Strong Roman Research Articles

Empress Theodora of Byzantium Through the Lens of Ancient Female Archetypes

This paper evaluates the historical reception of Byzantine Empress Theodora through the lens of her contemporaries and societal expectations. As Theodora was empress of the Eastern Roman empire during the spread of Christianity, she must be seen through the lens of biblical themes as well as through Roman literature. A prevalent Roman example for ideal femininity is found in Lucretia: a noblewoman who toppled the Etruscan kings with her honor. After she was violated, Lucretia chose to expose the perpetrator and end her life rather than live sullied. With such mythos surrounding a woman who chose her honor over her life, it is no wonder Theodora was received with shock. Theodora spent her early years as an actress, meaning she earned much of her living through sex work. Another strong Roman literary comparison comes in the form of Medea. Medea represented the antithesis to feminine ideals because she had murdered her kin. More than anything, familial duties rested upon a wife or mother in a Roman household, and a woman like Theodora who was, inaccurately, rumored to have orchestrated the death of an illegitimate child. Although the rumor is false, it represented a fracture between Theodora and the expectations her society had for her. Finally, in her Christian contemporary, Mary Magdalene, Theodora was viewed as redeemed. Just as Mary did in the Gospel of Luke, Theodora went from "sinful woman" to queen and a dedicated wife. She embodied the story of redemption that is so often told in Christianity.

‘First’ or ‘Solemn’ Communion Images in France, 1885–2021

Arguably, the ‘first’ or ‘solemn’ communion, later also called ‘profession of faith’, was a rite of passage for generations of French eleven- or twelve-year-old children. It remained virtually unchanged, under these different names, until the early 1970s, when it gradually fell into decline. Friends, relatives, and even state school teachers, were customarily given small religious images with a commemorative inscription on the reverse, stating the communicant's name as well as the date and place of the ceremony. This article analyses a small private collection of such ‘popular’ objects and discusses the evolution in their representations of lived religion in a secular country where a strong Roman Catholic tradition has given way to a post-Christian society.

On a generalization of Roman domination with more legions

In this paper, we generalize the concepts of (perfect) Roman and Italian dominations to (perfect) strong Roman and Roman [Formula: see text]-domination for arbitrary positive integer [Formula: see text]. These generalizations cover some of previous ones. After some comparison of their domination numbers, as a first study of these concepts, we study the (perfect, strong, perfect strong) Roman [Formula: see text]-domination numbers of complete bipartite graphs.

Computing Strong Roman Domination of Trees and Unicyclic Graphs in Linear Time

Computing Strong Roman Domination of Trees and Unicyclic Graphs in Linear Time

Signed Total Strong Roman Domination in Graphs

Signed Total Strong Roman Domination in Graphs

Unique response strong Roman dominating functions of graphs

Given a simple graph G=(V,E) with maximum degree Δ . Let ( V 0 , V 1 , V 2 ) be an ordered partition of V, where V i = { v ∈ V : f ( v )= i } for i = 0, 1 and V 2 = { v ∈ V : f ( v )≥2} . A function f : V → {0, 1, …, ⌈ Δ /2⌉+1} is a strong Roman dominating function (StRDF) on G, if every v ∈ V 0 has a neighbor w ∈ V 2 and f ( w )≥1 + ⌈1/2| N ( w )∩ V 0 |⌉ . A function f : V → {0, 1, …, ⌈ Δ /2⌉+1} is a unique response strong Roman function (URStRF), if w ∈ V 0 , then | N ( w )∩ V 2 |≤1 and w ∈ V 1 ∪ V 2 implies that | N ( w )∩ V 2 |=0 . A function f : V → {0, 1, …, ⌈ Δ /2⌉+1} is a unique response strong Roman dominating function (URStRDF) if it is both URStRF and StRDF. The unique response strong Roman domination number of G, denoted by u S t R ( G ) , is the minimum weight of a unique response strong Roman dominating function. In this paper we approach the problem of a Roman domination-type defensive strategy under multiple simultaneous attacks and begin with the study of several mathematical properties of this invariant. We obtain several bounds on such a parameter and give some realizability results for it. Moreover, for any tree T of order n ≥ 3 we prove the sharp bound u S t R ( T )≤8 n /9 .

