Strong Immune System Research Articles

Beneficial role of healthy eating Index-2015 score & physical activity on COVID-19 outcomes

BackgroundNutritional status and physical activity are essential to maintain a strong immune system. No definite pharmacological strategies for Coronavirus disease 2019 treatment are presently available, so natural enhancement of the immune system is in need. Our goal was to assess the correlation of healthy diet and physical activity on COVID-19 disease outcome.MethodsThis cohort study was conducted on 68 adult patients who contracted mild (38) or moderate [30] cases of COVID-19, recruited via a convenience sampling technique from the outpatient clinic, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Hospital. Patients’ Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and degree of physical activity as measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire were evaluated and linked with several inflammatory markers.ResultsMost of patients with mild COVID-19 patients (92.1%) were physically active, compared to only 50% of moderate COVID-19. The total Metabolic Equivalent Task-min/week was positively correlated with the lymphocyte percentage. The median total HEI score was significantly higher in the patients with mild COVID-19 than with moderate COVID. Significant positive correlations observed among the lymphocyte count and total HEI-2015. There was approximately a 64% reduction in the probability of acquiring moderate COVID-19 illness for each unit rise in The HEI.ConclusionHealthier nutrition and Physical activity correlated with reduced COVID-19 disease severity.Trial registrationThe study was registered on clinical trial.gov maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (CinicalTrials.gov identifier = NCT04447144; https://clinicaltrials.gov/) (25/06/2020).

Research Progress of Immune Heterogeneity in Leukemia Microenvironment--Review

Although the body has a strong immune system which can resists the invasion of leukemia cells, leukemia cells disseminate systemically and form an immunosuppressive microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms, including regulation of antigen presentation, utilization of immunosuppressive enzyme AXL, immune cell inhibitory checkpoint NKG2A and immunoregulatory gene VISTA, resulting in immune escape. Therefore, most types of leukemia are inevitable for the affliction of drug resistance or relapse, and the immune efficacy is not as significant as that of other hematological tumors and the prognosis is suboptimal. This article reviews the immune heterogeneity of leukemia microenvironment from many aspects, including anti-leukemia immunity and immune escape. In addition, it also reviews the latest progress and future prospects of immune checkpoint inhibition, adoptive cell therapy and vaccine therapy in leukemia, providing a theoretical basis for the development of personalized combination therapy strategies with less toxic side effects.

Current Perspective on Vitamins and SARS-CoV-2 Disease (COVID-19)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus, has resulted in a pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has taken over the world in no time causing nearly 5 million deaths and almost 500 million people being affected as of June 2022 causing an extensive burden on healthcare facilities globally. Though the disease onset is via respiratory tract, but it affects almost all organs of the body and due to induction of mutations in the virus, combating with the disease is extremely difficult. The major damage associated with disease is driven through inflammatory pathways in tissues with accompanying cytokine storm mediated mainly by macrophages. Building a strong immune system requires maintenance of a healthy diet along with keeping vitamin and coenzyme deficiencies away. The review focuses on the importance of the vitamins for maintaining a good immune system to reduce the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, to fight the infection efficiently, and to reduce the impact of the disease. Vitamins play an essential role in modulating the immune responses to infection via altering the signaling pathways, which can act as potential weapons against the disease. Various water- and fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin B, C, D, and E have crucial roles in mediating primary interferon response, improving innate as well as adaptive functions of immunity and antioxidant properties. The current understanding about the supplementation of various vitamins as an adjunct therapeutic strategy to fight COVID-19 disease has also been discussed.

A fractal–fractional model of Ebola with reinfection

In this article, we have studied the dynamics of the Ebola virus disease by means of fractional differentiation combined with a fractal dimension. It has been shown explicitly that the Ebola model is positively invariant. The fixed point theorem procedures check the solution’s existence and uniqueness to the model using the Mittag-Leffler kernel. The stability of the Ebola fractal–fractional model is studied using the Hyers–Ulam stable analysis. The numerical simulation for the trajectories of the proposed model is obtained using Lagrangian interpolation. Also, the numerical sensitivity analysis of the model is presented. For instance, a reduction in the rate of human-to-human contact results in a decline in the rate of infection, implying that the disease at a point will die out. Again, an increase in the loss of immunity rate to unity leads to a massive spread of the Ebola disease in the population. The findings in our work depict that we can achieve an Ebola-free state should the health sector give more education on maintaining a strong immune system and reducing human-to-human contact, especially during outbreaks of the Ebola disease, using measures like isolation and quarantine. Finally, using the fractal–fractional operator, we observed that any amount of memory variation and repetition in the outbreak of the disease influences the spread of the Ebola disease.

