Stropharia Rugosoannulata Research Articles

Characteristics of Se-Enriched Mycelia by Stropharia rugoso-annulata and its Antioxidant Activities in vivo

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals. Stropharia rugoso-annulata is a nutritional and functional mushroom containing many kinds of bioactive ingredients. The aims of this study were to investigate the Se-enrichment characteristics of S. rugoso-annulata in submerged culture and evaluate the antioxidant activities of Se-enriched mycelia in vivo in terms of the values of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The optimum parameters of Se-enrichment under the optimal Se concentration (150 microg/mL) in media were as follows: biomass 8.11 +/- 0.25 g/L, Se content in mycelia 4,727.68 +/- 13 microg/g, Se-accumulated rate 24.68 +/- 1.67%, and percentage of organic Se 96.27 +/- 3.26%. The mainly subsistent forms of selenium in Se-enriched mycelia were selenoprotein and selenium-polysaccharide. The contents of total amino acids (TAA) and essential amino acids (EAA) in Se-enriched mycelia were increased by 13.5 +/- 1.09% and 12.8 +/- 0.89%, respectively. It was efficient for Se-enriched mycelia to elevate GSH-Px and SOD activities and decrease MDA content. These results indicated that Se-enriched mycelia of S. rugoso-annulata represent a novel dietary source of bioavailable supplemental selenium.

Anamorphs in the Strophariaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)

We describe and illustrate conidiogenesis in 21 species of Strophariaceae sensu Singer in culture, including first reports of conidiogenesis from nine species. Two modes of thallic conidiogenesis were revealed. The first mode, present in Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.) P. Kumm., Hypholoma fasciculare (Fr.) P. Kumm., Hypholoma marginatum (Pers.) J. Schröt., Hypholoma subericaeum (Fr.) Kühner, Hypholoma sublateritium (Schaeff.) Quél., Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm., Pholiota lenta (Pers.) Singer, Pholiota lucifera (Lasch) Quél., Pholiota mixta (Fr.) Kuyper & Tjall.-Beuk., Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Singer, Psilocybe cf. coprophila (Bull.) P. Kumm., Psilocybe inquilina (Fr.) Bres., Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm., Psilocybe sp., Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill, and Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél., is characterized by straight or often coiled conidiogenous hyphae, not or only slightly sympodially proliferating conidiophores lacking geniculate parts, and hyaline, rod-shaped conidia. Conidiogenesis in Pholiota aurivella (Batsch) P. Kumm., Pholiota gummosa (Lasch) Singer, and Pholiota squarrosa (Batsch) P. Kumm. followed a second mode, distinguished by straight conidiogenous hyphae, sympodially proliferating geniculate conidiophores, and coloured, swollen conidia formed on older mycelia. These two modes also differed concerning the number of nuclei in the conidia. Pholiota alnicola (Fr.) Singer and Pholiota tuberculosa (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. possessed specific modes of conidiogenesis that deviated from the two prevalent modes described above. Careful analysis of anamorph descriptions compiled from literature supports these modes and allows conidia to be distinguished from nondetaching hyphal swellings that have also been designated as conidia in the past.

Preliminary research of the RAPD molecular marker-assisted breeding of the edible basidiomycete Stropharia rugoso-annulata

The average RAPD molecular genetic distance was proposed as a criterion in selecting monokaryotic parents for cross breeding and predicting the performance of hybrids of the mushroom Stropharia rugoso-annulata. Three groups of cross pairs or hybrids were recognized based on the average RAPD genetic distance of the monokaryotic parental population. The RAPD-based molecular genetic distance significantly correlated with hybrid mycelial growth rate and mycelial growth heterosis, and their determination coefficients were 0.9237 and 0.8464 respectively. One of the hybrids in group I showed more vigorous mycelial growth in different pH conditions, incubation temperatures, carbon and nitrogen sources, and higher mushroom yield compared with its dikaryotic parent. These results suggested that RAPD-based molecular genetic distance of the monokaryotic parents might be a suitable criterion for selecting monokaryotic parents and predicting the performance of hybrids in mushroom cross breeding.

Characterization of protoplasts prepared from the edible fungus, Stropharia rugoso-annulata

Protoplast preparation and regeneration conditions of the edible fungus, Stropharia rugoso-annulata Farlow apud Murrill were studied, and the regenerated progenies were characterized in this study. The optimal condition for protoplast preparation was incubation of young mycelia with gentle shaking in 1.5%(w/v) Lywallzyme at 30 °C for 3 h. PGPM (potato/glucose/peptone/mannitol) was the most suitable regeneration medium. Served as osmotic stabilizer, sugars (mannitol and sucrose) were better than inorganic salts (MgSO4) for clone development and growth. Pre-incubation of protoplasts in liquid regeneration medium resulted in a significantly decreased regeneration rate. Both dikaryotic isolates and monokaryotic isolates could be identified from protoplast-regenerated progenies, with a much higher frequency of monokaryotic isolates identified from the early-developed and fast-growing regenerated clones. Two parental mating types were also identified from protoplasted monokaryotic isolates, but not segregated by 1:1. The mycelial growth rate of protoplasted monokaryotic isolates showed a mating type-dependent model when cultured at different incubation temperatures and pH values, with A2B2 mating type monokaryotic isolates growing faster than those of A1B1 mating type monokaryotic isolates.

