Strong Sense Of Coherence Research Articles

Improved Self-Management in People with Type 1 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study of Sense of Coherence in Daily Life One Year after the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Denmark

During the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic, people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were worried, stressed, and experienced changes in their self-management practices. Studies found that many had difficulties managing their disease, while others showed improvements. Since the first lockdown, the virus and subsequent lockdowns have become a more regular part of everyday life. The present study investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic, one year after its outbreak, has affected self-management in people with T1D. The dataset consisted of seven semi-structured interviews with adults with T1D, which were interpreted using Antonovsky’s theory of Sense of Coherence (SOC). We found that the pandemic and the ensuing lockdowns had contributed to better self-management in people with T1D, as they had developed a strong SOC. Knowledge from healthcare professionals and their own experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic had caused them to experience stronger comprehensibility, which had been crucial to experiencing strong manageability, enabling them to make active choices to maintain good glycemic control. Furthermore, better opportunities and more motivation had allowed them to experience stronger meaningfulness regarding immersing themselves in their treatment. Our findings show that, during health crises, having a strong SOC is important for disease management among people with T1D.

Sense of Coherence Predicts Physical Activity Maintenance and Health-Related Quality of Life: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study on Cardiovascular Patients.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. A physically active lifestyle can improve the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of people with CVD. Nevertheless, adherence to a physically active lifestyle is poor. This study examined the longitudinal (pre-event, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-ups) physical activity profiles in 275 patients (mean age = 57.1 years; SD = 7.87; 84% men) after the first acute coronary event. Moreover, it investigated the associations among physical activity, sense of coherence (SOC), and HRQoL. Physical activity profiles were identified through latent class growth analysis, and linear regressions were then performed to explore the association between physical activity, SOC, and HRQoL. After the cardiovascular event, 62% of patients reached adequate physical activity levels and maintained them over time (virtuous profile). The remaining 38% could not implement (23%) or maintain (15%) a healthy behavior. A strong SOC at baseline (standardized β = 0.19, p = 0.002) predicted the probability of belonging to the virtuous profile. Moreover, a strong SOC at baseline (standardized β = 0.27, p < 0.001), together with the probability of belonging to the virtuous profile (standardized β = 0.16, p = 0.031), predicted a better HRQoL at the final follow-up. Findings showed a strong relationship between SOC, the ability to adopt a physically active lifestyle stably over time, and HRQoL in patients with CVD. They suggest the importance of tailoring physical activity interventions by promoting resilience resources such as SOC to improve patients’ quality of life after an acute coronary event.

Salutogenesis and COVID-19 pandemic impacting nursing education across SEANERN affiliated universities: A multi-national study

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of many. Particularly, nursing students experience greater stress as their normal curriculum is interrupted and some of them face the risk of being infected as frontline workers. Nursing faculty members may face similar struggles, in addition to developing teaching materials for online learning. Thus, it is important to examine the faculty members' and students' views on their ability to adapt during the pandemic to obtain a holistic view of how learning and training has been affected. DesignThe descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design was used. SettingsData were collected from Southeast and East Asian Nursing Education and Research Network (SEANERN) affiliated nursing institutions from January 2021 to August 2021. ParticipantsA total of 1897 nursing students and 395 faculty members from SEANERN-affiliated nursing institutions in Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam were recruited for this study. MethodsQuantitative surveys were used to explore the satisfaction levels in education modalities, confidence levels, psychosocial well-being, sense of coherence and stress levels of nursing students and faculty members during the COVID-19 pandemic. ResultsParticipants were mostly satisfied with the new education modalities, although most students felt that their education was compromised. Both groups showed positive levels of psychosocial well-being, despite scoring low to medium on the sense of coherence scale and experiencing great stress. The participants' sense of coherence was positively correlated with their psychosocial well-being and negatively correlated with stress levels. ConclusionsWhile the COVID-19 pandemic had negatively impacted the lives of nursing students and faculty members, most of them had a healthy level of psychosocial well-being. Having a strong sense of coherence was associated with better psychosocial health and lower stress levels. As such, it may be helpful to develop interventions aimed at improving the sense of coherence of nursing students and staff to help them manage stressors better.

