Structural Equation Modeling Path Research Articles

Evaluation of the impact of transformational leadership style on knowledge management considering the mediating role of organisational structure and organisational culture

The main objective of the current research is to evaluate the impact of transformational leadership style on knowledge management considering the mediating role of organisational culture and organisational structure in a selected public organisation in Iran. The research population included 220 employees of this public organisation. The research sample was selected using Cochran's formula in a limited population and randomised sampling method. The required data were collected based on the research model through a questionnaire. Multivariate regression and structural equation modelling (path analysis) were used to evaluate the relationship between variables and testing the hypotheses. The results revealed a significant and positive relationship between the transformational leadership style and knowledge management at the 95% confidence level. Other research results also confirmed the effect of mediating variables of organisational culture and organisation structure on the relationship between transformational leadership style and knowledge management.

Evaluation of the impact of transformation leadership style on knowledge management considering the mediating role of organizational structure and organizational culture

The main objective of the current research is to evaluate the impact of transformational leadership style on knowledge management considering the mediating role of organisational culture and organisational structure in a selected public organisation in Iran. The research population included 220 employees of this public organisation. The research sample was selected using Cochran's formula in a limited population and randomised sampling method. The required data were collected based on the research model through a questionnaire. Multivariate regression and structural equation modelling (path analysis) were used to evaluate the relationship between variables and testing the hypotheses. The results revealed a significant and positive relationship between the transformational leadership style and knowledge management at the 95% confidence level. Other research results also confirmed the effect of mediating variables of organisational culture and organisation structure on the relationship between transformational leadership style and knowledge management.

Social Connection and Self-perceived Depression Among Adolescents: A Path Analytic Model for Abu Dhabi

We examined how family and friendship connections of adolescents (15–19 years old) interrelate and how these interactions affect their self-perceived depression and stress. The data were collected through the Abu Dhabi Quality of Life Survey in 2018, which was completed by more than 51,000 respondents. Nine hundred and fifty-eight out of 3356 adolescents in the survey self-identified themselves as depressed. We developed a structural equation path model to explicate the relationships among the variables hypothesized to affect adolescents’ self-reported depression. The results produced an excellent fit of statistics of the model to the data. In general, social connections and relationships with family and friends directly affected adolescents’ self-perceived depressive feelings. More specifically, variables such as “often feeling isolated from people,” “the amount of quality time spent with family,” “the frequency of meeting with friends, relatives or colleagues,” and “involvement in informal activities with friends” had the greatest total effects on adolescents’ self-perceived depression. “The amount of quality time spent with family” also exerted indirect influence on feelings of isolation. Involvement in sports groups, involvement in religious and spiritual groups, and generalized trust did not exhibit any direct influence but had an indirect impact on self-perceived depression. The findings could contribute to the current understanding of theories of depression and yield implications for social policy, social service, and social work interventions for school-aged adolescents in Abu Dhabi.

Relationship between psychosocial elements and medical adherence in patients diagnosed with type II diabetes: Mediating role of illness perception

Context: Self-care plays a vital role in the management of diabetes. Commitment to medical adherence in diabetes care is linked with lower morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost.Aim: This study aimed on investigating the mediating role of illness perception concerning the relationship between psychosocial elements and medical adherence among patients with type II diabetes.Setting and Design: This is a correlational study that is conducted based on a well-framed equation modeling path analysis method. The study's statistical population consisted of all patients diagnosed with diabetes who referred to the International Iranian Diabetes Control and Prevention Foundation located in the Milad Clinic, in Mashhad during the first half of 2018 (n = 5600).Material ans Methods: Using the convenience sampling method, 392 eligible cases were selected among 5600 patients. Participants assessed with illness perception questionnaire, Lazarus and Folkman stress coping inventory, Tangney's self-Control scale, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support, patient–doctor relationship questionnaire-9, and the medication adherence rating scale-5.Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS20 and AMOS software were used to process and analyze the gathered data using structural equation modeling path analysis and the Sobel test.Results: Findings confirmed the mediating role of illness perception concerning the relationship between psychosocial factors and medical adherence in patients diagnosed with type II diabetes (P < 0.05). Social support can positively impact patients' illness perception (β = 0.2). The emotion-focused coping style has a significant, negative, and direct effect on illness perception (β = 0.13). It was found that self-control, problem-focused style, and the doctor-patient relationship had no significant effect on illness perception (P > 0.05).Conclusion: This study's findings suggest psychosocial factors including stress coping styles, social support, the patient–doctor relationship, and self-control associated with medical adherence. Moreover, the impact of psychological factors on medical adherence increases with higher illness perception.