Mating system and DNA polymorphism of monokaryons with different mating type of Stropharia rugoso-annulata

The mating system of Stropharia rugoso-annulata Farlow apud Murrill was studied by pairing single spore isolates from the same fruitbody, and the genetic diversity of monokaryotic strains with different mating types was evaluated by the RAPD technique. Basidiospores could germinate normally on PGP (potato/glucose/peptone) medium at 30 °C. Analysis of self- and cross-pairings revealed that Stropharia rugoso-annulata was heterothallic and tetrapolar. RAPD analysis detected polymorphism among monokaryotic strains, with more genetic variation within monokaryotic strains with non-parental mating type compared to monokaryotic strains with parental mating type. These results were in general agreement with the existing knowledge, confirming the validity and usefulness of the RAPD technique. Therefore, the RAPD technique will provide an exciting and valuable tool for a large-scale study on identification and genetic resources of monokaryotic strains, and should lead to a more efficient understanding and utilization of genetic diversity of monokaryotic strains in cross breeding by breeders.

독청버섯아재비 균주가 생산하는 Carboxymethyl Cellulase의 정제 및 효소학적 특성

A Carboxymethyl Cellulase (CMCase) has been isolated and purified from the edible mushroom, Stropharia rugosoannulata. The molecular weight of CMCase was estimated to be 54 kDa by SDS polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis. The maximum activity of the purified CMCase was observed at pH 4.0 and , and stable for pH 3.0 to 11.0 to maintain 40% activity. The CMCase activity was activated by . However, its activity was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, KCN and L-cysteine. Also, the enzyme activity was decreased by the addition of EDTA, suggesting that the purified CMCase is metalloenzyme.

Fungi and their ability to decolourize azo and anthraquinonic dyes

One hundred and fifteen fungi from different physio-ecological groups were compared for their capacity to decolourize two structurally different dyes in agar plates. We found that the azo dye, Acid Red 183, was much more resistant to decolourization by the examined strains in both solid and liquid cultures. Among the tested fungi, 69 strains showed decolourization of the anthraquinonic dye, Basic Blue 22, within 5–14 days, and only 16 strains were able to decolourize the azo dye, Acid Red 183, within 21 days. Furthermore, the potential of selected strains for decolourization of dyes was examined with regard to their extracellular oxidative factors both enzymatic and non-enzymatic. In static aqueous culture, the three selected fungi (Bjerkandera fumosa, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, and Stropharia rugoso-annulata) formed fungal mats, which did not decolourize any dye beyond some mycelial sorption. In comparison to the static cultures, the agitated cultures (180 rpm) removed 75 to 100% of the colour of Basic Blue 22 and 20 to 100% of Acid Red 183 colour.

The uptake of cadmium and zinc by mycelia and their accumulation in mycelia and fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms

Cd and Zn concentrations were determined by optical emission spectroscopy in various parts of the fruiting body and the mycelium of two wild mushrooms, Agaricus macrosporus and Agaricus silvicola, and in cultivated Stropharia rugosoannulata. Cd was distributed in a characteristic manner within the fruiting body of all three species. The Cd content of the cap was a function of its radius as well as its height. Concentrations of Cd and the chemically related Zn in the investigated mushroom segments were strongly correlated, whereas Al, Cu and Ag correlated poorly with Cd. To our knowledge, this is the first study of Cd contents in wild mycelia. We found similar concentrations of Cd and Zn in isolated mycelia and stems of the corresponding fruiting bodies. In addition, substrates were analysed to study soil-specific effects on Cd accumulation. The extent of Cd and Zn transfer from soil to mushroom was species-specific and influenced by the availability of these two heavy metals, as well as the age of the mushroom. Interestingly, the typical Cd and Zn distributions described here were not affected by the extent of accumulation, indicating that uptake and distribution of Cd and Zn are actually two separate mechanisms.

Conversion of aminonitrotoluenes by fungal manganese peroxidase

Preparations of extracellular manganese peroxidase from the white-rot fungus Nematoloma frowardii and the litter decaying fungus Stropharia rugosoannulata converted rapidly the main intermediates of the explosive 2,4,-trinitrotoluene--the aminonitrotoluenes. In a cell-free system, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene were degraded without formation of identifiable metabolites. Radioactive experiments using a complex mixture of uniform ring-labeled 14C-TNT reduction products demonstrated the partial direct mineralization of these compounds by manganese peroxidase. The extent of aminonitrotoluene conversion as well as the release of 14CO2 from TNT reduction products were considerably enhanced in the presence of thiols like reduced glutathione or the amino acid L-cystein, which probably act as secondary mediators.

