Structural Equation Modeling Procedures Research Articles

Modelling the Creative Process and Cycles of Feedback

Dual physicist and psychologist Shaw (1989) published an account speculating on the modelling of a series of feedback loops within the structure of the creative process following a series of in-depth interviews with 12 scientists concerning the use of cognitive and affective processes in the act of scientific creation. These feedback loops were hypothesized to operate between each phase of the classical model of creative problem solving as typified by the seminal work of Wallas (1926). However, data providing evidence of their operation has been scarce. Using a sizable sample (n = 405) and recently developed software that enables bidirectional pathways to be modelled (M-Plus v6), this study examines the evidence for the existence of feedback loops within the creative process using structural equation modelling (SEM) procedures. The research builds on the findings of a previous study in which participants solved two novel mathematics problems in the Mathematics Challenge for Young Australians. Empirical evidence for both the classical stage model of creative problem solving and Shaw’s feedback loops namely the Vinacke and Lalas loops, are presented and discussed. The participants were middle school students in Grades 7 to 10 drawn from across two states of Australia.

The process of losing – investigating the psychophysiological determinants of pacing and performance during head-to-head competition

Introduction It is widely accepted that psychological factors can greatly influence human endurance and strength performance. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underpin facilitative and even more so debilitative cause-effect relationships between psychological factors and endurance performance during competition.[1] We recently developed a three-dimensional framework of centrally-regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour emphasizing the important role of sensory-discriminatory, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative processes underpinning observed pacing behaviour and performance.[2] The proposed framework offers a more sophisticated alternative to the traditional gestalt concept of perceived exertion in the investigation of the psychophysiological determinants of pacing and performance during prolonged endurance exercise. One aim of this experimental study was to examine the delineated contributions of the perceptual sensory, affective, and cognitive processes and their dynamic responses to respectively pulling ahead or falling behind a performance matched opponent.[3]  Methods Fourteen maximal head-to-head competition time trials between well-trained performance matched cyclists (average time difference in individual time trial performance: 0.92%) over a 70 km virtual profiled course were conducted. The sensory, affective, and cognitive processes were approximated by means of scales: perceived physical (p-RPE) and mental strain (TEA), affective valence (FS) and felt arousal (FAS), and perceived action crisis (ACRISS), respectively. The dynamic changes in these constructs and their interrelationships with pacing behaviour, performance, and markers of metabolic and endocrinological distress were investigated. A five-step structural equation modelling procedure was applied to test the extent to which the observed data fit the hypothesized temporally linked cause-effect relationships unfolding in response to falling-behind a performance matched opponent. [4] Results Meaningful performance improvements of 2.24% (99.7% most likely substantially positive) and decrements 1.69% (82.4% likely substantially negative) were found in winners and losers, respectively. Perceived physical and mental strain scaled with time and according to course profile in winners and loser alike. The following significant interaction effects were found: losers showed deterioration in valence (p=0.004), experienced the development of an action crisis (p<0.001), showed increased blood cortisol concentrations (p=0.001), and performance decrement relative to individual’s performance capabilities (p=0.001) (see figure 1). The dynamic change in valence was a significant mediator (p=0.011) in performance regulation as it explained 35% of the relationship between falling behind and action crisis. The shift from an implemental to a deliberative mindset associated with an action crisis was a significant predictor of exacerbated psycho-neuro-endocrinological distress response (p=0.024) and non-adaptive endocrinological distress response subsequently predicted relative performance decrement (p=0.023). The observed data fitted the hypothesized model well with excellent model fit indices throughout.  Conclusions We applied, tested, and confirmed the hypothesized debilitative psychophysiological processes that unfold in response to falling behind a performance matched opponent. The main findings were: a) perceived physical and mental strain play primary roles in the teleoanticipatory pacing algorithm necessary to align planned behaviour with current physiological state; but both can be distorted by centrally-acting affective and cognitive modifiers, b) deterioration in non-reflective valence mediated the relationship between falling behind and reflective action crisis, c) the mindset-shift associated with an action crisis predicted exacerbated blood cortisol concentrations, and d) non-adaptive blood cortisol concentrations predicted performance decrement. The findings point towards the primary and mediatory roles of core affect and mindset in perceived fatigability and the psychophysiological determinants of pacing and performance. The proposed three-dimensional framework has the potential to markedly improve our ability to explain something as complex and multi-faceted as centrally-regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour.  Â