Stakeholder collaboration in improving integrated basic occupational in health services supply chain in community health center

This study aims to describe the collaboration of stakeholder roles and analyzes the influence of government, Micro &amp; Small businesses and workers to improve the performance of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) officers in community health center. The study is a survey with a cross-sectional design to measure the influence of stakeholders' role on the performance of occupational health efforts. The study sample was 80 people, namely all OHS officers from the community health center (CHC) in the city of Medan. The independent variables in this study are the role of government (X1), the role of micro and small business (X2), the role of the workers (X3) and the performance of OHS officers is the dependent variable. Data collection is perfomed using a questionnaire that has been validated with interval scales 1 - 5. Hypothesis testing is based on using structural equation modeling path analysis and analysis is performed using PLS-SEM, Smart PLS 3.0. Direct test results show that the government has not played a significant role in Micro &amp; Small Business and the role of workers. The government only plays a significant role in the performance of OHS officers. Micro &amp; Small businesses significantly influence workers' role, but it has not significantly affected OHS officers' performance. The role of workers significantly influences the performance of OHS officers. Test results indirectly show the critical role of collaboration between stakeholders. Although it has not shown a significant effect, there is an increase in the significant value on the performance of officers. The finding confirms the need for seriousness and the importance of collaboration among stakeholders. The research needs to be expanded by involving all OHS officers up to sub-health centers, and other districts/cities with the same characteristics. The study has only investigated at community health center. Policy recommendations are given for managing an integrated occupational health service program in community health center involving all stakeholders in Medan.

The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between positive reactivity, negative reactivity, and perfectionism with disordered eating.

BACKGROUND:Individuals with disordered eating are at an increased of having one or more additional risks for comorbid disorders, such as anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, and insomnia. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between positive reactivity, negative reactivity, and perfectionism with disordered eating.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study method was descriptive-correlational through structural equation modeling (SEM). The present study population included all students of the University of Tehran in the city of Tehran in 2018–2019. A total of 302 students were selected by convenience sampling method and completed questionnaires on eating attitudes test-8, self-compassion scale (short form), eating disorder inventory-perfectionism scale, and Perth emotional reactivity scale. The SEM path analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were conducted to analyze the obtained data in SPSS-23 and Lisrel-8.80.RESULTS:The finding of the path analysis showed that self-compassion acts as a mediating role in the relationship of disordered eating with positive and negative emotional reactivity and perfectionism. Only the direct effect coefficient of general positive reactivity on disordered eating was not significant.CONCLUSION:Based on the results of this study, self-compassion can serve as a protective factor against negative emotional reactivity and perfectionism. Therefore, self-compassion can be considered in the development of prevention and treatment programs for disordered eating.

Financing Resources of SMEs and Firm Performance: Evidence from Korea

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study investigates the effects of financing resources on firm performance and efficiency among the SMEs of Korea. It also examines the relevance of various factors between the sources of financing and corporate performance and efficiency. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data taken for empirical analysis are those from 2011 to 2016. Samples are taken from the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) and Korea Securities Dealers Association (KOSDAQ) companies listed on the Korea Exchange. To examine the relationship between financing resources and firm performances, we employ a structural equation model (path model) derived from AMOS 24 of the SPSS. Research findings: Results show that SME’s internal finance and institutional finance have a positive effect on firm performance but other capitals have a negative effect on firm performance. Internal finance and corporate credit contribute to better efficiency whereas institutional finance has a significant negative impact on efficiency. These findings suggest that there are differences between financing resources and firm performance. Results also show that institutional finance has a negative impact on growth while other capitals have a positive effect on growth. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study is unlike past studies; it examines the impact of financing sources on performance.The outcome derived adds to the existing literature on SMEs’ preferences towards various financing sources. The samples of this study comprise companies listed on the Korean Stock Exchange. A few studies have examined the relationship between financing resources of Korean SMEs and organisational performance in detail, thereby highlighting that the SMEs’ financing behaviour in Korea is different from other countries. The results of this study can be applied to other countries which may be similar to Korea. Practitioner/Policy implication: Our findings offer insights which can help investors, businessmen, and policymakers who are interested in the Korean Stock market to make better decisions. The results drawn from this study can be used by the respective parties to make better corporate policies with regards to financing and corporate performance. Research limitation/Implications: Future research may consider separating the financial cycles from the growth cycles, or to focus on firm size by dividing firms into large, medium, and small companies. From this study, we conclude that the most important source of financing for SMEs is internal finance which has a positive effect on corporate performance.

