Strong Typhoon Research Articles

Prediction and early warning of wind-induced girder and tower vibration in cable-stayed bridges with machine learning-based approach

Long-span cable-stayed bridges are prone to significant vibrations under strong wind events such as typhoons, which pose a risk to the bridge functioning and the driving safety of passing vehicles. Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems were widely deployed in most long-span bridges, providing long-term measurements of wind characteristics and vibrations of girders and towers. This paper proposes a data-driven approach to predict the vibration amplitudes of girder and towers for early warning based on state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. A cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 1088 m is taken as the case study. The monitoring data during a strong typhoon Haikui are extracted to establish the database for training the machine learning models. Wind speed, wind direction, and turbulence intensity are selected as input variables, and girder and tower vibrations are considered as the output. Vertical and lateral vibrations are predicted for the girder, while in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations for the tower. Random Forest (RF) is used for vibration prediction and has demonstrated better accuracy than other typical algorithms. An integrated girder vibration indicator is proposed for early warning considering vertical and lateral directions. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is used to approximate the distribution of the vibration indicator with Akaike information criterion (AIC). The early warning is implemented with monitoring data and predicted results. The proposed approach can guide the bridge operator to manage and maintain bridges during typhoon events and avoid bridge damage and traffic accidents due to excessive vibration.

Influence of coherent structure on turbulence characteristics of 0814 strong typhoon Hagupit

In order to explore the formation mechanism of the nonstationary wind speed in the eye wall regions and eye region of a typhoon, taking the measured data of No.0814 strong typhoon Hagupit as the research object, we identify and extract the coherent structure of the measured wind field by discrete wavelet transform combined with hypothesis testing, and analyze the influence of the coherent structure on the nonstationary and non-Gaussian wind speed and study the influence of the coherent structure on the wind turbulence characteristics. The results show that for the 0814 typhoon Hagupit process, the coherent structure is the main reason that leads to the nonstationary and non-Gaussian fluctuating winds in the typhoon field, and with the coherent structures being exacted from the original winds, the nonstationary and non-Gaussian characteristics of the nonstationary wind samples are significantly weakened. The average contribution of the coherent structure to the turbulence parameters ranges from 6.42% to 32.40%. The duration of the coherent structure is about 10.60% of the sample duration, however, its contribution to turbulent kinetic energy is up to 40.50%. The coherent structure has the characteristics of short duration and high energy content, which is the cause of the abnormally large turbulence parameter value. This study can provide a reference for the refined wind resistance design of structures under the action of nonstationary wind.

NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION SIMULATION OF TYPHOONS’ WAVE ENERGY IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT AND ITS ADJACENT WATERS

As new energy technologies boom in recent years, marine renewable energy, especially wave power is one potential trend. However, few relevant studies focus on extreme sea conditions. In this paper, a numerical model of typhoon waves in the Taiwan Strait is established based on the third-generation ocean wave model SWAN and then calculated by the wave energy empirical equation. Typhoon No. 200808 Fung-wong, strong typhoon No. 200815 Jangmi and strong typhoon No. 201808 Maria are used for verification and analysis. Finally, the results show that most concentrated wave energy values are more than 300 kW/m for typhoon and more than 900 kW/m for strong typhoons, over 60 times and 180 times the annual average (5 kW/m) in the Chinese sea area, respectively. In terms of other locations, corresponding values are more than 50 kW/m and over 100 kW/m. Therefore, typhoons’ wave energy is certainly a huge asset if fully utilized.

Drivers of Phytoplankton Variability in and Near the Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea During Typhoon Hato (2017): A Numerical Study

AbstractThe Pearl River Estuary and adjacent seas in South China Sea are frequently affected by tropical cyclones (TCs). Previous in situ and remote sensing studies have found that typhoons can enhance phytoplankton biomass and induce blooms in this region. However, the mechanistic links between phytoplankton blooms and typhoons have not been well understood due to the interplay of multiple complex processes along the land‐ocean‐atmosphere interface. Here, we constructed an integrated modeling system with the marine ecosystem and sediment components for the China Great Bay Area. By using the integrated modeling system, we quantitatively investigated the phytoplankton response to hydrological conditions variations under Typhoon Hato (2017), a strong typhoon case. Passive tracer experiments showed that with high river discharge induced by heavy rainfall, the residence time within Lingding Bay is as short as 15 days, less than half of that under the climatological discharge. The increase in freshwater pulse washes out the phytoplankton biomass within Lingding Bay. While for the offshore region, the analysis of various source and sink terms for the offshore region's post‐typhoon response showed that the increase of phytoplankton biomass in the first week was because of the uplift of nutrient‐rich subsurface water, while in the second week, it was due to the seaward propagation of nearshore high phytoplankton biomass water. While riverine nutrients support phytoplankton growth in the third week, a large part of phytoplankton biomass was lost to zooplankton grazing, showing the system shifted from the bottom‐up control to the top‐down control.