Sense of coherence among patients with multiple sclerosis and its relevant factors

Aim: Although a strong sense of coherence (SOC) can result in positive outcomes in a patient with multiple sclerosis, studies on this concept and its relevant factors are limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aims of evaluating the SOC and determining its relevant factors among patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: The descriptive-analytical study was conducted in Iran in 2019. Some 200 patients with multiple sclerosis, who referred to the Alborz Multiple Sclerosis Association, were selected through a convenience sampling method. The 29-item SOC scale, which was developed in 1987 by Antonovsky, was used in order to evaluate the SOC. In this scale, the minimum and the maximum scores are 29 and 203, respectively, with a higher score demonstrating a stronger SOC. Results: The mean and the standard deviation of the SOC score was 100.30±7.9. The mean scores in the elements of comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness were 41.1, 34.2 and 25.1, respectively. Among the demographic variables, age, duration of disease, stage of disease, history of hospitalisation, number of hospitalisations and economic status were significantly associated with the patients' SOC. Conclusions: In this study, the SOC among the patients studied was low, and the relevant factors determined can be used by clinical experts and researchers in this field in order to evaluate and to strengthen the SOC in this group of patients.

Sense of coherence and dental fear/dental anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between sense of coherence (SOC) and dental fear/dental anxiety. Computerized searches were performed in six databases. Gray literature and manual searches were also conducted. Study selection, risk of bias assessment, and meta-analyses were performed. The results of meta-analyses were reported in odds ratio (OR), mean difference (MD), and confidence interval (CI). After removing duplicates, 131 references were retrieved and the full texts of 12 were evaluated. Nine references met the eligibility criteria and were included. The results of meta-analyses demonstrated that individuals with a weaker SOC had a score in the dental anxiety/dental fear scale 6.04 times higher than individuals with a stronger SOC (OR=6.04, CI=2.62-13.91). Individuals with no dental anxiety/dental fear had a mean score of the SOC scale higher than individuals with dental anxiety/dental fear (MD=5.39, CI=2.21-8.56). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the result of a higher mean score of the SOC scale among individuals with no dental anxiety/dental fear remained (MD=7.38, CI=3.79-10.98). Risk of bias ranged from low to high. The certainty of evidence was very low. Individuals with stronger SOC have lower levels of dental fear/dental anxiety.

Sense of coherence and changes over six years among older adults aging with long-term spinal cord injury.

Cross-sectional and longitudinal. To (i) describe sense of coherence (SOC) and changes over six years in older adults aging with long-term spinal cord injury (SCI) and (ii) investigate how changes in SOC are associated with injury characteristics and changes in sociodemographics and secondary health conditions (SHCs; bowel-related and bladder-related problems, pain and spasticity). Community in Southern Sweden. From the initial 123 participants in the Swedish Aging with Spinal Cord Injury Study (SASCIS), 76 individuals (33% women, median age 66 years, median time since injury 30 years, AIS A-D, 30% complete) responded to the 13-item SOC scale (range 13-91) twice with a 6-year interval. Data were analyzed with multivariable hierarchical regression. The participants rated a strong SOC at both assessments (median 73 and 76.5, respectively) which significantly increased over time. Overall, their marital status and vocational situation remained stable whereas SHCs increased. A change from not having a partner to having one was the only significant explanatory factor for a positive change in SOC. The present study describes, for the first time, changes in SOC over time and associated factors in older adults aging with long-term SCI. They generally maintain a strong ability to understand, handle, and being motivated when dealing with stressful events arising in their lives as a result of their SCI. The associations emphasize the importance of the social context for successful adaptation to living with SCI along the aging process.

Strengthening sense of coherence: Evidence from a physical activity intervention targeting vulnerable adults

Sense of coherence (SOC), a concept that refers to individuals’ abilities to manage, comprehend, and find meaning in their lives and the world around them, has been shown to be an important predictor of health outcomes. While SOC was initially hypothesized to be static after early-adulthood, there is growing evidence that health interventions can strengthen SOC. In this study, we accordingly examined whether SOC could be strengthened among adults in the context of a physical activity intervention.This intervention, Communities on the Move, was conducted in the Netherlands, and was primarily targeted at older adults from socially vulnerable backgrounds. Four cohorts were followed for 18 months each, between 2012 and 2016. The SOC-3 questionnaire was used to collect data on SOC at baseline (T0) and after eighteen months (T3), with information on 117 participants in both of these waves. To assess the change in SOC between T0 and T3, ordered logistic regressions were performed, as well as mixed ordered logistic regressions with random intercepts for group and program location.This study found evidence that SOC significantly changed from T0 to T3. Participants with weak SOC at baseline reported a median one-point stronger SOC at T3 (on a 6-point scale), while those with moderate or strong SOC at baseline reported a median change of zero points between T0 and T3. Further, based on the results of the regression analyses, those with weaker SOC scores were most likely to have stronger SOC at T3: having a weak SOC at baseline was associated with a 76% probability of stronger SOC, and a 4% probability of weaker SOC at T3. These results indicated that SOC may be strengthened in vulnerable older adults, particularly when their SOC is initially low.