What Drives You? Black and Latinx Youth's Critical Consciousness, Motivations, and Academic and Career Activities.

More research is needed that elucidates the mechanisms by which critical consciousness impacts marginalized youth's academic and career development. To address this gap, this short-term longitudinal study (i.e., two waves) examined motivations for post-high school plans (i.e., career/personal motivation; humanitarian motivation; encouragement received from important individuals; pressure from parents/family to succeed) as mediators in the relationship between dimension of critical consciousness and academic and career activities. The sample consisted of low-income, Black and Latinx youth (N = 191; Mage = 16, SD = 0.80; 59% female) living in Chicago. The results from structural equation path models show that youth's beliefs about their ability to engage politically (i.e., sociopolitical efficacy) predict motivations for post-secondary plans (e.g., encouragement; pressure from parents/family), which is subsequently related to engagement in academic and career activities, albeit in different directions. To continue fostering positive youth development, critical consciousness programming will need to integrate how youth understand their role in changing social inequality in relation to their perception of and interactions with parents and mentors.

From Birth to Overweight and Atopic Disease: Multiple and Common Pathways of the Infant Gut Microbiome

Few studies, even those with cohort designs, test the mediating effects of infant gut microbes and metabolites on the onset of disease. We undertook such a study. Using structural equation modeling path analysis, we tested directional relationships between first pregnancy, birth mode, prolonged labor and breastfeeding; infant gut microbiota, metabolites, and IgA; and childhood body mass index and atopy in 1667 infants. After both cesarean birth and prolonged labor with a first pregnancy, a higher Enterobacteriaceae/Bacteroidaceae ratio at 3 months was the dominant path to overweight; higher Enterobacteriaceae/Bacteroidaceae ratios and Clostridioides difficile colonization at 12 months were the main pathway to atopic sensitization. Depletion of Bifidobacterium after prolonged labor was a secondary pathway to overweight. Influenced by C difficile colonization at 3 months, metabolites propionate and formate were secondary pathways to child outcomes, with a key finding that formate was at the intersection of several paths. Pathways from cesarean section and first pregnancy to child overweight and atopy share many common mediators of the infant gut microbiome, notably C difficile colonization.

The relationship between portable school-based oral health prevention services and subsequent oral health treatment.

This study examines whether a portable, school-based, preventive oral health program was associated with reduced use of treatment services over time. We obtained encounter data from Community Health Center, Inc. (CHC) in Connecticut that operates such a program. We followed cohorts of children for 4 years, examining change in ratio of treatment to total services in the fourth year, following receipt of portable preventive care in the prior 3 years. The sample included 3,006 children 4.5 to 15 years old on their first visit during 2005-2015. We used structural equation path models to assess change in the dependent variable, controlling for available demographics and service use patterns. We conducted additional sensitivity analyses to assess robustness of our findings. We found a reduction in ratio of treatment (particularly restorative) to total services in the fourth year, given receipt of portable preventive care in the third year (direct impact) and receipt of portable preventive care in prior years (indirect impact). Older children and those covered by Medicaid (versus privately insured) had a higher ratio of treatment to total services in the fourth year. Our retrospective analysis showed CHC portable dental program may reduce the use of treatment services over time among underserved children. This program is an example of a viable approach that could be emulated elsewhere if regulations allow remote supervision of hygienists and reimbursement levels are adequate.