Pyramiding of multiple strong-culm genes originating from indica and tropical japonica to the temperate japonica rice

Severe lodging has recurrently occurred at strong typhoon’s hitting in recent climate change. The identification of quantitative trait loci and their responsible genes associated with a strong culm and their pyramiding are important for developing high-yielding varieties with a superior lodging resistance. To evaluate the effects of four strong-culm genes on lodging resistance, the temperate japonica near isogenic line (NIL) with the introgressed SCM1 or SCM2 locus of the indica variety, Habataki and the other NIL with the introgeressed SCM3 or SCM4 locus of the tropical japonica variety, Chugoku 117 were developed. Then, we developed the pyramiding lines with double,triple and quadruple combinations derived from step-by-step crosses among NIL-SCM1–NIL-SCM4. Quadruple pyramiding line (NIL-SCM1 + 2 + 3 + 4) showed the largest culm diameter and the highest culm strength among the combinations and increased spikelet number due to the pleiotropic effects of these genes. Pyramiding of strong culm genes resulted in much increased culm thickness, culm strength and spikelet number due to their additive effect. SCM1 mainly contributed to enhance their pyramiding effect. These results in this study suggest the importance of identifying the combinations of superior alleles of strong culm genes among natural variation and pyramiding these genes for improving high-yielding varieties with a superior lodging resistance.

Suspended sediment dynamics in macrotidal turbid Hangzhou Bay during Typhoon Chan-hom

Typhoons are extreme weather events that cause serious social and economic losses in coastal and estuarine areas worldwide. Understanding the impact of typhoons on sediment dynamics is essential for protecting coastal areas from these marine disasters. Hangzhou Bay is macro-tidal, turbid, and frequently affected by strong typhoons. In this study, we established and validated a three-dimensional model coupling waves, current, and sediment to investigate the sediment dynamics in Hangzhou Bay during Typhoon Chan-hom. The results showed that high suspended sediment concentration (SSC) areas during the typhoon were mainly located at the bay head and near the southern shore near the Andong tidal flat. The maximum bottom SSC was at least twice that near the surface. The peak bottom SSC values at the peak flood (6 g/L) were larger than those at the peak ebb (5 g/L) owing to the stronger current velocity at peak flood. The SSC near the northern shore was larger at the peak flood than at other times, and the SSC was high at the southern shore at peak ebb at the cross-section near the Andong tidal flat. The typhoon impacted SSC by changing the bottom stress. SSC was most influenced by wave action, followed by wind stress action, and was least influenced by air pressure action, which contributed 71.3%, 69.9%, and 1.8% to the bottom stress, respectively. Our findings are scientifically important for research on geomorphological evolution and are practically meaningful for coastal management.

Profiles of mean wind and turbulence intensity during strong typhoon landfall

It is established that the mean wind in a typhoon structure is related to the typhoon intensity ΔP and the normalized distance D/Router between the typhoon center and observation spot. To further investigate the influence of ΔP and D/Router on extreme winds under typhoon conditions, field measurements of mean wind speeds U and turbulence intensities Iu at different heights below 70 m during the strong typhoons Haitang, Matsa, and Khanun were carried out during the landing process along the southeast coastline of China. It was concluded based on analyses that the profiles of U and Iu in typhoon conditions can be approximated by a power law. Furthermore, most of their exponents about mean wind αU and ones about turbulence intensity αIu are significantly larger than the code value of 0.12 in terrain A. The αU and αIu during the three strong typhoons fluctuated roughly before landing and linear stationary variation after landfall. After landing, αU decreased with U and ΔP for the three typhoons. αU increased with D during the typhoons Matsa and Khanun, whereas it decreased with D/Router during Haitang. After landfall, αIu decreased with ΔP and increased with D/Router during Matsa and Khanun, whereas it varied in a converse manner during Haitang.