Long-Term Conditions in Older People are Linked with Loneliness, but a Sense of Coherence Buffers the Adverse Effects on Quality of Life: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundThe impact of disability, long-term conditions, rurality, living alone, and being a carer on health has some evidence base, but the extent to which a strong sense of coherence (SoC), a factor hypothesised to promote wellbeing, may moderate these associations is unknown. A model of physical, environmental and social factors on quality of life was tested, with particular emphasis on whether a strong SoC buffered (mitigated) these determinants of quality of life.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional postal survey was undertaken of a random sample of 1471 respondents aged over 65 years, across a population of rural individuals. Physical, environmental, and psychological variables were assessed against quality of life using ANOVA and a generalised linear model including the interaction effects of SoC.ResultsANOVA demonstrated that age, gender, long-term conditions or disability (LTC-D), living alone, >20 hours unpaid care for others per week, SoC, and loneliness, were associated with lower quality of life (p<0.01). There were strong correlations (p>0.01), between age and LTC-D, living alone, and poor SoC. Living alone was correlated with emotional and social loneliness; but those with higher SoC were less likely to experience loneliness. In an adjusted generalised linear model, significant associations with a lower quality of life were observed from: LTC-D, emotional loneliness and social loneliness (B= −0.44, −0.30, and −0.39, respectively, all p<0.001). The only interaction with SoC that was statistically significant (at p<0.05) was LTC-D. A stronger sense of coherence buffered the negative effects of long-term condition/disability on quality of life.DiscussionThe physical, environmental and social factors examined, identified LTC-D and loneliness to be the strongest factors associated with poor quality of life.ConclusionSoC somewhat buffered the adverse effect of LTC-D on quality of life, but did not do so for loneliness.

Exploring loneliness and students’ sense of coherence (S-SoC) in the university setting

Background. Loneliness is a prevalent global public health issue, and this topic is also common among university students. From a health-related, resource-oriented approach like the salutogenic model, loneliness can be interpreted as a potential stressor. To cope effectively with this stressor, a strong Sense of Coherence is needed to mobilize resources like social support. Interventions to promote health and wellbeing within a university setting should include a salutogenic focus. However, currently, research regarding salutogenesis within the higher education setting is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to make the first attempt to explore the relation between loneliness and the Students' Sense of Coherence (S-SoC) among university students. Methods. An online questionnaire was sent out to all university students from the Carinthia University of Applied Sciences (CUAS), Austria. The online questionnaire was completed by 584 students (response rate of 28.86 %); 67.3% were female, and the average age was 25.16 years ( SD = 6.27 years). Full-time students made up 75.6% of the sample, and 84.6% were in a Bachelor's degree program. The S-SoC and the sub-scales comprehensibility, meaningfulness and manageability were measured by using the valid S-SoC scale (Brunner et al., 2009). Social and emotional loneliness was measured by using the six-item De Jong Gierveld loneliness scale (Jong Gierveld & van Tilburg, 2006). Spearman correlations and Kruskal-Wallis H-tests were computed among all loneliness and S-SoC sub-scales and other variables (e.g., age, sex...). Furthermore, a graphical model was used to show structural relationships between loneliness and S-SoC and control variables. Results. The results showed that students feeling moderate or severe general loneliness had lower S-SoC scores than students feeling low or not general lonely. Manageability was a pivotal point in this model, as it was inversely proportional to both measures of loneliness. Perceived social loneliness was reported most by men and part-time students. Conclusion. In order to fulfill study-related demands, students activate appropriate resources (e.g., social support), which corresponds to low social and emotional loneliness. However, in the development of health promoting interventions against loneliness among students, it would be necessary to consider sex and mode of study and to address health needs and problems with a salutogenic focus.

Meaningfulness among frail older adults receiving home-based care in Finland.

