounts for the actual deflection of the pile and also the effect of pile tip shear resistance by iteratively adapted y‐multipliers which depend on the course of the deflection line and the distance of the considered point to the pile tip. The new method can be generally used for calculation of the bearing behaviour of piles in soft clay under monotonic loading and can serve as a reference for consideration of cyclic load effects or softening effects in stiff clays.

Methods of assessing the seismic resistance of building structures and nuclear power plant structures in Lira-SAPR program

This article proposes a methodology for assessing seismic resistance and determining the reserve of seismic resistance, taking into account the interaction of the structure with the foundation for buildings and structures of power units, strength and deformation criterion of workability, etc. During verification calculation, three criteria of strength of workability, compiled according to the General principles of ensuring reliability and structural safety of buildings and structures, were considered. The seismic calculation was performed according to the linear-spectral theory of seismic resistance. In LIRA-SAPR program, considerationoftheinfluenceofthebaseisimplementedaccordingtoBuildingnorm DBN B.1.1-12-2014. Building Construction in seismic areas of Ukraine.
 The method of calculating the value of the ultimate seismic resistance of HCLPF and the method of constructing damage curves are proposed. To determine the integral parameter HCLPF, which characterizes the level of seismic resistance of this element, a calculation analysis of the seismic resistance of elements of operating nuclear power plants was carried out within the framework of the method of ultimate seismic resistance. The methodology and verification examples for determining the values of FS and HCLPF parameters for reinforced concrete structuresin LIRA-SAPR programare proposed.

RTMS regulates homotopic functional connectivity in the SCD and MCI patients

ObjectiveImpaired interhemispheric connectivity and corpus callosum atrophy have been linked to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Existing evidence indicates that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the bilateral precuneus may enhance cognitive function in AD. This study aims to investigate the effects of precuneus rTMS on cognitive function, as well as alterations in interhemispheric functional connectivity (FC) and its structural basis in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsA total of 14 patients with SCD and 16 patients with MCI were enrolled in this study and received 10 Hz rTMS intervention on the bilateral precuneus for 2 weeks. Neurocognitive scales, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging were collected at enrollment and after the rTMS intervention. Interhemispheric FC was assessed using mirror homotopic functional connectivity (VMHC), while the structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the relationship between corpus callosum volume, interhemispheric connectivity, and cognitive function after rTMS intervention.ResultsThe precuneus rTMS not only enhanced episodic memory in SCD, but also improved multiple cognitive domains in MCI. Post-rTMS intervention, decreased VMHC values in the lingual cortex, middle occipital gyrus, putamen, and fusiform gyrus were observed in SCD, and an increased VMHC value in the postcentral gyrus along with reduced VMHC value in the cerebellum and putamen in MCI. After intervention, more brain regions show decreased FC in SCD and MCI patients, suggesting that precuneus rTMS may protect cerebral cortical plasticity by reducing excessive functional compensation, and thus improve cognitive function. The SEM indicated that the corpus callosum serves as the structural foundation for rTMS regulation of interhemispheric FC to further improve cognitive function.Conclusion10 Hz rTMS in the bilateral precuneus could be a promising strategy to improve cognitive function in patients with SCD and MCI. Our study implies that improvements in cognition brought about by precuneus rTMS may result from the remodeling of interhemispheric FC, with the corpus callosum possibly acting as the anatomical basis for functional modulation.

Cortical thickness reductions associate with brain network architecture in major depressive disorder

BackgroundCortical thickness reductions in major depressive disorder are distributed across multiple regions. Research has indicated that cortical atrophy is influenced by connectome architecture on a range of neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, whether connectome architecture contributes to changes in cortical thickness in the same manner as it does in depression is unclear. This study aims to explain the distribution of cortical thickness reductions across the cortex in depression by brain connectome architecture. MethodsHere, we calculated a differential map of cortical thickness between 110 depression patients and 88 age-, gender-, and education level-matched healthy controls by using T1-weighted images and a structural network reconstructed through the diffusion tensor imaging of control group. We then used a neighborhood deformation model to explore how cortical thickness change in an area is influenced by areas structurally connected to it. ResultsWe found that cortical thickness in the frontoparietal and default networks decreased in depression, regional cortical thickness changes were related to reductions in their neighbors and were mainly limited by the frontoparietal and default networks, and the epicenter was in the prefrontal lobe. ConclusionCurrent findings suggest that connectome architecture contributes to the irregular topographic distribution of cortical thickness reductions in depression and cortical atrophy is restricted by and dependent on structural foundation.