Consumers’ willingness to pay and drivers of motivation to consume omega-3 enriched mozzarella cheese

Purpose Consumer interest and willingness to pay (WTP) for omega-3 enriched water buffalo mozzarella cheese are evaluated through an in-store experimental auction. The purpose of this paper is to estimate individual WTP for enriched mozzarella cheese and related it to self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations of omega-3 consumption, following regulatory focus theory. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in May-June 2015 from a sample of 150 consumers in Southern Italy. A structural equation modelling procedure was implemented. Findings The results show a significant role is played by prevention outcome expectations on consumer behaviour. While promotion outcome expectation constructs proved non-significant, self-identity correlates with prevention outcome expectations. Research limitations/implications There are several limitations that the authors are aware of regarding this study. First of all, since the authors rely on self-reported measures, optimistic bias might have affected participants’ responses (Weinstein, 1980). Second, results may be influenced by the choice of the specific information provided to consumers for the analysis; different claims and different information framings should be tested (LeBoeuf and Shafir, 2003). Practical implications Implications stemming from the results encourage the promotion of omega-3 enriched mozzarella cheese based on stimulating outcome expectations, bearing in mind that individual motivations should be enhanced by self-identity beliefs. Originality/value Although the combined role of self-efficacy and outcome expectations on personal intention to adopt healthy behaviour has already been demonstrated (Keller, 2006; Tudoran et al., 2012), to the best of the knowledge no previous study relates individual behaviour to an intention measured as a WTP for an actual product. In addition, current study has applied a non-hypothetical BDM (from Becker et al., 1964) auction in-store experiment.

Integrating Behavioural and Branding Perspectives to Maximize Green Brand Equity: A Holistic Approach

AbstractThe aim of this study is to expand the existing understanding of green consumers' behaviour by proposing and testing an integrated conceptual model that explores the influence of consumers' personal concerns for the environment and general attitudes towards green products on brand‐related knowledge structures (image and associations) and relationship preferences (trust and brand equity) for green brands. A questionnaire‐based survey method was used to collect data using convenience sampling. One hundred and ninety‐nine usable responses were obtained. A structural equation modelling procedure was used to test the proposed hypotheses. The results confirmed that a positive relationship exists between consumer concern for environmental values and general attitudes towards green products. Both these constructs influence consumers' knowledge structure of a green brand (image and associations). Furthermore, a strong relationship exists between consumers' knowledge structure (image and associations) and their relational preference (trust and brand equity) with green brands. These findings are important for business strategy formulation by providing empirical support for the idea that a firm should invest its resources not only to project its environmentally friendly brands but also to build consumers' concern for environmental values and their attitude towards green products. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Modeling safety risk perception due to mobile phone distraction among four wheeler drivers

Nowadays, there is an increasing trend in the use of information and communication technology devices in new vehicles. Due to these increasing service facilities, driver distraction has become a major concern for transportation safety. To reduce safety risks, it is crucial to understand how distracting activities affect driver behavior at different levels of vehicle control. The objective of this work is to understand how the vehicle and driver characteristics influence mobile phone usage while driving and associated risk perception of road safety incidents. Based on literature review, a man–machine framework for distracted driving and a mobile phone distraction model is presented. The study highlights the findings from a questionnaire survey conducted in Kerala, India. The questionnaire uses a 5-point Likert scale. Responses from 1203 four-wheeler drivers are collected using random sampling approach. The questionnaire items associated with three driver-drive characteristics are: (i) Human Factors (age, experience, emotional state, behavior of driver), (ii) Driver space (meter, controls, light, heat, steering, actuators of vehicle), (iii) Driving conditions (speed, distance, duration, traffic, signals). This mobile phone distraction model is tested using structural equation modeling procedure. The study indicates that among the three characteristics, ‘Human Factors’ has the highest influence on perceived distraction due to mobile phones. It is also observed that safety risk perception due to mobile phone usage while driving is moderate. The practical relevance of the study is to place emphasis on behavior-based controls and to focus on strategies leveraging perception of distraction due to mobile phones while driving.