SummaryMeaningfulness is a fundamental aspect in the promotion of frail older adults’ health and well-being. From a salutogenic point of view, meaningfulness is a vital component of a sense of coherence (SOC), since having a strong SOC aids toward assembling the resources needed to cope with stressors and manage tensions with success. In order to respond to the challenges of population aging and the need to enable frail older adults to live at home for as long as possible, it is important to explore their meaningfulness in the context of home-based care. A salutogenic framework was used to study meaningfulness. The aim was to explore what promotes meaningfulness among frail older adults. The study uses a hermeneutical approach and has a qualitative design. In total, 17 frail older adults were interviewed. The data were analyzed by content analysis. The results uncovered four themes that the respondents considered important in enhancing meaningfulness in daily life: home care personnel, outdoor activities and green spaces, cultural activities and spirituality. Our study revealed the important role of home care personnel as a resource in promoting meaningfulness in the context of home-based care. Hence, this group should be given sufficient resources, knowledge and competence for enabling meaningfulness and thus a SOC amongst frail older adults.

Clubhouse: yet another social network?

Scientific Background: Understanding, responding to, and preventing disasters requires a multidisciplinary approach. During COVID-19 there have been contributions by bench scientists studying the pathogenic aspects of the illness as well as medical and social scientists understanding the multi-layered impacts of the global pandemic. Our study is based on the salutogenic approach which asks about the individual and collective perceptions of coping resources available and the relationship between these resources and levels of anxiety and mental health. We also studied of the role of the socio-national context in which the crisis occurred and whether it may also contribute to the understanding of the reactions of individuals in the unusual event of the COVID-19 crisis. Objectives: The study examined the personal (sense of coherence), social resources (social support), and national resources (trust in public institutions and leaders, and sense of national coherence), that enabled high levels of mental health and low levels of anxiety in time of the pandemic crisis. Methodology: Our international study was carried out in nine countries: Israel, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Brazil, the U.S.A, during the time of the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a longitudinal study in Israel during six phases during the first year of the crisis. Findings: We found that Sense of coherence (SOC) was a main and stable coping resource among the participants from all countries included in the study. However, differences were found in the levels of perceptions of national coping resources among different social groups. Conclusions: A strong SOC is crucial for health and survival during times of global and local crises. Policy Implications/recommendations: During regular times, and especially in times of crisis, leaders and policy makers should prioritize strengthening sense of coherence of the population. Therefore, the messages to the public should be created and designed to enhance comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness of the pandemic and trust in government and public health initiatives.

Sense of coherence and strategies for coping with stress among nurses

BackgroundThe nursing profession is associated with constant presence of difficult situations and stress, which arise from responsibility for the highest values – human life and health. With demographic changes in the society, the demand for nursing care increases. Looking after the health of nursing staff becomes a non-material investment in employees. One of the most important health potentials described in literature is the sense of coherence. It can significantly contribute to maintaining good health, modify one’s functioning in a stressful working environment and influence the choice of strategies for coping with stress.AimThe aim of the study was to describe the specific relationship between the sense of coherence and strategies for coping with stress in a group of professionally active nurses.Methodology and methodsThe study involved 91 nurses in central Poland, aged 22–52. The group was diversified in terms of: education, work system, marital status and place of residence. The study was conducted with the use of: Sense of Coherence Questionnaire SOC-29 and Inventory to Measure Coping Strategies with Stress - Mini-COPE. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of scientific research set out in the Helsinki Declaration.ResultsThe sense of coherence value in the test group was M = 134.24 (SD = 19.55). In stressful situations nurses most often used active strategies to cope with stress: Planning M = 2.10 (SD = 0.54), Seeking Emotional Social Support M = 1.95 (SD = 0.68) and Seeking Instrumental Social Support M = 1.95 (SD = 0.69), and the least frequently: Alcohol/Drug Use M = 0.28 (SD = 0.48). The level of the sense of coherence and its components differentiated the strategies of coping with stress used in the examined group of nurses.ConclusionsThe research confirmed that the sense of coherence serves as a health potential in a stressful working environment - a high sense of coherence translate into better mental health, correct functioning in the working environment, and using adaptive strategies of coping with stress. Nurses with a stronger sense of coherence used more adaptive strategies to deal with stress than those with average or low levels.