PEMILIHAN TIPE PONDASI DALAM DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE AHP

The environmental impact arising from the use of foundations that require limited heavy equipment maneuverability has become a recurring issue in construction projects. Construction sites located on clayey soils necessitate special treatment for foundation structures, consuming substantial time and resources. This poses a challenge in construction projects with tight schedules, as every construction phase is constrained by available funds. Data collected through interviews and questionnaires with relevant stakeholders are processed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Bore Pile foundations, is selected as the preferred choice. This research concludes that, among the options considered, Bore Pile foundations are the most suitable. It ranks second, with Well foundations in the second position and Pile foundations in the third. Therefore, Bore Pile foundations are recommended for construction projects in this context. It should be noted that this study is limited to the Gorontalo region's educational facilities, and further research is necessary for different locations. This research sheds light on the importance of selecting environmentally friendly foundation types in construction projects, particularly in regions with specific soil characteristics like clayey soil.

Ground Vibration Response to Vibratory Sheet Pile Driving and Extraction

Sheet piles are extensively used as foundation structures in urban environments. However, the vibrations associated with sheet pile construction can potentially adversely affect existing buildings, as well as cause discomfort to nearby residents. This study aims to analyze ground vibration response during the driving and extraction of sheet piles. To this end, field tests of U-shaped sheet piles were conducted in Beijing silty clay, during which ground vibrations in the near-field were monitored. Subsequently, a numerical model was developed using the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method to simulate the pile–soil interaction characteristics and to investigate ground vibration intensity in the far-field. The research results indicate that the ground vibration response modes during the driving and extraction of sheet piles are distinctly different. Due to the entry effect, the critical depth during pile driving typically occurs in shallow soil layers, while during pile extraction, the critical depth generally corresponds to the pile’s embedded depth to overcome the soil locking effect. Ground vibrations rapidly decrease in the near-field (<6 m), while in the far-field (>6 m), the attenuation rate significantly slows down. Vibrations can be widely perceived by residents at radial distances of less than 12 m. Through a systematic assessment, it was concluded that sheet pile construction is unlikely to directly damage surrounding buildings but may inconvenience nearby residents. Additionally, a parametric analysis of the vibration source revealed that appropriately adjusting the driving frequency and amplitude can effectively reduce vibration levels.

Screening Earth Analog Exoplanets on the Basis of a Predicted Nitrogen over Phosphorus Ratio

Since the first discovery in 1995, data for over 5300 exoplanets have been documented in the NASA archive, revealing a vast diversity. Identifying life-enabling analogs of the Earth among this rapidly expanding catalog is of major interest. The stability of liquid water at the planetary surface defining the concept of the habitable zone (HZ) around the host star, may be necessary for the emergence of life as we know it but not sufficient. The practically constant atomic ratio nitrogen:phosphorous = 16:1 in oceanic surface layers of our planet Earth was discovered by Redfield in 1934. It corresponds to phytoplanktonic biomass in suspension and appears optimal to fertilize phytoplankton development and therefore the food pyramid of marine life. Loladze and Elser have shown that it corresponds to a homeostatic protein:RNA ratio and is therefore “rooted in the stoichiometry of the foundational structures of life.” I show that according to the recent theory of the chemical differentiation of planets, this optimal ratio is also an intrinsic chemical property of our planet Earth uniquely determined in the solar system by its average orbital radius. On that basis, I propose a criterion of fertility within the HZ of a stellar system, which when applied to screen the public database allows us to sort out an extended list of up to 74 Earth analogs. The latter and its future extensions could provide priority targets for focused detection techniques.