Affective decision-making moderates the effects of automatic associations on alcohol use among drug offenders

ABSTRACTBackground: This study used a dual-process model of cognition in order to investigate the possible influence of automatic and deliberative processes on lifetime alcohol use in a sample of drug offenders. Objective: The objective was to determine if automatic/implicit associations in memory can exert an influence over an individual’s alcohol use and if decision-making ability could potentially modify the influence of these associations. Methods: 168 participants completed a battery of cognitive tests measuring implicit alcohol associations in memory (verb generation) as well as their affective decision-making ability (Iowa Gambling Task). Structural equation modeling procedures were used to test the relationship between implicit associations, decision-making, and lifetime alcohol use. Results: Results revealed that among participants with lower levels of decision-making, implicit alcohol associations more strongly predicted higher lifetime alcohol use. Conclusion: These findings provide further support for the interaction between a specific decision function and its influence over automatic processes in regulating alcohol use behavior in a risky population. Understanding the interaction between automatic associations and decision processes may aid in developing more effective intervention components.

An integrated model for the effects of self-reflection and clinical experiential learning on clinical nursing performance in nursing students: A longitudinal study

BackgroundThe use of clinical simulation in undergraduate nursing programs in Taiwan has gradually increased over the past 5years. Previous research has shown that students' experience of anxiety during simulated laboratory sessions influences their self-reflection and learning effectiveness. Thus, further study that tracks what influences students' clinical performance in actual clinical sites is vital. ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to develop an integrated model that considers the associations among anxiety, self-reflection, and learning effectiveness and to understand how this model applies to student nurses' clinical performance while on clinical placement. DesignThis study used a correlational and longitudinal study design. MethodsThe 80 nursing students, who ranged in age from 19 to 21 (mean=20.38, SD=0.56), were recruited from a nursing school in southern Taiwan. Data were collected during three phases of implementation using four questionnaires. During the first phase, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Simulation Learning Effectiveness Scale (SLES), and Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) were used after students completed the simulation course in the school simulation laboratory. Nursing students also completed the Holistic Nursing Competence Scale at 2months (Phase 2) and 4months (Phase 3) after clinical practice experience. In Phase 3, students again completed the STAI and SRIS. Partial least squares (PLS), a structural equation modeling (SEM) procedure, was used to test the research model. ResultsThe findings showed that: (1) at the start of the simulation laboratory, anxiety had a significant negative effect on students' simulation learning effectiveness (SLE; β=−0.14, p<0.05) and on self-reflection with insight (SRI; β=−0.52, p<0.01). Self-reflection also had a significant positive effect on simulation learning effectiveness (β=0.37, p<0.01). Anxiety had a significant negative effect on students' nursing competence during the first 2months of practice in a clinical nursing site (β=−0.20, p<0.01). Simulation learning effectiveness and self-reflection and insight also had a significant positive effect on nursing competence during the first 2months of practice in a clinical site (β=0.13; β=0.16, p<0.05), respectively; and (2) when students practice in a clinical setting, their previous experience of nursing competence during the first 2months of clinical care and their self-reflection and insight have a significant positive effect on their 4-month nursing competence (β=0.58; β=0.27, p<0.01). Anxiety, however, had a negative effect on 4-month nursing competence but not significantly. Overall, 41% of the variance in clinical nursing performance was accounted for by the variables in the integrated model. ConclusionThis study highlights that self-reflection with insight and clinical experience may help students to deflect anxiety that may influence the development of clinical competence. Of note is that real-life clinical experience has a stronger effect on enhancing clinical performance than does a simulation experience.

How Important Are Enjoyment and Mobility for Mobile Applications?

ABSTRACTThis article investigates how perceived enjoyment and mobility drive user continuance intentions toward using mobile applications. A second-stage continuance model was developed after a thorough literature review. A survey instrument was deployed to collect data from 584 smartphone users. The model was empirically tested using structural equation modeling procedures. Data analyses show that the salience of disconfirmation and beliefs in enjoyment and mobility serve as the primary driver of the changes in satisfaction and attitude toward continuance intentions. Furthermore, perceived enjoyment, mobility and satisfaction jointly explained over 60% of the variance in post-usage attitude. As an initial effort to revise and test the expanded IS continuance model, this study deepens our understanding of enjoyment and mobility at post-usage stage of mobile experience. It urges mobile application providers to forge continuance by devoting more resources and efforts toward creating a truly enjoyable as well as mobile experience.