Chain Reaction Risk Analysis Under Typhoon Influence

In typhoon weather, the wind-born debris caused by the rupture of the glass curtain wall is the main reason for the large-scale damage to the glass curtain wall. This paper mainly discusses the accurate mathematical model of glass curtain wall damage rate under the probability of a typhoon attack, as well as the potential and expected value of losses caused by the typhoon of a skyscraper in Hong Kong. Results show that the output of the mathematical model is roughly normally distributed around the actual values which can approximately reflect the potential loss of a skyscraper in a strong typhoon. Discussion of the correlation of wind speed and height, the influence of the surrounding low-rise buildings, and the material of glass enhance the applicability of the results. Meanwhile, it is difficult to fully consider the complexity of the surrounding environment, which is the limitation of this study. However, this study can still benefit urban planning, architectural engineering, and insurance companies.

Experimental Study on Wave Force on Large-Scale Pier Column Foundation of Sea-Crossing Bridge for Preserving the Marine Environment

Based on the project sea area where the large-scale sea-crossing bridge is located, the marine environment is facing the threat of severe marine environmental issues such as strong typhoons and big waves. In order to resist the impact of the super wave load, the research focuses on a new structure derived from soft computing techniques in a simulated environment. Since the conventional methods cannot be used for handling such an important problem, soft computing techniques can certainly help to provide simulated solutions. These solutions can be exploited in a real-time environment to test their viability. The overall physical model test of the wave with a scale of 1 : 40 is carried out in this research study by using the proposed methodology. By setting a series of groups such as different wave height, period, water level (pier foundation scouring depth), and wave-current coupling, it is studied that the wave height and period are in positive proportion to the wave force on the pier column structure. However, there is no obvious relationship with the water level change (scouring depth). The buoyancy of the pile cap structure is about 1.27 times greater than that of the pier structure. Compared with the combined wave force of the single wave and wave current, the sensitivity and the relationship have been studied. Using this study and several engineering results completed in the early stage and also verified by the measured data, the results show that the proposed soft computing technique has good accuracy and can provide a reference for the load estimation of large-scale foundation structures.

Identification of synoptic patterns for extreme rainfall events associated with landfalling typhoons in China during 1960–2020

Extreme rainfall associated with landfalling typhoon (ERLTC) can cause severe disasters and economic impacts throughout China. Improving the accuracy of ERLTC forecasts is therefore crucial in disaster prevention and mitigation. The top 26 ERLTC events in China during 1960–2020 are investigated based on multi-source datasets. These ERLTC events are categorized into five main types according to the geographical location of the extreme precipitation and its position relative to the tropical cyclone (TC) center, namely: the typhoon inner-core rainfall in Taiwan (TWIC), typhoon inverted trough rainfall in Taiwan (TWIT), weak typhoon rainfall in Hainan (HNWK), strong typhoon rainfall in Zhejiang (ZJST) and inland typhoon remnant rainfall (ILRM). All the ERLTC events occurred in the weakening stage of TC after reaching its lifetime maximum intensity in convective cloud (TBB ≤ −32 °C) regions over complex local terrain. The translational speeds of 20 TCs (76.9% of the total) were smaller than the climatological average (20.6 km h−1) during the extreme precipitation events. The differences are as follows: the TWIC and TWIT types are featured with different season, track and water vapor channel although both occurred in Taiwan. The other three types are distinguished by spinning track and strong convective cloud for HNWK type, strong TC intensity and binary TC interactions for ZJST type; and stagnation and strong westerly trough activity for ILRM type, respectively. These results are expected to provide useful clues for an in-depth understanding of ERLTC events over China.