Effect of Starch on the Solubility of Quinoa Protein Isolates during Heat Treatment.

There is increasing interest in developing quinoa products due to their unique nutritional value. Starch and protein are the primary components in quinoa, and the interaction between them affects the quality of quinoa products. This study extracted the starch and protein from quinoa and simulated the thermal processing of quinoa to investigate the effects of starch on the solubility and structure of quinoa protein isolates during heat treatment. The structure of quinoa protein isolates was characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser particle size analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that starch decreased protein solubility, and the maximum solubility was obtained after heating for 5 min. After starch addition during heat treatment, the surface charge distribution of protein changed, the degree of protein aggregation increased, the particle size of proteins increased, the thermal stability increased, and the β-sheet ratio of the proteins increased, suggesting that the protein structure is more ordered, which is the structural foundation of protein solubility decreasing. The research about the interaction between starch and protein and the effects on the solubility of protein could provide a reference for quinoa products processing.

Racemic Peptides from Amyloid β and Amylin Form Rippled β-Sheets Rather Than Pleated β-Sheets.

The rippled β-sheet was theorized by Pauling and Corey in 1953 as a structural motif in which mirror image peptide strands assemble into hydrogen-bonded periodic arrays with strictly alternating chirality. Structural characterization of the rippled β-sheet was limited to biophysical methods until 2022 when atomic resolution structures of the motif were first obtained. The crystal structural foundation is restricted to four model tripeptides composed exclusively of aromatic residues. Here, we report five new rippled sheet crystal structures derived from amyloid β and amylin, the aggregating toxic peptides of Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes, respectively. Despite the variation in peptide sequence composition, all five structures form antiparallel rippled β-sheets that extend, like a fibril, along the entire length of the crystalline needle. The long-range packing of the crystals, however, varies. In three of the crystals, the sheets pack face-to-face and exclude water, giving rise to cross-β architectures grossly resembling the steric zipper motif of amyloid fibrils but differing in fundamental details. In the other two crystals, the solvent is encapsulated between the sheets, yielding fibril architectures capable of host-guest chemistry. Our study demonstrates that the formation of rippled β-sheets from aggregating racemic peptide mixtures in three-dimensional (3D) assemblies is a general phenomenon and provides a structural basis for targeting intrinsically disordered proteins.

Preparation of a UV anti-aging and superhydrophobic self-cleaning coating by loading nano-rutile on sericite and being modified with HDTMS

To enhance the anti-aging property of a superhydrophobic self-cleaning coating, rutile nano-TiO2 was loaded onto the surface of sericite via wet grinding method to prepare sericite-rutile composite particles. Then, the composite was modified with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) and sprayed onto the substrates surfaces to prepare sericite-rutile/HDTMS composite coatings with both UV shielding and superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties. The structure, properties, and mechanism of the coating were studied. The research showed that the micro-nanoscale hierarchical structure has been constructed by compositing sericite and rutile, which were the structure foundation of superhydrophobic coatings. The sericite-rutile composite was modified with HDTMS and sprayed onto the substrates forming a superhydrophobic self-cleaning coating. Water contact angles (WCAs) and slide angles (SAs) of the coating were 155.3° and 1.3°, respectively. The sericite-rutile/HDTMS coating exhibited good UV shielding and anti-aging properties. Its UV shielding rate was 93.53%, which was equivalent to that of pure rutile (94.27%). After UV irradiation for 80 h, the surface maintained superhydrophobicity, and the chromaticity of the coating surface did not change. The superhydrophobicity and low adhesion to water of the sericite-rutile/HDTMS coating are due to the micro-nano hierarchical structure of the sericite-rutile composite and the low surface energy of HDTMS. The UV shielding effect of the coating is mainly due to the strong absorption of UV light by the sericite-rutile composite. This work provides a simple and environmentally friendly method for constructing a coating with UV shielding and superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties.