Key drivers of innovative behavior in hotel industry: evidence from a developing country

The purpose of this paper is to determine the key drivers of innovative behavior of employees in hotel industry using evidence from a developing country. Measurement items were adapted from existing scales found in the organizational behavior literature. Academic colleagues reviewed the items for face validity and readability. The scales were evaluated for reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity using data collected in a survey of 3 and 4 star hotels in Tehran, Iran. A structural equation modeling procedure was applied to examine the drivers of employees’ innovative behavior in these hotels. The research model was tested empirically using a sample of 241 respondents who worked at the hotels during the period of research. The paper found that social responsibility, employee treatment, job satisfaction, organizational support, and organizational commitment have indirectly affected innovative behavior through organizational citizenship behaviors.

Fitting meta-analytic structural equation models with complex datasets.

A modification of the first stage of the standard procedure for two-stage meta-analytic structural equation modeling for use with large complex datasets is presented. This modification addresses two common problems that arise in such meta-analyses: (a) primary studies that provide multiple measures of the same construct and (b) the correlation coefficients that exhibit substantial heterogeneity, some of which obscures the relationships between the constructs of interest or undermines the comparability of the correlations across the cells. One component of this approach is a three-level random effects model capable of synthesizing a pooled correlation matrix with dependent correlation coefficients. Another component is a meta-regression that can be used to generate covariate-adjusted correlation coefficients that reduce the influence of selected unevenly distributed moderator variables. A non-technical presentation of these techniques is given, along with an illustration of the procedures with a meta-analytic dataset. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Investigating the relationship between customer knowledge management and customer loyalty: mediating role of customer value (Case study: Saderat Bank of Khozestan)

Customer orientation has attracted increasing importance and considered as the main competitive advantage of organizations in the process of firm achievement. If an organization can satisfy its customer and attract loyal customer, it would lead to its long term growth. Increasing competition in national, regional and global areas has led to more attention to competitive advantage as a key determinant of organization growth. To be successful in these circumstances, knowledge management and its procedures can be considered as a necessity. Knowledge management focuses on the knowledge usage to establish competitive advantage and form dynamics in a complex environment. Hence, current study aims to investigate the relationship between customer knowledge management and customer loyalty focusing on the mediating role of customer value by a case study conducted on Saderat Bank in Khozestan. Measurement items are adapted from existing scales found in the knowledge management and marketing literature. Academic colleagues reviewed the items for face validity and readability. The scales are evaluated for reliability using data collected in a survey of Saderat Bank’s customers. A structural equation modeling procedure is applied to the examination of the influences of customer knowledge management on customer value and customer loyalty. The research model was tested empirically using a sample of 500 customers who had referred to Saderat Bank’s agencies in Khozestan during the period of research. The paper found that the most influential dimensions of knowledge management on customer value are knowledge for customer, knowledge of customer, knowledge about customer, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of consistency between customer image and perceived value on customer loyalty was strong.Keywords: Customer knowledge management, Customer knowledge, Customer value, Customer loyalty

From social representations to action: proximity and the relation between social representations of the development of intelligence and authoritative parenting style / De las representaciones sociales a la acción: proximidad y relación entre las representaciones sociales del desarrollo de la inteligencia y un estilo parental democrático

A well-established body of literature holds that the construction of social representations of intelligence is guided by the subjective inexplicability about the target-topic and by the social identities of subjects. Within the general framework of the sociogenesis of social representations, this article aims to explore the role of social positions in organizing an individual’s reported action towards the object of representation. A theoretical model which examines the relations between social representations of the development of intelligence, parental goals and the authoritative parenting style was tested in sub-samples of educators, which included 227 mothers, 117 fathers and 122 mother-teachers. Structural equation modeling procedures indicated, as hypothesized, that specific socio-cognitive dynamics are relevant in shaping the patterns of relations with the object of representation, suggesting that these dynamics are a result of the organization of multiple discourses where content, social positions and behavioural interaction are strongly intertwined. Theoretical contributions of findings are discussed.