Turbulent Fluxes and Surface Meteorology during the Landfall of Four Typhoons in the South China Sea

Abstract We examine landfall of four typhoons in the South China Sea to better understand their air–land and air–sea energy exchanges at both an inland site and a nearby oversea observational site, comparing the exchanges to those during the monsoon period. We found the following: 1) Counter-gradient sensible heat fluxes could occur for all wind directions. For the latent heat, counter-gradient flux occurred at the inland site mainly with onshore winds. At the oversea site, such flux regularly occurred during the typhoons as well as during rainy periods in the monsoon. 2) Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) fits the inland and oversea cases well for only the vertical and horizontal wind speeds. Also, the nondimensional vertical gradient of wind speed had larger MOST parameter values over sea than inland. 3) Inland, when the wind speed increased, the downward heat flux from air to ground increased. 4) When the typhoon center was distant, the oversea latent heat flux was larger than that during the monsoon period. However, when the typhoon center was nearby, the latent heat flux was smaller. We suggest that the observed heat flux behavior over sea may arise from boundary layer rolls and sea spray during a typhoon with rainfall, but significant gaps exist in the latent heat flux data from the two stronger typhoons. 5) Detailed measurements of Typhoons Vicente and Kai-tak suggest two mechanisms for their SST decrease: Vicente had a wind-driven upwelling and mixing of the sea’s upper layer, whereas Kai-tak had a much stronger wind-driven vertical turbulent mixing, resulting in whole-layer mixing and less cooling than Vicente. Significance Statement The energy exchanges of air–land and air–sea during a typhoon landfall remain unclear. To investigate these exchanges, we studied four typhoons using two coastal observational sites (inland and over sea). When the site has no rainfall and is far away from the typhoon center, the latent heat flux is much larger than that in the monsoon period. However, when a typhoon is closer and has high winds and rainfall, a greater variation in heat fluxes occurs with larger negative and positive values. The variation results in a small average sensible heat flux and more uncertainty in the latent heat flux. Such complex heat flux transfer over sea may be due to boundary layer rolls and sea spray during a typhoon with rainfall.

COMPONENT-BASED SEVERE WIND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS OF WOODEN BUILDINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Northwestern Pacific Ocean Basin is home to the strongest tropical cyclones in the world, called typhoons. The Philippines is situated as the gateway for the typhoons developing in the Northwestern Pacific Basin. As a result, the country is being exposed to the risk brought by significantly strong typhoons that occur more than once annually. Lightweight buildings, particularly wooden buildings, and their structural components are the most vulnerable to severe winds. This study aims to perform vulnerability analysis on wooden buildings, by developing vulnerability curves that relate the magnitude of severe winds to the variation of damages and by establishing the probabilities of identified damage states of the buildings at certain wind speeds - which are called fragility curves. This study employs an improved framework from a heuristic-empirical-computational methodology previously used in determining GMMA-RAP vulnerability curves. This enhanced framework uses a component-based Monte Carlo vulnerability analysis to determine the improved vulnerability curve to account for the statistical variations of documented building damage from severe winds. A maximum, average, and minimum vulnerability curve were developed by fitting a cumulative lognormal distribution function wherein the mean parameters are 250.92, 425.89, 148.80, and the variance parameters are 0.579, 0.257, 0.433, respectively—the functions used an offset of 72 kph for all the developed curves. The developed curves were then compared to empirical field survey data, wherein 71.43% of the empirical data was within the developed envelope.

Research on hydrodynamics of foundation structure of offshore wind turbine under typhoon-wave-current coupling

Offshore wind turbine is facing with extremely complicated climatic environment. The accurate prediction of wave movement caused by strong typhoons and its action on foundation of wind turbine are crucial. To disclose hydrodynamic characteristics of foundation structure of wind turbine under typhoon-wave-current coupling effect on the sea, a 10 MW super-large offshore wind turbine in Wailuo Wind Farm, Guangdong was chosen as a research object and a real-time meso-scale WRF-SWAN-FVCOM (W-S-F) coupling simulation platform was constructed by using Model Coupling Toolkit The spatial-temporal evolution of typhoon-wave-current in the offshore wind farm was simulated when a super typhoon “Rammasun” passed through. Next, the hydrodynamic load distribution characteristics of single pile foundation of wind turbine were analyzed by combining the meso-micro scale nested method. Extreme load model of foundation piles under different wave phases was proposed. Results demonstrated that the constructed W-S-F platform increased the simulation precision of typhoon path by 42.51% than single WRF model. The horizontal wave force of the foundation pile reached the negative and positive peaks at phases T0 and T4 under typhoon-wave-current coupling, and it presented symmetric distribution circumferentially around the 180° angle of wave attack. The phase T4 was the most adverse phase for the strength design of single pile foundation of offshore wind turbine. At the bottom of foundation, the maximum shear reached the 7.68 × 106 magnitude and the maximum bending moment reached the 5.2 × 108 magnitude.