POCZUCIE KOHERENCJI A ODCZUWANA DOKUCZLIWOŚĆ SZUMÓW USZNYCH U OSÓB DOROSŁYCH

BackgroundTinnitus is usually a chronic (ongoing) condition which in many cases significantly impairs the affected person’s quality of life. Their habituation to tinnitus depends on the patient’s personality resources. The aim of this research was to determine if a particular psychological meta-resource, in this case a sense of coherence, is related to the perceived annoyance of tinnitus.Material and methodsThe study included 176 people (123 females, 53 males) aged 31–80 (M = 59.1) diagnosed with tinnitus. To measure the sense of coherence, we used the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC 29), and to evaluate the tinnitus annoyance, we used the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). The subjects also filled in a survey to capture sociodemographic data and their medical history.ResultsThe sense of coherence (in total and in particular aspects) turned out to be significantly correlated with tinnitus annoyance (in total and in particular aspects). The overall level of coherence turned out to be an essential predictor for the overall level of tinnitus annoyance. The degree of manageability was a particularly important component of the sense of coherence which affected tinnitus annoyance.ConclusionsIn people with a strong sense of coherence, especially with a strong manageability component, there is a lower level of tinnitus annoyance. Psychological interventions – counselling, psychoeducation, psychotherapy – support the development of a sense of coherence and can reduce tinnitus annoyance.

INFLUENCE OF SENSE OF COHERENCE ON DEPRESSION AND PERCEIVED STRESS IN OLD AGE

Background:Old age is commonly viewed as a period of decreased physical activity,agitation and,increased calmness; depression or stress is not commonly acknowledged in the population. According to Erik Erikson, older adults experience Ego Integrity vs Despair, where people review their life cycle and accept it as something that had to be, resulting in wholeness or a sense of coherence. A lack of it would result in despair, where one's life is seen as being unproductive and guilt about the past, having not accomplished life goal leads to dissatisfaction and depression. Therefore,people with a poor sense of coherence could have higher levels of perceived stress and depression in them when compared to those who have a strong sense of coherence. Purpose: The study thus focuses on exploring the relationship between depression, perceived stress, and sense of coherence among the elderly population. Methods: Data was collected through the Sense of Coherence Scale,Perceived stress scale,and geriatric depression scale-15 from a sample of 40 from old age (people over 60 years). Out of which 20 were living in old age homes and 20 with their families.Statistical analyses were conducted using Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation and T-test.Results: There was a mild to moderate negative correlation between perceived stress and sense of coherence and a mild to moderate negative correlation between depression and sense of coherence. There was a significant difference in the levels of perceived stress and depression between people living in their homes and old age homes.

The Impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Managers’ Sense of Coherence

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) disrupts the world of work, new technologies change the nature of individuals’ work and their tasks, and therefore it is necessary to determine how managers cope with these changes, specifically relating to their salutogenesis. There is a lack of research conducted on the salutogenesis of managers in times of the 4IR. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of managers’ sense of coherence (SOC) in terms of the adjustments and developments of the 4IR, and their in-depth understanding of their SOC. This study employs a hermeneutical research design with a qualitative approach by using a semi-structured interview. The method used to analyze the data was content analysis. From the data analysis, the findings indicate that a majority of the managers tend to have an understanding of the 4IR and what implications of the 4IR will have on the world of work and their job description, the necessary resources to cope with the 4IR, and find the 4IR meaningful, therefore, managers have a strong SOC level during the 4IR. The recommendations for future studies suggest that research could be conducted how managers and lower-level managers’ SOC differ, which will provide insight into what different methods are required for the different level of managers.

Effects of Lifestyle Changes on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers with Different Sense of Coherence Levels in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic.

Sense of coherence (SOC) is a psychological factor that contributes to mental health maintenance under stressful environment. Likewise, level of SOC might affect mental health among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic differently. In this study, we investigated the relationships between lifestyle changes and mental health (General Health Questionnaire-12: GHQ-12) among different level of SOC (weak, moderate, or strong by SOC-13). The data of 898 healthcare workers from cross-sectional survey dataset were extracted and analyzed. As results, based on GHQ-12 score, 86.1% of 244 participants with weak SOC, 60.1% of 606 participants with moderate SOC, and 31.3% of 48 participants with strong SOC had poor mental health. Both SOC levels and lifestyle changes (except alcohol consumption) had significant main effects on the GHQ-12 score. Analysis on the association between lifestyle changes and mental health status stratified by SOC level reveled that among participants with weak SOC, those who increased their leisure and activity time had reduced odds of poor mental health than those who made no changes (OR: 0.08, CI: 0.01 to 0.64). Healthcare workers with weak SOC were at risk of poor mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and lifestyle changes may improve their mental health.