On the total and strong version for Roman dominating functions in graphs

The total and strong version of the Roman domination number (for graphs) is introduced in this research, and the study of its mathematical properties is therefore initiated. We establish upper bounds for such a parameter, and relate it with several parameters concerning vertex domination in graphs. In addition, among other results, we show that for any tree T of order $$n(T)\ge 3$$ n ( T ) ≥ 3 , maximum degree $$\Delta (T)$$ Δ ( T ) and s(T) support vertices, the total strong Roman domination number is bounded below by $$\left\lceil \frac{n(T)+s(T)}{\Delta (T)}\right\rceil +1$$ n ( T ) + s ( T ) Δ ( T ) + 1 .

The Dead with No Wake, Grieving with No Closure: Illness and Death in the Days of Coronavirus in Spain.

The pandemic caused by the spread of Covid-19 is giving rise to an exceptional social situation because of the great speed of propagation of the illness and the high level of mortality it has occasioned in a very short time. Moreover, the lockdown measures decreed in Spain prohibit the holding of wakes to avoid contagion, and limit funerals to three people plus the officiant. Thus, coronavirus is robbing people of the opportunity of a final farewell, stripping the dead of their dignity and worsening the grief of the living. This article investigates the situation and the social and cultural impact it has provoked. The method used takes the line of critical dialogue analysis (CDA) applied to information contained in the mass media, employing qualitative material from a related small-scale study. The results show that in countries like Spain where there is a strong Roman Catholic tradition the importance of these rituals is unquestionable. Although the country has become laicized over recent years, many traditions around death are still maintained. Hence, the impossibility of holding funerals is triggering a large number of social and personal conflicts. Furthermore, they indicate that lockdown, and the lack of rituals and of accompaniment constitute some of the most crucial stressors in the epidemic. Grief in solitude has become widespread and all the more fundamental in a society that values social support from close friends and family members. The conclusions show that the social distancing imposed by the epidemic is especially hard to bear when relatives are passing into death.

Without enemies, without friends. Morality policies, the Roman Catholic Church, and Ireland’s ‘secular’ party system

ABSTRACT The ‘two worlds of morality politics’ framework suggests that the historical structure of the party system has a major influence on the politics of morality issues. This study uses the case of Ireland to examine that proposition. Ireland is unusual in that it combines the absence of an historical church-state conflict in its party system with an historically strong Roman Catholic Church. It is therefore a ‘critical case’ for the ‘two worlds’ framework, which brings to the fore the interaction of the Church and the party system. It is also a puzzling case in the timing and sequence of its reforms. Focusing on the politics of contraception, abortion, same-sex marriage, and divorce, we show that the Church had no strong secularising opponents (‘enemies’); however, when public attitudes changed and when liberalising interest groups mobilised, nor did the Church have parties who were close allies (‘friends’). Case studies of abortion and same-sex marriage show in greater depth how, in the presence of changing attitudes and mobilisation, the Church lacked a foothold in the party system that would allow it to obstruct reforms. The study’s findings open a conversation between the heretofore separate literatures on morality politics and Church influence.

On the signed strong Roman domination number of graphs

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite and simple graph of order [Formula: see text] and maximum degree [Formula: see text]. A signed strong Roman dominating function on a graph [Formula: see text] is a function [Formula: see text] satisfying the conditions that (i) for every vertex [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the closed neighborhood of [Formula: see text] and (ii) every vertex [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text] is adjacent to at least one vertex [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text]. The minimum of the values [Formula: see text], taken over all signed strong Roman dominating functions [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], is called the signed strong Roman domination number of [Formula: see text] and is denoted by [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we continue the study signed strong Roman domination number of a graph and give several bounds for this parameter. Then, among other results, we determine the signed strong Roman domination number of special classes of graphs.