Caractérisation de souches cultivées d'un nouveau champignon comestible: Stropharia rugoso-annulata. II. Anatomie, développement mycélien et fructification

To establish a performing production strategy for the edible mushroom Stropharia rugoso-annulata, investigations on anatomy and physiological characteristics of the basidiomycete were carried out. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of Stropharia strains revealed no significant morphological differences. Spore germination was only obtained in the presence of growing mycelium. On the basis of the influence of temperature on the growth rate of Stropharia strains, three groups were defined without relation to phenotypic classification. Moreover, every strain exhibited a higher growth rate at 25 °C, and residual growth was observed above 35 °C The pH of the medium did not affect mycelium development. Regardless of the initial pH value, after 2 weeks of mycelium growth, the pH was established at a value close to 3.5. However, no acidic compounds were detected in this medium. A preliminary cultivation trial indicated that carpophore formation is strongly affected by spawn run time.

Mushroom strains able to grow at high temperatures and low pH values

Seven strains of edible mushrooms were studied with regard to mycelial growth on different growth media and culture conditions. Medium WDA (wheat/dextrose/agar) promoted higher rates of mycelial growth for all the mushrooms investigated. The majority of the strains presented higher growth rates at 30°C, but only Lentinus edodes kept maximum rates at low pH (pH 4.0), followed by Stropharia rugosoannulata and Pleurotus ostreatus (pH 5.0). Absence of light favoured rapid mycelium development in all the strains tested.

Phylogenetic Relationships among Coprinoid Taxa and Allies Based on Data from Restriction Site Mapping of Nuclear rDNA

Phylogenetic relationships among coprinoid and closely related taxa were studied using restriction site data. Seven taxa in Coprinus (C. comatus, C. atramentarius, C. cinereus, C. micaceus, C. corduporus, C. plicatilis, C. curtus), five potential sister group taxa (Psathyrella gracilis, Panaeolus semiovatus, Bolbitius vitellinus, Agrocybe praecox, Stropharia rugosoannulata), and two secotioid taxa (Podaxis pistillaris and Montagnea arenaria) were investigated. Restriction analysis was carried out on enzymatically amplified portions of the nuclear gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA and the internally transcribed spacer region II. A total of 153 sites were mapped, of which 54 were phylogenetically informative. Six equally-most parsimonious networks were resolved using cladistic methods. One of these six networks was identified as best supported using a stepmatrix to weight restriction site gains over losses (character-state weighting). This tree demonstrates that: 1, the genus Coprinus is at least paraphyletic and probably polyphyletic; 2, Psathyrella is derived from within Coprinus; 3, the two secotioid taxa are closely related to Coprinus comatus, and, 4, the sister genus to Coprinus is Bolbitius. The branches of the character-state weighted tree have support similar to identical branches from the equally weighted tree as evidenced by three robustness indices. The character-state weighted tree provides a phylogenetic hypothesis similar to a strict consensus tree from unweighted parsimony analysis, but has the advantage of being fully resolved and thus provides a more detailed hypothesis for future research.

A strain collection of the mycorrhizal mushroom Cantharellus cibarius obtained by germination of spores and culture of fruit body tissue

Germination of spores of Cantharellus cibarius was obtained by five different methods finally resulting in the establishment of 12 pure strains. Living tomato roots were useful as a stimulant for germination although germination frequency remained low. Although the preparation of pure cultures from fruit body tissue was technically not difficult they were usually heavily contaminated. Using modified Murashige & Skoog medium, 18 pure mycelial cultures from different origins were established; two were established on modified Fries medium. Unambiguous evidence that the mycelial cultures were derived from C. cibarius was obtained with the aid of DNA hybridization experiments. These studies also revealed that C. cibarius is very slightly related to Craterellus cornucopioides, Stropharia rugosoannulata and Pleurotus cornucopiae, respectively. No base sequence homology was noted between C. cibarius and the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus.

Conversion of different plant waste into feed by basidiomycetes

1. The solid state fermentation of beech sawdust, reed, rape and sunflower straw and rice husks by Stropharia rugosoannulata, Pleurotus sp. Florida, Pleurotus cornucopiae and Agrocybe aegerita at 25°C for periods of 0–60 days was examined. 2. All fungi tested can colonize the sterile substrates used. The highest decomposition rate was found with P. cornucopiae on rape (44.5%) and sunflower (43.2%). Relatively low decomposition activity was observed for A. aegerita. 3. On all substrates tested, the water soluble substances increase after 60 days of solid state fermentation. 4. Lignolitic activity and in vitro digestibility are strongly dependent on fungal species and the kind of plant waste substrate. Pleurotus sp. Florida and Stropharia rugosoannulata showed good lignin decomposition and increased the in vitro digestibility of all substrates except rice husks. Agrocybe aegerita decomposed lignin only to a small extent and decreased the in vitro digestibility. 5. All fungi tested decreased the digestibility of rice husks. This effect is probably caused by high incrustation of rice husks with SiO2.