Quality of Life Among Malaysian Parents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Child: The Double ABCX Model Approach.

This paper reported the quality of life (QoL) of 260 Malaysian parents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and factors which influencing it. About half of these parents reported to having good QoL. The factors identified in the double ABCX model showed that perceived social support and sense of coherence (SOC) were mediated by coping strategies and had a positive direct and indirect effect on parents' QoL. These finding reiterate the importance of social support, coping skills, and strong SOC reflection skills in influencing the QoL of parents with ASD child. We therefore suggest parents to utilize the widely available social and organization supports to gain good QoL, which is also important for the wellbeing of their child.

SELECTED FACTORS AFFECTING THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF ADULTS

The aim of the article is to show the importance of educational activity of adults in the process of intentional designing one’s life: flexible actions depending on the needs and overcoming the deficits. The life-long education and the learning competences are essential in today’s world, that is why a closer look was taken on educational activity of adults and to research their ability to perform a self-directed learning and diagnose their learning motivation. The problem was examined in the salutogenesis paradigm, which was first defined by Aaron Antonovsky. The key concept for Antonovsky’s concept is the sense of coherence (SOC), which is a constant disposition of personality in adult life and determines the way we think, interpret, and make decisions and actions in our lives. The sense of coherence is characterized by a dimensional character (from weak to strong SOC) and is defined as a global orientation expressed in the sense of individual certainty that its external and internal environment is understandable and meaningful and life is worth the effort and commitment (Antonovsky 1979, 1986; Antonovsky &amp;Sagy 2001). The ability of self-directed learning was correlated with the level of sense of coherence. In this article the results of the research are presented. The research was conducted on 427 persons in Poland. The research was focused on finding different factors influencing educational activity of adults, especially on the most significant activity: self-directed learning. The dependence of chosen variables was examined, in order to point out the features which might help adults to initiate their own learning activity.

Long-term patient satisfaction and the sense of coherence – a longitudinal study 10–15 years after orthognathic surgery

Objective This study focuses on evaluating the long-term treatment outcome (10–15 years) and patient satisfaction after orthognathic treatment with bisagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Furthermore, the aim was to evaluate whether the psychosocial factor, sense of coherence (SOC) associates with long-term patient satisfaction. Materials and methods Study sample consisted of 57 patients who had orthognathic treatment with BSSO. Self-completion questionnaires were distributed approximately 1.8 years and 10–15 years after surgery to evaluate treatment outcome. SOC was evaluated with a 12-scale questionnaire 10–15 years after the surgery. Results After 10–15 years following BSSO, 96% of patients were highly or moderately satisfied with the treatment outcome and none expressed dissatisfaction. Less educated patients were more satisfied with the treatment outcome than those with a higher educational level. Patients who felt clear improvement in their facial appearance expressed higher satisfaction than those experiencing only minor facial improvement. Furthermore, patients with improvement in orofacial pains and headaches more often expressed high satisfaction than those without improvement of these symptoms. Patients with strong SOC seemed to have somewhat higher scores for functional aspects of long-term treatment outcome. Conclusions Post-treatment satisfaction with orthognathic treatment appears to be long-lasting. Psychosocial factors may play a role in long-term post-treatment satisfaction. Our study strongly suggests that psychosocial factors should be taken into account in the treatment planning of orthognathic patients.

Can Sense of Coherence Indicate Resilience and Mitigate the Cycle of Violence in Parenting?

Background: Harsh parenting practices during childhood have long-term negative effects on children’s mental health. A focus of nursing care on women’s resilience should be implemented because mothers who have experienced violence tend to be harsh parents. Aim: This study investigated the association between mothers’ violent experiences and harsh parenting (HP) and examined the effects of a sense of coherence (SOC) on this association, assuming that SOC can be an indicator of resilience. Method: In this prospective cohort study of 487 mothers, data were collected on SOC and history of intimate partner violence (IPV) at 1 year after childbirth and HP of their child at 18 months after childbirth. Results: In the 277 responses analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis, a strong SOC moderating the effect on HP was observed for current IPV and witnessing IPV in childhood, but not for experiencing childhood corporal punishment. Discussion: SOC is a useful indicator of resilience in female victims of violence and is effective in regulating stress spillover. However, its effects are weakened by the learned acquisition aspect of violence. Conclusion: In nursing, providing support to alleviate stress and relearn parenting based on an assessment of the mother’s history of violence and SOC as the resilience indicator is important in curbing HP.