A causal model explaining Chinese university students' acceptance of nuclear power

A causal model explaining Chinese university students' acceptance of nuclear power was tested. In our model, we hypothesized that perceived energy supply benefits, environmental benefits, and risks are determinants of Chinese university students' acceptance of nuclear power. We further assumed that trust affects perceived energy supply benefits, environmental benefits, and risk perception. In other words, trust indirectly affects acceptance. Structural equation modeling procedure was employed to test the hypothesized model, based on the data collected via a questionnaire survey of Chinese university students (N = 506). Results revealed that acceptance was mainly influenced by perceived energy supply benefits. In addition, perceived environmental benefits also had significantly positive impact on acceptance. Compared to the impact of perceived benefits on acceptance, perceived risks had a significantly smaller negative influence. Furthermore, trust strongly affected perceived energy supply benefits, environmental benefits, and risk perception. Therefore, emphasizing energy supply benefits of nuclear power seems to improve the level of acceptance when communicating to Chinese university students.

Investigating the relationship between customer knowledge management and customer loyalty: mediating role of customer value (Case study: Saderat Bank of Khozestan)

Customer orientation has attracted increasing importance and considered as the main competitive advantage of organizations in the process of firm achievement. If an organization can satisfy its customer and attract loyal customer, it would lead to its long term growth. Increasing competition in national, regional and global areas has led to more attention to competitive advantage as a key determinant of organization growth. To be successful in these circumstances, knowledge management and its procedures can be considered as a necessity. Knowledge management focuses on the knowledge usage to establish competitive advantage and form dynamics in a complex environment. Hence, current study aims to investigate the relationship between customer knowledge management and customer loyalty focusing on the mediating role of customer value by a case study conducted on Saderat Bank in Khozestan. Measurement items are adapted from existing scales found in the knowledge management and marketing literature. Academic colleagues reviewed the items for face validity and readability. The scales are evaluated for reliability using data collected in a survey of Saderat Bank’s customers. A structural equation modeling procedure is applied to the examination of the influences of customer knowledge management on customer value and customer loyalty. The research model was tested empirically using a sample of 500 customers who had referred to Saderat Bank’s agencies in Khozestan during the period of research. The paper found that the most influential dimensions of knowledge management on customer value are knowledge for customer, knowledge of customer, knowledge about customer, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of consistency between customer image and perceived value on customer loyalty was strong.Keywords: Customer knowledge management, Customer knowledge, Customer value, Customer loyaltyÂ

Investigating the relationship between customer knowledge management and customer loyalty: mediating role of customer value (Case study: Saderat Bank of Khozestan)

Customer orientation has attracted increasing importance and considered as the main competitive advantage of organizations in the process of firm achievement. If an organization can satisfy its customer and attract loyal customer, it would lead to its long term growth. Increasing competition in national, regional and global areas has led to more attention to competitive advantage as a key determinant of organization growth. To be successful in these circumstances, knowledge management and its procedures can be considered as a necessity. Knowledge management focuses on the knowledge usage to establish competitive advantage and form dynamics in a complex environment. Hence, current study aims to investigate the relationship between customer knowledge management and customer loyalty focusing on the mediating role of customer value by a case study conducted on Saderat Bank in Khozestan. Measurement items are adapted from existing scales found in the knowledge management and marketing literature. Academic colleagues reviewed the items for face validity and readability. The scales are evaluated for reliability using data collected in a survey of Saderat Bank’s customers. A structural equation modeling procedure is applied to the examination of the influences of customer knowledge management on customer value and customer loyalty. The research model was tested empirically using a sample of 500 customers who had referred to Saderat Bank’s agencies in Khozestan during the period of research. The paper found that the most influential dimensions of knowledge management on customer value are knowledge for customer, knowledge of customer, knowledge about customer, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of consistency between customer image and perceived value on customer loyalty was strong.Keywords: Customer knowledge management, Customer knowledge, Customer value, Customer loyaltyÂ

An integrated structural model of buyer-seller relationships in retailing markets

Buyer and seller relationships have become an integral part of business-to-business operating strategies over the past ten years. However, we have less empirical knowledge about the process of relationship development. Hence, this paper aims to propose an integrated structural model of buyer-seller relationship in retailing markets. Measurement items are adapted from existing scales found in the marketing literature. Academic colleagues reviewed the items for face validity and readability. The scales are evaluated for reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity using data collected in a survey of Heavy Equipment Production Company's customers and employees. A structural equation modelling procedure is applied to the examination of integrated structural model of buyer-seller relationship. The research model was tested empirically using a sample of 165 customers and 110 employees of Heavy Equipment Production Company. The paper found that there are positive and significant relationships between direct (cost reduction, quality, volume, and safeguard) and indirect (market, scout, innovation development, and social support) functions of retailer, and relationship quality components (trust, commitment, satisfaction, and value creation).