An Islamic Perspective on Infection Treatment and Wound Healing

Muslims regard Islam as a complete code of conduct because it provides guidance in all aspects of life. Islamic teachings cover nearly all areas of knowledge, including medical sciences. Islam offers a unique perspective on how to treat wounds and illnesses. Islamic wound treatment methods are distinct and recognized by modern science. For Muslims, the only true treatment for illnesses and injuries is that mentioned in the Holy Quran and practiced by the Holy Prophet himself throughout his lifetime. Islamic treatments for various internal and external wounds and illnesses, such as the use of honey, black cumin, Indian incense, cupping, and cauterization, are extremely beneficial in treating both internal and external wounds. Islamic diets are high in beneficial nutrients for the body, such as ginger, figs, dates, and olive oil, and Islamic rituals such as five daily prayers, ablution, and fasting are very effective at keeping the body wound resistant. A healthy body has a strong immune system that can fight off various illnesses and injuries. To reach a definitive conclusion, a thorough examination of Islam’s original and fundamental sources, such as the Holy Quran and the sayings of the Holy Prophet, was carried out. Although modern science has validated the majority of the approaches emphasized by Islamic teachings, much more research is needed to validate Islamic sayings about medical sciences.

Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Growth and Some Innate Immune Responses of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) in Biofloc Systems

The Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) species is in high demand owing to its valuable caviar. Therefore, it is in danger of extinction. Since the Russian sturgeon reaches sexual maturity late in its life cycle, this species has a high economic cost for farmers. However, this high cost can be reduced with an environmentally friendly system called biofloc technology. This study compared the growth performance and health indicators of biofloc groups using different carbon sources such as starch (BS), molasses (BM) and dextrose (BD). In the 60-day study, fish with an average initial weight of 106.44±5.79 g were stocked in tanks at a density of 21 fish/tank (0.4 m3/tank). The water temperature was set at 19 ℃ degrees throughout the study. On the 30th and 60th days of the experiment, fish were weighted to measure the growth parameters and sampled for immune indices. No mortality was observed in any group throughout the study. A between group comparison of weight gain revealed that BS and BM (105.51±2.26; 100.50±2.18) performed better than the control (BC, without external carbon sources) and BD groups (95.90±2.09; 87.36±2.18) (P<0.05). Furthermore, FCR and SGR were calculated from the data obtained at the end of the experiment, and the data shows that the BS and BM groups were statistically more effective than the other groups. Moreover, a comparison of NBT, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase enzyme activities indicated that all BFT groups had a stronger immune system than the control group (P<0.05). According to the results, the immune-enhancing effect of BFT for sturgeon was determined, and it was reported that BS and BM are more suitable for use in this species in terms of FCR and SGR, as they result an economic and environmentally friendly production.

Converging Paths: A Comprehensive Review of the Synergistic Approach between Complementary Medicines and Western Medicine in Addressing COVID-19 in 2020

The rapid spread of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic. Although specific vaccines are available and natural drugs are being researched, supportive care and specific treatments to alleviate symptoms and improve patient quality of life remain critical. Chinese medicine (CM) has been employed in China due to the similarities between the epidemiology, genomics, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Moreover, the integration of other traditional oriental medical systems into the broader framework of integrative medicine can offer a powerful approach to managing the disease. Additionally, it has been reported that integrated medicine has better effects and does not increase adverse drug reactions in the context of COVID-19. This article examines preventive measures, potential infection mechanisms, and immune responses in Western medicine (WM), as well as the pathophysiology based on principles of complementary medicine (CM). The convergence between WM and CM approaches, such as the importance of maintaining a strong immune system and promoting preventive care measures, is also addressed. Current treatment options, traditional therapies, and classical prescriptions based on empirical knowledge are also explored, with individual patient circumstances taken into account. An analysis of the potential benefits and challenges associated with the integration of complementary and Western medicine (WM) in the treatment of COVID-19 can provide valuable guidance, enrichment, and empowerment for future research endeavors.