Variance of TD-Mosaic Dual-Vortex Interactions Between In-Fa and Cempaka (2021) in the North Pacific

A study of the different types of dual-vortex interactions or “Fujiwara effects” between two storms is crucial for considerably improving weather forecasts. This study combined remote sensing images, empirical formulas based on the possibility of storm interaction (Liou–Liu formula), and vector addition techniques to accurately analyze In-Fa and Cempaka typhoons and the surrounding weather patterns during the 2021 typhoon season in the North Pacific. Although the distance separating the typhoons In-Fa and Cempaka was 1,800–2,040 km, the influence of middle air flow and a tropical depression (TD) caused a "vector superposition TD-mosaic double-vortex" interaction between the two typhoons. Therefore, this paper proposes a new dual-vortex interaction between the typhoons studied here. This newly discovered interaction is different from the normally observed double-vortex interaction between storms. In the same context, these interactions caused strong typhoons with eye diameters of 20, 25, 55, 60, 65, 75, and 100 km and led to the turning and U-turn trajectories of the typhoons In-Fa and Cempaka. This paper uses linear (vector) space technology, namely vector addition diagrams, to describe the vector addition TD-mosaic double-vortex interaction between tropical cyclones and TDs.

Study on the Strength Characteristics and Mechanism of Weathered TUFF

Abstract: Many countries in the world has a large number of tuff like cultural relics that have many historical history. These kinds of cultural relics tuff have experienced many natural weathering in the long historical years. Natural weathering like air pollution since industrialization, acid rain erosion and many different degrees of artificial damage, they are suffering from different degrees of surface degradation and decay, erosion and even destruction and a strong typhoon effect. Under consideration and effective protective measures are not taken, irreparable losses will be caused. People who are coming for tourism to look at the historical and cultural relics are in danger. Therefore, it is urgent to deeply study the weathering damage mechanism of stone cultural relics, and to develop stone cultural relics protection materials and construction technical measures. In this paper we will research by understanding the theoretical characteristics and relationship between tuff strength and weathering degree and weathering damage mechanism of stone, and characteristics of rock and mineral composition so that we can theoretically address by studying the weathering damage mechanism. Keywords: Natural stone decay; tuff materials, rock mechanics, weathering damage.

Typhoon-Induced Failure Process and Collapse Mechanism of Super-Large Cooling Tower Based on WRF-CFD-LS/DYNA Nesting Technology

There have been several cases of large cooling towers being damaged by wind in history. A typhoon has the characteristics of a strong wind field energy and large shear wind speed. This paper simulates the entire collapse process of large hyperbolic cooling towers by the action of typhoons and refines the typhoon-induced failure mechanism for cooling towers. Firstly, based on WRF-CFD wind field downscaling technology, a fine simulation of the near-ground multiscale wind field produced by China’s strongest typhoon “Typhoon Rammasun” is performed to extract effective three-dimensional (3D) typhoon load input parameters. Then, by loading the obtained 3D wind load on the finite element model, a pseudo-dynamic analysis of the world’s tallest cooling tower “Luan Cooling Tower” is performed based on LS-DYNA explicit dynamic analysis, and the typhoon-induced collapse process is simulated. Finally, the stress distribution and distortions of the tower and the response time history of key units are compared and analyzed to determine the collapse mechanism. The process of collapse begins with large deformation of the windward surface of the tower throat, which shows folds in the range of 62° on both sides. Eventually, collapse occurs due to uncoordinated deformation. The collapse mechanism can be divided into a bending arch mechanism and a suspension wire mechanism.

The relationship of strong earthquakes, volcanoes and typhoons in the Philippine plate region as a result of the mutual influence of geospheres

The Philippine lithospheric plate is located at the intersection of the zones of intense influence of geosystems responsible for the evolution of the Earth’s outer shells, and is one of the most dangerous regions of the globe. The study of temporal variations of natural disasters at the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st century is based on lies the premise of the relationship of strong earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tropical atmospheric eddies in areas of complex high instability of geospheres.