Water Management Program in Telkom University: Planning and Best Practice

This paper discusses the water management conducted by Telkom University, including the fundamental considerations to be taken into account, the implementing organization, the design methods for rainwater systems, and practical experiences in constructing Rainwater Harvesting systems. The management is aware of the conditions and situations related to clean water users, estimates of clean water requirements, potential water sources, and the campus environmental situation. Based on various studies and supported by rainfall data from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency, a simple calculation was used to derive the design of the Rainwater Harvesting system, which was subsequently implemented. There are several lessons learned from this implementation, including the need for improvements in the foundation structure of soak pits, recommending the construction of ground tanks during the dry season, and the flexibility of ground tank size depending on the availability of funds The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions.

Numerical study of the vibrational absorption considering the periodic foundation effect in a small structure

The growth of urban areas has led buildings to come closer and closer to road traffic routes, exposing civil buildings to traffic vibrations, causing discomfort for users and damage to structures. Although there are numerical studies on traffic vibrations, effective vibrational isolation techniques are little explored in this research. A promising approach is the use of periodic structures. Although used in several areas of engineering, periodic structures still have limited application in civil engineering, especially to isolate vibrations caused by vehicles rolling on pavement in small buildings. In this context, this research developed three numerical finite element models for a small structure, which represent residential and/or commercial buildings with a number of floors equal to or less than three, in reinforced concrete. The first model involved a periodic block-type structure foundation, while the two comparative models included periodic raft-type foundations and block-type concrete foundations. The objective was to analyze the vibrational absorption of different foundations for forced vibrations arising from road traffic in the 1-50Hz range. In order to compare them and observe how beneficial the use of periodic foundation is, in the context of the study. The methodology used consisted of creating structural models using finite elements, applying boundary conditions to couple the foundation layers and the structure, establishing continuity. The study looked for modal responses, and in the frequency domain, resulting from excitation in the foundation, using the Ansys® software (2023) for all simulations. The results revealed that periodic foundations are capable of reducing amplitude peaks at frequencies above 30 Hz, which is beneficial for attenuating vibrations in this range. With an appropriate design, adjusting the geometric and physical parameters of the materials, it is possible to obtain effective vibrational isolation for structures, minimizing vibrations arising from ground waves in buildings. This suggests that the use of periodic structures would be promising in isolating vibrations caused by traffic in small structures.

Seismic response analysis of frame structures with uneven settlement of foundation considering soil-structure interaction

Uneven settlement of foundation (USF) has a significant effect on the seismic response of rigid foundation structures. However, the main reason for USF is that the balance between superstructure and site soil is failure. For investigating seismic response characteristics of the USF structure considering soil-structure interaction (SSI), USF closer to reality is achieved by nonlinear direct integration method and Stage-Construction method. And the model reliability is verified by Sway-Rocking model and Lagrange energy method. Five different models, three seismic intensities, and different values of USF are performed. The natural period, inter-story drift ratios, the plastic hinges rate, and torsional angles are extracted to investigate structural seismic response. The results show that the effect of SSI on the magnitude of increase in structural inter-story drift ratio is not monotonous with the increase of USF in the presence of earthquakes. The USF structure considering SSI may significantly affect its seismic response, and will suffer more structural damage compared to the rigid foundation and the even settlement foundation. The rigid foundation structure with large value of USF leads to severe stretching on the settlement area and increases damage to the structure. Finally, the USF structures have relatively large torsional angles at the top story, and will exhibit significant torsional behavior. Hence, it is necessary and reasonable to consider SSI in the seismic design of USF structures. The research results can provide some references for seismic design.