Pengaruh Beban Kerja, Disiplin Kerja dan Stres Kerja terhadap Kinera Karyawan pada PT Hindoli (A Cargill Company)

This study aims to determine how much influence the level of workload, work discipline, and work stress on employee performance at PT Hindoli (A Cargill Company). This study uses quantitative methods and analysis using multiple linear regression analysis. Testing this research using SPSS version 24 with a total sample of 93 respondents. The results of the first regression analysis prove that workload (X1) has no effect on employee performance, which means that H1 is rejected. The level of tasks given by the company is in accordance with the abilities of employees, and the majority of employees are men who have stronger immune systems so that the workload does not affect employee performance. The results of the second regression analysis prove that work discipline (X2) has an effect on employee performance, which means that H2 is accepted. The higher the level of work discipline, the better the employee's performance. The results of the third regression analysis prove that work stress (X3) affects employee performance, which means H3 is accepted. The stress experienced by employees is low stress that employees can still overcome and it does not become an obstacle to employee performance. Taken together, the variables of workload (X1), work discipline (X2) and work stress (X3) affect employee performance.

Policies Affecting Pregnant Women with Substance Use Disorder

Policies Affecting Pregnant Women with Substance Use Disorder

An Outstandingly Rare Occurrence of Mycoviruses in Soil Strains of the Plant-Beneficial Fungi from the Genus Trichoderma and a Novel Polymycoviridae Isolate.

In fungi, viral infections frequently remain cryptic causing little or no phenotypic changes. It can indicate either a long history of coevolution or a strong immune system of the host. Some fungi are outstandingly ubiquitous and can be recovered from a great diversity of habitats. However, the role of viral infection in the emergence of environmental opportunistic species is not known. The genus of filamentous and mycoparasitic fungi Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) consists of more than 400 species, which mainly occur on dead wood, other fungi, or as endo- and epiphytes. However, some species are environmental opportunists because they are cosmopolitan, can establish in a diversity of habitats, and can also become pests on mushroom farms and infect immunocompromised humans. In this study, we investigated the library of 163 Trichoderma strains isolated from grassland soils in Inner Mongolia, China, and found only four strains with signs of the mycoviral nucleic acids, including a strain of T. barbatum infected with a novel strain of the Polymycoviridae and named and characterized here as Trichoderma barbatum polymycovirus 1 (TbPMV1). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that TbPMV1 was evolutionarily distinct from the Polymycoviridae isolated either from Eurotialean fungi or from the order Magnaportales. Although the Polymycoviridae viruses were also known from Hypocrealean Beauveria bassiana, the phylogeny of TbPMV1 did not reflect the phylogeny of the host. Our analysis lays the groundwork for further in-depth characterization of TbPMV1 and the role of mycoviruses in the emergence of environmental opportunism in Trichoderma. IMPORTANCE Although viruses infect all organisms, our knowledge of some groups of eukaryotes remains limited. For instance, the diversity of viruses infecting fungi-mycoviruses-is largely unknown. However, the knowledge of viruses associated with industrially relevant and plant-beneficial fungi, such as Trichoderma spp. (Hypocreales, Ascomycota), may shed light on the stability of their phenotypes and the expression of beneficial traits. In this study, we screened the library of soilborne Trichoderma strains because these isolates may be developed into bioeffectors for plant protection and sustainable agriculture. Notably, the diversity of endophytic viruses in soil Trichoderma was outstandingly low. Only 2% of 163 strains contained traces of dsRNA viruses, including the new Trichoderma barbatum polymycovirus 1 (TbPMV1) characterized in this study. TbPMV1 is the first mycovirus found in Trichoderma. Our results indicate that the limited data prevent the in-depth study of the evolutionary relationship between soilborne fungi and is worth further investigation.

EDUKASI HOLISTIK PADA IBU POSTPARTUM TERHADAP PEMBERIAN ASI

Introduction : Breast milk is the best food for infants because it contains many substances and protective factors that are impotant for the growth and development of infants so as to reduce infant morbidity and mortality. This contens is very complete and complex, there are hunderds of bioactive molecules that can protect babies from infectione and help in the formation of a strong immune system. Objective : This study aimsto determine whether there is an effect of holistic education on post partum mother on the success of breastfeeding at the Watampone Health Center. Research Methods : Based on the results of the research that researchers have done, the average value of knowledge in the interventioan group before being given education was 4,88, the lowest score was 3 and the highest score was 7 (total score 10), while the average score in the intervention group after education was 9.00. while the average value of knowledge in the pre test control group was 4,82, while the average value of knowledge in the post test control group was 6,29. This shows that there is an effect of providing education on changes in knowledge of post partum mothers in exclusive breastfeeding. Conclution : This study concludes that there is an increase in post pratum mother’s knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding at UPT Puskesmas Watampone after education.