Four-Year Field Survey of Black Band Disease and Skeletal Growth Anomalies in Encrusting Montipora spp. Corals around Sesoko Island, Okinawa

The Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate scleractinian coral genus Montipora is the host of many coral diseases. Among these are cyanobacterial Black Band Disease (BBD) and Skeletal Growth Anomalies (GAs), but in general data on both diseases are lacking from many regions of the Indo-Pacific, including from Okinawa, southern Japan. In this study, we collected annual prevalence data of Black Band Disease (BBD) and Skeletal Growth Anomalies (GAs) affecting the encrusting form of genus Montipora within the shallow reefs of the subtropical Sesoko Island (off the central west coast of Okinawajima Island) from summer to autumn for four years (2017 to 2020). In 2020 Montipora percent coverage and colony count were also assessed. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to understand the spatial and temporal variation of both BBD and GAs in the nearshore (NE) and reef edge (RE) sites, which revealed higher probability of BBD occurrence in RE sites. BBD prevalence was significantly higher in 2017 in some sites than all other years with site S12 having significant higher probability during all four surveyed years. In terms of GAs, certain sites in 2020 had higher probability of occurrence than during the other years. While the general trend of GAs increased from 2017 to 2020, it was observed to be non-fatal to colonies. In both diseases, the interaction between sites and years was significant. We also observed certain BBD-infected colonies escaping complete mortality. BBD progression rates were monitored in 2020 at site S4, and progression was related to seawater temperatures and was suppressed during periods of heavy rain and large strong typhoons. Our results suggest that higher BBD progression rates are linked with high sea water temperatures (SST > bleaching threshold SST) and higher light levels (>1400 µmol m−2 s−1), indicating the need for further controlled laboratory experiments. The current research will help form the basis for continued future research into these diseases and their causes in Okinawa and the Indo-Pacific Ocean.

Influence of Typhoons on Chemical Makeup of Rainwater in Zhanjiang, China

Typhoons are extreme weather events with substantial effects on ambient air. However, whether typhoons of different intensities have the same effects on the chemical composition of rainwater is unclear. Therefore, 4 years of rainwater sampling and an analysis of the ionic composition (Cl–, Ca2+, Na+, SO42–, Mg2+, F–, and K+) of rainwater were conducted in Zhanjiang, a city on the southern tip of mainland China. The ionic composition varied seasonally, being high in dry seasons whereas low in wet seasons; ion levels were controlled by rainfall dilution effects rather than by the monsoon transition. Source determination demonstrated that the marine influences in the dry and wet seasons were similar, further indicating the limited impact of the monsoon climate on the ionic species’ seasonal patterns. The heavy rain and strong wind (> 47.4 m s–1) brought by a super typhoon led to an increase in ionic species carried from continental sources into ambient air, and such species were then captured by precipitation. The weak winds (10.71–12.84 m s–1) brought by weak typhoons failed to blow such ions into the air, but rainfall dilution still occurred and was dependent upon rainfall amount. Our results suggest that strong typhoons can increase ion concentrations in rainwater, whereas weak typhoons reduce such concentrations. The results provide new insight into the relationship between air quality and typhoons.

A case application of WRF-UCM models to the simulation of urban wind speed profiles in a typhoon

In order to work out a reliable way to predict urban wind speed profiles during typhoon process, in this study, WRF-UCM coupled models are adopted to simulate an urban wind field during the landfall of a strong typhoon. Sensitivity analysis is first carried out to obtain the best typhoon track simulation, based on which the PBL scheme of Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) and the Microphysics model of Purdue Lin (LIN) are chosen for successive simulations. A WUDAPT based Local Climate Zone (LCZ) map is drawn to replace and supplement the default underlying surface data to execute WRF-UCM coupled simulations. After examining the accuracy of the WRF-UCM simulation, the mean wind speed profiles, turbulence intensity profiles and power spectra of simulated wind fields are studied to evaluate the applicability of different UCMs to the urban typhoon simulation. Utilizing multi-layer UCM (ML-UCM) leads to a notable weakening of mean wind speed and a slight increase of turbulence intensity within lower altitudes while slab UCM (SB-UCM) or single-layer UCM (SL-UCM) shows little effect. In general, coupling suitable UCM into the WRF model can improve urban typhoon wind profiles simulation. Nevertheless, it is still hard to perfectly reproduce real typhoon wind profiles via WRF-UCM coupling models.