Earth observation data and GIS based landslide susceptibility analysis through frequency ratio model in lesser Himalayan region, India

Landslide incidents are resulted into significant monetary losses, human deaths, and irrevocable changes to the natural landscape. Basically, geological, climatic, and human factors contribute to landslides. In this research, the landslide susceptibility mapping was applied using satellite data and a probability-frequency ratio model with overlay analysis for the lesser Himalayan region in GIS. For this purpose, ten factors that affect the likelihood of landslides have been taken into account. The topographical data analysis provides information on parameters like slope, curvature, aspect, and distance from drainage. The Giovanni website's rainfall database was used to calculate the quantity of precipitation, and land use/land cover (LULC) of ESRI was used for susceptibility analysis.The weight of each factor was determined using Frequency ratio model and afterwards the overlay was performed using GIS. Landslide inventory was downloaded from Bhukosh-Geological Survey of India portal. With the aid of landslide spot data, the results of the inspection were verified and susceptibility map was categorised in different class. The accuracy of the susceptibility map was 73.2%. Landslide susceptibility map (LSM) was classified into four classes namely non-hazardous zone, moderately hazardous zone, highly hazardous zone, and very hazardous zone. This model's data can be used to estimate the likelihood of hazards to local residents, the environment, and any existing foundational structures.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Learning Data Structure and Algorithm (DSA) Programming using Augmented Reality

The COVID-19 pandemic has paved the way for rapid technological advancements, bringing about significant changes in teaching and learning methods. Augmented Reality (AR), an emerging technology, has emerged as an effective approach to improve the user experience and comprehension by providing a realistic view of concepts data structure objects. Educators have been actively working to transition from traditional or conventional learning styles to the process of learning using augmented reality application in order to improve the effectiveness of the level education system. This transition aims to improve individual students' learning, motivation, and facilitate more effective teamwork and group cooperation. One crucial course for computer science students is Data Structure and Algorithm (DSA), which serves as a prerequisite for several other courses. DSA poses challenges as it provides crucial concepts for programmers in efficiently handling data. A solid foundation in data structure and algorithm influences programmers able to efficiently write and develop cost for the effective solutions. However, many computer science students, especially those lacking a strong programming background, struggle to grasp the concepts of algorithm in DSA. This difficulty in understanding DSA concepts often leads to apprehension among students, making them hesitant to pursue a career as programmers after graduation. This research aims to address these challenges and has identified several objectives to achieve its goal. The objectives include analyzing and designing application features that attract students to learn DSA in an interactive manner, developing an AR application that facilitates user-application interaction, and investigating the effectiveness of the AR application in terms of usability, acceptability during the DSA learning process.

The Eigenvalues-Based Entropy and Spectrum of the Directed Cycles

The directed cycles form a foundational structure within a network model. By analyzing the in-degree characteristic polynomial of three kinds of matrices of the directed cycles, the authors obtain the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix , the Laplacian matrix , and the signless Laplacian matrix . This study investigates the eigenvalues spectrum of these three types of matrices for directed cycles and introduces an eigenvalue-based entropy calculated from the real part of the eigenvalues. The computer simulation reveals interesting characteristics on the spectrum of the signless Laplacian. The concept of eigenvalue-based entropy holds promise for enhancing our understanding of graph neural networks and more applications of social networks.

Cutting through complexity: Coordinated demand response and future directions in global communication technologies

The global electricity market is undergoing a transformative shift, envisioning a future resembling commodity trading platforms. Enabled by mature communication technologies, this evolution empowers energy consumers worldwide to actively engage in the energy market, negotiating arrangements for adjusting energy demand during grid stress and optimizing costs. In this era of technological advancements, this vision is materializing globally. Commercial and industrial entities are playing active roles in ancillary services markets, providing crucial grid support. Efforts are expanding to engage smaller users through third-party aggregators. However, many initiatives retain opt-in structures, limiting customer engagement. A promising solution is local energy markets, integrating modest flexibility reserves globally. This empowers small-scale users to choose services aligned with their preferences. This paper delves into the essential components facilitating the transition to globally applicable, aggregator-mediated demand-side management markets. Anchored in dynamic consumer engagement and nurtured by reciprocal information flows, this shift signals a fundamental reshaping of the global energy landscape. The paper introduces a universally adaptable demand response aggregation framework for energy enterprises to systematically devise consumer-centric programs. This framework serves as a foundational structure, fostering a strategic and flexible approach to meet evolving consumer preferences in demand response initiatives worldwide.