A structural model of knowledge management-strategic orientations relationship in constructing companies: an empirical study of a developing country

A number of theoretical frameworks have been proposed to develop the linkage between knowledge management and strategic orientations of organisation. While there are much theorising and case study in the area, validated research models integrating knowledge management and strategic orientation for empirical testing of these theories, particularly in constructing companies, have been scarce. In the present research, we attempt to develop and examine a research model for explaining the relationships between knowledge management and strategic orientation of constructing companies. Measurement items are adapted from existing scales found in the literature. Academic colleagues reviewed the items for face validity and readability. The scales are evaluated for reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity using data collected in a survey of top-ranked constructing companies. A structural equation modelling procedure is applied to the examination of proposed model. The research model was tested empirically using a sample of 196 engineers and managers. The results showed that there are significant positive relationships between knowledge management (creation, capture, organisation, storage, dissemination, and application) and strategic orientations (customer orientation, technological orientation, interfunctional coordination, and competitor orientation) of constructing companies. From the empirical data analysis, meaningful findings and conclusions are derived, and suggestions for future research are proposed.

Modelling IS upgrade intention, its mediator and antecedents: a two-wave survey

The purpose of this study is to explore key determinants and mediator that drive IS upgrade intention based on information asymmetry theory. Sample subjects for our survey were drawn from the student population of a large national technology university in Taiwan. The factors in this study were measured using five-point Likert scales adapted from existing literature. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and professional influence were measured in the first survey while the other factors were measured in the second survey 2 months later. A two-step structural equation modelling procedure was employed for statistical analysis. The empirical findings show that perceived usefulness and professional influence negatively affects upgrade intention via the full mediation of perceived uncertainty. Meanwhile, upgrade intention is negatively affected by information asymmetry. This study provides an illustrative example of how to set up an upgrade intention model based on information asymmetry theory. This study also demonstrates how different an upgrade intention model can be versus usage models such as technology acceptance model and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology in previous research.

Reexamining Nonlinear Structural Equation Modeling Procedures: The Effect of Parallel and Congeneric Measures

The current study examines the performance of the extended unconstrained approach (EXUC) and the latent moderated structural equation modeling procedure (LMS) in situations where quadratic and interaction terms are tested simultaneously and investigates their limitations with regard to the employment of parallel and congeneric measures, relatively low indicator reliabilities, and relatively large numbers of indicators. By means of a Monte Carlo study, we found LMS to be the best option for testing multiple nonlinear effects given sufficient sample size (n ≥ 500) and normally distributed exogenous variables. Its advantages became more prominent when indicator reliabilities were heterogeneous and small. The EXUC was a viable option for estimating the model when indicators were parallel and exhibited large indicator reliabilities. An empirical example of the results is provided, and the relevance of measurement model characteristics to assess nonlinear relationships is discussed.

Construct Validity of the Chinese Version of the Self-care of Heart Failure Index Determined Using Structural Equation Modeling

The Self-care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) is an empirically tested instrument for measuring the self-care of patients with heart failure. The aim of this study was to develop a simplified Chinese version of the SCHFI and provide evidence for its construct validity. A total of 182 Chinese with heart failure were surveyed. A 2-step structural equation modeling procedure was applied to test construct validity. Factor analysis showed 3 factors explaining 43% of the variance. Structural equation model confirmed that self-care maintenance, self-care management, and self-care confidence are indeed indicators of self-care, and self-care confidence was a positive and equally strong predictor of self-care maintenance and self-care management. Moreover, self-care scores were correlated with the Partners in Health Scale, indicating satisfactory concurrent validity. The Chinese version of the SCHFI is a theory-based instrument for assessing self-care of Chinese patients with heart failure.