Assessing the relationship between organizational management factors and a resilient safety culture in a collegiate aviation program with Safety Management Systems (SMS)

Extant research advocates for assessing and continuously improving resilient safety culture in high-reliability organizations (HROs) such as aviation that has a fully functional Safety Management Systems (SMS). Perceptions on the relationship between four (4) organizational management factors (Principles, Policy, Procedures, Practices) and resilient safety culture in a collegiate aviation program was assessed using an online survey instrument drafted using Reason (2011) concept on safety resilience. Sample was drawn from aviation students, flight instructors, faculty and administrators. Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Causal Path Analysis (CPA) techniques were used to assess conceptual models. Results suggest good reliability and construct validity for survey instrument. All the measurement models had acceptable fit based on various goodness-of-fit indices. The results suggest all four management factors had significant predictive relationship with resilient safety culture. Practices had the weakest predictive relationship and Policy had the highest. Procedures strongly mediated path between Policies and Practices and there was no significant causal relationship between Principles and Practices. Results suggest that more focus should be placed on resilient safety practices in the collegiate aviation program. Significant benefit of this study is the validation of an instrument that explores the relationship between resilient safety culture and organizational management factors and adds to literature on resilient safety culture in collegiate aviation programs. Future studies using this survey instrument and models in other collegiate aviation programs, airlines and airports are highly recommended.

Intention to drink and alcohol use before 18 years among Australian adolescents: An extended Theory of Planned Behavior

IntroductionPreventing adolescent alcohol use is an international public health priority. To further understand adolescent alcohol use, this study tested a model of adolescent intention to consume alcohol that incorporated multiple social systems influences. MethodsParticipants included 2529 Australian secondary school students (Mage = 14.20; 53.7% female). Participants completed a survey about risk and protective factors for alcohol use at individual, family, school and community levels. Structural Equation Modeling (path analysis) was used to evaluate an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) that incorporated social system determinants of intention to consume alcohol. ResultsThe final model explained 60% of the variance in adolescent alcohol use intention. All TPB constructs correlated with intention and experience of lifetime alcohol use. More exposure to information about alcohol use had a weak but significant influence on adolescents’ stronger perceived behavioral control. Having less friends who use alcohol, stricter parental rules for adolescent alcohol use, and unfavorable parent attitudes towards alcohol use, were associated with stronger adolescent anti-alcohol attitudes and subjective norms. Community level pro-abstinence attitudes predicted unfavorable adolescent attitudes to alcohol and intention to consume alcohol. Parental rules showed significantly stronger influences on alcohol use intention amongst younger adolescents. ConclusionsKey social systems around adolescents significantly predicted intention to consume alcohol, and the extended TPB model explained the major variance in adolescent alcohol use. The findings emphasize the importance of multi-level approaches to the prevention of alcohol use. Situation-based factors that could trigger impulsive emotional response may be a future intervention focus.

축제참가자 일탈행동에서 체면민감성의 역할 분석

Face consciousness is a social pride that makes people act appropriately according to the social status; therefore, it is closely pertinent to the behavior of festival participants. Understanding festival participants' mentality and behavior is important in festival planning, accordingly it may necessitate further research in order to give an edge to the increasingly competitive festival related industries. Thus, the purposes of this study are to analyze the impact of festival participants' deviant behavior on festival satisfaction, and to identify the moderating effect of face consciousness in the process. First of all, literature review regarding face theory and Deviant Festival Behavior (DFB) was carried out and established research hypotheses. Using the scale of DFB developed in the previous research, an empirical survey was conducted on visitors to the 12th Jangheung Water Festival. As a result of analyzing the structural equation path model, it was found that the deviant behavior at festivals had a significant influence on festival satisfaction. A multiple-group analysis was conducted in order to analyze the moderating effect of face consciousness. It was found that there was a moderating effect in physical DFB between the high and low face consciousness groups. Our findings contribute to research in that it incorporated face consciousness into festival research. This study has practical implications in that we addressed strategies to lower the face consciousness in order to enhance festival satisfaction.

Data on corona-virus readiness strategies influencing customer satisfaction and customer behavioural intentions in South African retail stores.