Weddings in Catholic Strong Belief Communities: A Qualitative Examination of Catholic Deep-Faith Spouses’ Experience of their Wedding

Previous research indicated that traditional rituals, social codes, and contemporary norms strongly influence a wedding’s construction. This project aimed to understand how members from strong belief Roman Catholic communities negotiate between social influences impacting their wedding. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of eight interviews revealed how couples construct and communicate pertinent aspects of a combined self. The participants’ conception of the wedding was perceived as a representation of their ‘true’ selves and strongly informed external religious authorities. Engaging in religious practices enabled participants recreate group expectations and norms and internalize them as personal mental property. The Community’s support and acceptance of the individual stabilized and affirmed their religious-identity, causing it to be shielded from potentially conflicting out-group expectations. This allowed the individual to express their identity regardless of context. The wedding in this sense became an expression of their religious identity and reaffirmed the bond with their Roman-Catholic strong-belief group.

Položaj i značaj otoka Mljeta u razdoblju rimske uprave / The position and importance of the island of Mljet in the Roman period

Mljet (Latin: Melita) is eighth island in Croatia by size, one of the largest south Dalmatian islands and Dubrovnik archipelago’s largest island. Due to its beauty and living standard, the island of Mljet has a rich but insufficiently explored history. The remains of a Roman palace in Polače, according to which the place got its Slavicized name, bear witness of a strong Roman influence and the period of progress of the island of Mljet. The palace in Polače is certainly the most important Roman-period monument on the island. It was built as a villa rustica. Together with Diocletian’s Palace in Split, it represents the largest Roman monument on the entire territory of Dalmatia. The port in Polače is quite hidden and as such offered protection to ships and served as dilivery port for agricultural produce from the entire Roman empire. In the Roman period, this palace served as a headquarters of island’s governor, military, administration and clergy. All previous research suggest that this settlement was inhabited from 1st to 11th century with all the features of an ancient and early medieval town. Using previously analyzed sources and available literature, the paper tries to point out the importance and position of the island during the Roman period. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of two legal acts - the charter of the German army chief and the barbarian king of Italy Odoacer, from the second half of the 5th century and the fragment of the testament of an unknown testator from the mid VI century, within which, in the period of a century, is mentioned the same amount of yield (earnings) from the island of Mljet.

Note on strong Roman domination in graphs

Note on strong Roman domination in graphs

English

English

Signed strong Roman domination in graphs

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a finite and simple graph of order $n$ and maximum degree $\Delta$. A signed strong Roman dominating function (abbreviated SStRDF) on a graph $G$ is a function $f:V\to \{-1,1,2,\ldots,\lceil\frac{\Delta}{2}\rceil+1\}$ satisfying the conditions that (i) for every vertex $v$ of $G$, $\sum_{u\in N[v]} f(u)\ge 1$, where $N[v]$ is the closed neighborhood of $v$ and (ii) every vertex $v$ for which $f(v)=-1$ is adjacent to at least one vertex $u$ for which $f(u)\ge 1+\lceil\frac{1}{2}|N(u)\cap V_{-1}|\rceil$, where $V_{-1}=\{v\in V \mid f(v)=-1\}$. The minimum of the values $\sum_{v\in V} f(v)$, taken over all signed strong Roman dominating functions $f$ of $G$, is called the signed strong Roman domination number of $G$ and is denoted by $\gamma_{ssR}(G)$. In this paper we initiate the study of the signed strong Roman domination in graphs and present some (sharp) bounds for this parameter.