Vaginal Delivery and Breastfeeding Benefit Infant Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Natural vaginal delivery and breastfeeding favor the development of a strong immune system in infants, and the immune response of infants to vaccines is closely related to their immune system. This large prospective cohort study aimed to explore the effects of delivery and feeding mode on infant's immune response to hepatitis B vaccine (HepB). A total of 1,254 infants who completed the whole course of HepB immunization and whose parents were both HBsAg negative were enrolled from infants born in Jinchang City during 2018-2019 by cluster sampling method. Twenty (1.59%) of the 1,254 infants were nonresponders to HepB. Among the other 1,234 infants, 10.05% (124/1,234), 81.69% (1,008/1,234) and 8.27% (102/1,234) of infants had low, medium, and high responses to HepB, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that cesarean section (OR: 8.58, 95% CI: 3.11-23.65, p<0.001) and birth weight <3.18 kg (OR: 5.58, 95% CI: 1.89-16.51, p=0.002) were independent risk factors for infant nonresponse to HepB, and cesarean section (OR: 7.63, 95% CI: 4.64-12.56, p<0.001), formula feeding (OR: 4.91, 95% CI: 1.47-16.45, p=0.001), maternal anti-HBs negativity (OR: 27.2, 95% CI: 10.67-69.35, p<0.001), paternal non-response history of HepB (OR: 7.86, 95% CI: 2.22-27.82, p=0.014) and birth weight <3.22 kg (OR: 4.00, 95% CI: 2.43-6.59, p<0.001) were independent risk factors for infant low response to HepB. In cases where birth weight and genetic factors are unmodifiable and maternal anti-HBs effects are controversial, it makes sense to enhance infant response by changing delivery and feeding patterns. Natural vaginal delivery and breastfeeding are beneficial to the infant's immune response to HepB.

How Covid 19 Fear Affected Nutritional Support in Healthcare Professionals

Objectives: Healthcare professionals are the most affected individuals by the Covid-19 pandemic. Spending this period with a healthy and balanced diet will help them have a strong immune system. The objective of the study is to determine the relationship between Covid-19 fear and using vitamin supplements by healthcare professionals. Methods: This observational study was conducted through the online Google survey application. Questions including demographic details and vitamin use and the fear of Covid-19 scale (FCV-19s) including seven questions were asked. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 21 package program. Results: 874 healthcare professionals were included in the study. Vitamin / mineral usage frequency increases with decreasing BMI and increasing age and is higher in women, those with chronic illnesses, married people, those living at home with children or elderly. The most preferred vitamins / minerals of the participants during the pandemic were vitamin D, vitamin C, multivitamin, zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 and iron, respectively. It was observed that as the number of used vitamins / minerals increased, the average score of the Covid-19 fear scale increased. Conclusion: COVID-19 fear caused increase in vitamin and mineral usage. Healthcare professionals should be informed about their benefits and harms.

Improving nutrition and health among Albanian schoolchildren

Nutrition is a critical part of health and development. Better nutrition is related to improved infant, child and maternal health, stronger immune systems, safer pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases and longevity. Prevention of malnutrition among adolescents and improvement of the nutritional status of children are considered important targets in Albanian health system efforts to achieve benefits in the population’s health. Key approaches for improving nutritional status and nutrition-related knowledge, attitude and practices among school-children in Albania (based on the main findings from the in-depth analysis of three nationwide surveys conducted in Albania between 2015 and 2018 on nutritional status and nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and practices among school-children in Albania and other findings) consist ofprevention and promotion from an early age, focus on knowledge, attitudes and practices, limit exposure to less healthy foods and increase parental awareness and involvement. These studies findings and respective recommendations can support the development of a National School Food and Nutrition Education programme in Albania. While there is evidence for the need to intervene at the national level, the stratified analysis at regional and district levels points to the need for the design and implementation of specific interventions at the local level. It is also very crucial to strengthen and improve anthropometric nutrition and surveillance systems for nutritional risk factors for children and adolescents, and use the data obtained by these systems effectively and appropriately. Conflicts of interest: None declared. Acknowledgment: This document is based on the In-depth analysis of three nationwide surveys conducted recently in Albania regarding ‘Nutritional Status and Nutrition-Related Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Among School-Children in Albania”carried out by Ass. Prof Jolanda Hyska in the framework of the Project "Improving the nutritional status of children in schools in Albania", a project developed by the Albanian Center for Economic Research (ACER), funded by UNICEF Albania. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official opinion of ACER nor of UNICEF.