This article presents raw inferential statistical data that determined the coronavirus readiness strategies at retail stores in South Africa and their consequences for consumer behavioural intentions. The data was collected from customers within the metropolitan area of Bloemfontein. The data were analysed using a quantitative approach. Structured questionnaires were provided to customers throughout South Africa's Bloemfontein metropolitan area. Reliability and validity were confirmed. The data was presented using Structural Equation modelling (SEM) using the Smart PLS program. The analysis of the SEM path shows estimates of the interconnectivity of the major constructs in the data. The findings from this dataset show that sanitised retail entrances, sanitised retail counters and sanitised retail shelves had a statistically significant effect on customer satisfaction with covid-19 readiness in retail stores. Furthermore, the data reveals that retail social distancing and senior citizens shopping hours had a statistically insignificant effect on customer satisfaction with covid-19 readiness. Moreover, the data reveals that customer satisfaction with covid-19 readiness strategies of retail stores also had a positive and statistically significant effect on customer behavioural intentions.

The Mediating Role of Core Competencies in the Relationship between Digital Literacy and Perceived Employability among Korean College Students: Difference by Employment Support Program Participation

This study explored the mediating role of core competencies in the relationship between digital literacy and perceived employability among college students in South Korea depending on their participation in employment support programs. The sample for this study comprised 916 college students: 497 students were participants in employment support programs from spring to fall semesters in 2017, and 419 students were nonparticipants. Data analysis was conducted mainly using structural equation modelling and multiple-group path analysis. The findings showed that digital literacy had a positive relationship with perceived employability and that core competencies mediated the relationship between digital literacy and perceived employability. Also, this study verified that differences exist among all paths depending on participation in employment support programs. It is necessary to conduct follow-up research such as experimental and quasi-experimental research to verify the relationship and influences between related variables, as well as the effect of digital literacy and core competencies on employability according to learners' characteristics such as learning styles, learning strategies, and achievement goal orientations. Qualitative studies through group interviews or behavioral event interviews for distinguished graduates in digital literacy or core competencies are also vital. In addition, colleges need to strengthen competence-driven teaching and learning methods such as problem-based learning, flipped learning, and project-based learning. They should provide an employment-enhanced curriculum and program through digitized authentic work experience and simulation.

0371 Educational Disparities in U.S. Elementary School Children are Related to Sleep Duration and Bedtimes

Abstract Introduction Sleep is vital for healthy development in children. Suboptimal sleep health may play an under-appreciated role in educational achievement gaps among vulnerable student populations. Students of color, students from economically disadvantaged homes, and students with disabilities are especially likely to experience poor sleep. Sleep deficiency could interfere with school functioning, including academic achievement. Methods Longitudinal data from the nationally-representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K: 2011) included ~12,000 students. We tested the hypothesis that parent-reported child sleep duration (typical hours per night) was associated with academic achievement trajectories (3rd-5th grade). We further tested the extent to which this relation is linked to parent-reported bedtimes in kindergarten. Preregistered analyses (osf.io) used structural equation path modeling, stratified by racial/ethnic group (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian), disability status, and socioeconomic status (SES) tertiles. Students were assessed using psychometrically-validated standardized academic achievement tests. Results Children with later kindergarten bedtimes had shorter sleep duration across 3rd-5th grade. Children with shorter sleep duration also had poorer achievement in 3rd grade. The path by which sleep associates with achievement differed by vulnerable subgroups. Among children from average- or high-SES families, earlier bedtimes were related to higher reading achievement growth across 3rd-5th grade, but not among children from low-SES families. For children with disabilities, longer sleep duration was significantly and positively associated with growth in reading achievement across 3rd-5th grade, but this relation among children with disabilities was not evident within racial or ethnic groups or SES strata. Conclusion Sleep duration, a modifiable behavioral factor, may be a promising target of intervention in families for promoting healthy childhood sleep health behaviors. Results provide evidence that age-appropriate bedtimes and adequate sleep duration could be promoted among vulnerable populations including students with disabilities. For instance, although most screening instruments do not currently evaluate sleep or sleep disorders, assessing and treating disability or behavioral difficulties could include such evaluations for clinical and parent consideration. Support Penn State Center for Educational Disparities Research

The effect of car drivers risk perception and driving behaviour towards accident risk: a case study

A traffic accident is an unexpected and unintentional event on a road involving vehicles with or without other road users resulting in human casualties and/or property losses. Traffic accidents generally occur due to various factors such as the user’s inadvertent actions, violations, road conditions, vehicle conditions, weather, and obstructed views. Medan City has a high accident rate of 5,686 cases caused by driver factors. The problem under study is the alleged relationship between risk perception and driving behavior. The purpose of this study is to look at the relationship between driving behavior and risk perception that can cause traffic accidents. Data collected using the instrument in the form of a driving behavior questionnaire and risk perception questionnaire. The analysis is done by statistical analysis through SPSS software to test the validity and reliability of the data, radar map analysis to see the attributes of driving behavior with the highest mode, the analysis of the correlation of driving behavior and risk perception with the SPSS software as a whole, and to analyze the Structural Equation Model path (SEM) to see the partial relationship between variable attributes in a multivariate manner. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between 3 (three) driving behaviors that are using a cell phone, violating traffic rules, and overtaking other vehicles to the driver’s risk perception so that it has the potential to cause a traffic accident and it can be concluded that the hypothesis the researcher accepted (H0).

Do the Means Matter? Defense Attorneys’ Perceptions of Procedural Transgressions by Police and Their Implication on Police Legitimacy

Through interviews ( n = 40) and surveys ( n = 140) with separate samples of U.S. defense attorneys practicing criminal law in a Northeastern state, we utilize a mixed-methods approach to explore police procedural transgressions (e.g., pretextual stops, overreaching searches) during stops, searches, and seizures. With a structural equation path model, we examine whether and how procedural justice (an assessment of “the means” to control crime) and police effectiveness (an assessment of police performance or “the ends”) affect each other and influence perceptions of police legitimacy. Our findings indicate that procedural justice enhances perceptions of police legitimacy, whereas police effectiveness does not have an effect. Policy implications for developing mechanisms that discourage procedural transgressions by police are discussed.

Career Success Criteria Clarity as a Predictor of Employment Outcomes.

Drawing on the goal-setting theory and social cognitive career theory (SCCT), this study empirically proposes an operational definition of career success criteria clarity (CSCC) and further explores its impact on career satisfaction, person–job fit, and subjective well-being through the mediating role of career decision-making self-efficacy (CDSE). A pilot study of 231 samples showed that the CSCC scale had good reliability and validity. To further test the effects of CSCC on crucial employment outcomes, as well as the mediating role of CDSE, 240 employees were included in an additional survey. Structural equation modeling path analysis supported all the expected hypotheses. Results indicated that: (1) CSCC was positively correlated to career satisfaction; (2) CSCC was positively correlated to person–job fit; (3) CSCC was positively correlated to subjective well-being; (4) CSCC was positively correlated to CDSE; (5) CDSE fully mediated the relationship between CSCC and career satisfaction; (6) CDSE fully mediated the relationship between CSCC and person–job fit; and (7) CDSE partly mediated the relationship between CSCC and subjective well-being. The results contributed to social cognitive career theory model and provided suggestions for both the career educators and consultants.

EFFECT OF CUSTOMER VALUE AND CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND LOYALTY PT MERATUS SAMARINDA

This study aims to determine the effect of customer value and customer experience to customer satisfaction and loyalty PT Meratus. The population in this study are customers of PT Meratus by the number of 80 customers. Methods of data collection is done by providing a list of questions or the questionnaire respondents who are customers of PT Meratus, where questionnaires were distributed to such subscribers. This study uses data analysis tool which Partial Least Square (PLS), then this study using structural equation modeling analysis method or path analysis to determine the causal relationship between the latent variables contained in the structural equation. While testing the hypothesis tested boost strap resampling method developed by Geisser and Stone. Statistical test used statistical test t or t test, with statistical hypothesis. The tools used in processing the data using PLS Smart program. The results of this study indicate that 1) customer experience influence positive and significant to customer satisfaction, 2)) customer experience influence positive and significant customer loyalty, 3) customer value effect on positive and significant to customer satisfaction, 4) customer value effect positive but are not with significant customer loyalty, 5) customer satisfaction and significant positive effect on customer loyalty.