Discovery and Mechanism of Action of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from an Earthworm.

The robust innate immune system of the earthworm provides a potential source of natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However, the cost and high rediscovery rate of direct separation and purification limits their discovery. Genome sequencing of numerous earthworm species facilitates the discovery of new antimicrobial peptides. Through predicting potential antimicrobial peptides in the open reading frames of the Eisenia andrei genome and sequence optimization, a novel antimicrobial peptide, named EWAMP-R (RIWWSGGWRRWRW), was identified. EWAMP-R demonstrated good activity against various bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. The antibacterial mechanisms of EWAMP-R were explored through molecular simulation and wet-laboratory experiments. These experiments demonstrated that the bacterial membrane may be one of the targets of EWAMP-R but that there may be different interactions with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial membranes. EWAMP-R can disrupt bacterial membrane integrity; however, at low concentrations, it appears that EWAMP-R may get through the membrane of Escherichia coli instead of damaging it directly, implying the existence of a secondary response. Gene expression studies identified that in E. coli, only the apoptosis-like cell death (ALD) pathway was activated, while in Staphylococcus aureus, the MazEF pathway was also upregulated, limiting the influence of the ALD pathway. The different antimicrobial actions against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria can provide important information on the structure-activity relationship of AMPs and facilitate AMP design with higher specificity. This study identified a new source of antibacterial agents that has the potential to address the increasingly serious issue of antibiotic resistance. IMPORTANCE Drug-resistant bacteria are a great threat to public health and drive the search for new antibacterial agents. The living environment of earthworms necessitates a strong immune system, and therefore, they are potentially a rich resource of novel antibiotics. A novel AMP, EWAMP-R, with high antibacterial activity was found through in silico analysis of the Eisenia andrei genome. Molecular analysis investigating the interactions between EWAMP-R and the cell membrane demonstrated the importance of tryptophan and arginine residues to EWAMP-R activity. Additionally, the different secondary responses found between E. coli and S. aureus were in accordance with a common phenomenon where some antibacterial agents only target specific species of bacteria. These results provided useful molecular information to support further AMP research and design. Our study expands the sources of antimicrobial peptides and also helps to explain the adaptability of earthworms to their environment.

Impact of Sting Pathway in Inflammation and Covid-19 Pathogenesis

The recent encounter by Sars-Cov2 (COVID-19) presented the need of having stronger immune system as the first line of body’s defense mechanism. Stronger the immune response better will be the pathogen recognition. Better understanding of immune response mechanism and functioning of its components will pave the route for defending against these pathogens. Innate immune defense being non-specific in nature identifies both DNA and RNA viruses as well as other pathogens attacking the body. Presence of foreign nucleic acids bound to the specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include toll-like receptors (TLRs), cGAS-STING, Nod-like receptors (NLR) and RNA helicase receptors (RIG-1 and MDA5) triggers a signaling cascade. These signaling channels direct to the production of type-1 interferons and other cytokine/chemokine effectors of innate immune system which in turn activate adaptive immune response. STING pathway as a prime innate detector of self and non-self-nucleic acids plays an important role in the development of inflammation followed by type-1 interferon production. COVID-19 being involved with the respiratory failure shows the main characteristic feature of cytokine storm which direct to hyper inflammation. These hyper-inflammatory responses worsen the immune compromised state of the patients which makes this disease as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Understanding the underline mechanisms involved in and regulating the process of hyper inflammation would provide an effective treatment to reduce the mortalities. Deregulation of STING pathway is involved in various inflammatory diseases that make it a potent target to understand its mechanism of work during viral attack. Many recent studies have further supported the importance of delayed STING signaling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 during the second phase of this disease. This review mainly focuses on the role of STING in inflammation and its function in our immune system which can be harnessed to tackle the recent pathogeneses of COVID-19.

The correlation between physical inactivity and students' health based on data mining and related influencing factors.

The sedentary behavior among college students has become one of the most important factors affecting the development of physical and mental health. Chronic lack of physical activity may lead to health problems such as decreased physical fitness, and increased psychological disorders. In the post-epidemic era, it is necessary for college students to have a strong immune system, and a strong body cannot be achieved without regular leisure physical activity. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the relationship between relevant health factors and physical activity. This paper presents an optimized COM-B model. And the experimental results show that the optimized model is well applied in describing the current situation of physical activity participation among college students, analyzing the distribution characteristics of socio-demographic variables related to physical activity, and exploring the correlation between physical activity and the subhealth status of college students.

The role of antivirus protection in the formation of the ecosystem and immune system of corporate information systems

The article examines the need for the formation of an ecosystem, a corporate information system with a strong immune system, which, together with antivirus protection, provides a sufficient level of cyber protection of the entire system for the possibility of stable and stable functioning of large corporate information systems. The need to take into account the fact that modern corporate information systems are formed on the basis of neural systems, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things was also noted. This determines the need for a complex approach to the selection of an antivirus software product, which must be harmoniously integrated into the general architecture of the information system to ensure a high level of antivirus protection. An analysis of available anti-virus software products has shown that the vast majority of them are effective for home use. For corporate information systems, it is necessary to choose an antivirus product based on the recommendation and technical support of the vendor company, which is responsible for the entire software product used in the system being built.

How to treat with gynecological cancers during COVID-19 pandemic: A review

The COVID-19 pandemic has created difficulties in managing gynecological malignancies, leading to limitations on routine visits, reduced face-to-face appointments, postponements of surgeries and interventions, and necessary adjustments to treatment strategies. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with COVID-19 cases, making resource allocation a focal point. The pandemic significantly impacted the mental well-being of women with gynecological cancers, leading to heightened anxiety, worries about treatment delays, and increased stress, depression, and fear. Strategies to support mental health, such as telehealth-based mental health services offering online therapy and support groups, have proven beneficial. Additionally, incorporating mindfulness techniques and meditation practices into daily routines could assist patients in coping with stress and anxiety, ultimately fostering emotional resilience. The COVID-19 pandemic has complicated the traditional approach to prioritizing cancer treatment based on cancer stage. Certain gynecological cancers and their treatments can weaken patients' immune systems, making them more susceptible to severe COVID-19 complications. Advanced-stage and aggressively growing cancers pose a particular risk, as postponing treatment due to COVID-19 concerns could lead to disease progression and impact treatment success and patient survival. The urgency of therapeutic decisions during the pandemic is influenced by cancer stage and aggressiveness, with advanced and rapidly progressing cancers requiring prompt intervention. Patient age and overall health status also play crucial roles, as younger patients with strong immune systems may tolerate treatment delays better than older patients with underlying health conditions. COVID-19 outbreak has undeniably disrupted traditional approaches to managing gynecological malignancies, but it has also spurred creativity and adaptation. Treatment decisions for gynecological cancer patients must consider age, overall health, and cancer stage. By embracing telemedicine, using risk assessment models, and prioritizing collaborative patient management, a more resilient and patient-centered healthcare system can be developed to address current and future pandemic challenges.

The impact of vitamin D deficiency on gestational COVID-19 infection

Background: A worldwide pandemic infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020 caused an outbreak of the disease called COVID-19 infection. Multiple researchers investigated the effect of serum Vitamin D levels in preventing and treating infectious respiratory syndromes. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone and fat-soluble vitamin which helps preserve a strong immune system and is frequently taken as supplements for the prevention of viral and bacterial illnesses. The serum Vitamin D levels in pregnant women have led to discussions on the severity of the clinical outcomes and its possible role in preventing a COVID-19 infection by treating Vitamin D deficiency with supplements. The purpose of this study is to describe the most recent studies on the impact of vitamin D levels on pregnant women with COVID-19 infection. Methods: This is a narrative literature review in which PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane and Google Scholar database were used to select the most relevant research published in English before December 2022 and available to the authors. Results and Conclusion: Although lower serum vitamin D levels are associated with a higher chance of contracting a serious disease caused by several respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2, they are not associated with a higher possibility of COVID-19 occurring in expecting women. Key words: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Vitamin D, Vitamin D deficiency, pregnant women