On the strong Roman domination number of graphs

Based on the history that the Emperor Constantine decreed that any undefended place (with no legions) of the Roman Empire must be protected by a “stronger” neighbor place (having two legions), a graph theoretical model called Roman domination in graphs was described. A Roman dominating function for a graph G=(V,E), is a function f:V→{0,1,2} such that every vertex v with f(v)=0 has at least a neighbor w in G for which f(w)=2. The Roman domination number of a graph is the minimum weight, ∑v∈Vf(v), of a Roman dominating function. In this paper we initiate the study of a new parameter related to Roman domination, which we call strong Roman domination number and denote it by γStR(G). We approach the problem of a Roman domination-type defensive strategy under multiple simultaneous attacks and begin with the study of several mathematical properties of this invariant. In particular, we first show that the decision problem regarding the computation of the strong Roman domination number is NP-complete, even when restricted to bipartite graphs. We obtain several bounds on such a parameter and give some realizability results for it. Moreover, we prove that for any tree T of order n≥3, γStR(T)≤6n/7 and characterize all extremal trees.

La admisibilidad de la apelación: rasgos comunes entre el derecho romano y el sistema jurídico latinoamericano

Thanks to Severan jurists’ testimonies collected in the Digest, we know that the appeal eligibility was conditioned by the «a quo» judge’s analysis of the respect of the prescribed terms and formalities and the nature of the contested measure. Against the possible refusal of the first instance judge, the parties were given the opportunity to take their case to the «ad quem» judge, who could confirm the decision and give way to the implementation of the judgment, or accept the part’s motion and proceed to the examination of the merits of the case. The Draft of the Model Civil Procedure Code for Ibero-America (texto del anteproyecto del Codigo Procesal Civil Modelo para Iberoamerica) follows, on the subject of appeal, Roman discipline faithfully, as regards both the «a quo» judge’s role and the possibility of contesting the latter’s decision before the «ad quem» judge through the complaint (recurso de queja). The strong Roman stamp also arises, similarly, in Peru’s Civil Procedure Code, where the right to a second court has a very incisive constitutional backing. The traditional problem to keep the justice process within reasonable time limits is closely connected with the appeal eligibility. The solution adopted by Roman Law —to take financial penalties to discourage daring appeals, filtering thus the merely delaying appeals— could represent an interesting indication for legislators, who are still grappling with the need to ensure the right, on the one hand, to appeal and to efficiency regarding the administration of justice on the other hand.

Till the Judge Do Them Part: The Prospect of Absolute Divorce in the Philippines

The Philippines is the only member State of the United Nations without a general divorce law which is attributed to the influence of the Roman Catholic Church for more than 300 years of Spanish colonization. Currently, the Philippine legal regime permits legal separation, annulment, and declaration of nullity of marriage, although divorce by Muslims and indigenous people as well as one validly obtained abroad by a foreigner against a Filipino spouse, is recognized. Legal separation authorizes the couple’s separation from bed and board but leaves the marital cord unsevered. Any new relationship for either party may result in criminal prosecution in a country where marital infidelity is a crime. Annulment and declaration of nullity are concerned with validity and nullity issues. Causes of marital discord that develop after the couple take each other as husband and wife are beyond the province of the latter two remedies. The Constitution protects marriage as an inviolable social institution. It is argued that this is not an express or implied prohibition of divorce as the dissolution of marital unions where vows of love and fidelity are routinely breached and debased is also necessary to preserve the sanctity of marriage. Divorce is now customary international law which the Philippines must honor, judging from the fact all other UN member States permit it. Divorce is also an aspect of the human rights to marry and to life which the Philippines committed to respect, protect, and fulfill under its treaty obligations. Moreover, despite its strong Roman Catholic background, Philippine culture is receptive to divorce and in fact had a general divorce law for 33 years mostly as a colony of the United States. Religious dogma as basis for Congress’ phlegmatic attitude to divorce is misplaced in view of the separation of religion and State and the fact that even Canon Law authorizes annulment of marriage.

Christian Themes in the Heavy Metal Music of Black Sabbath?

This article looks at the music and lyrics of heavy-metal, rock music pioneers Black Sabbath. Though often labeled a “satanic” band, for their eerie sounds and dark lyrics, a closer look reveals that the band actually penned many songs with Christian themes, which range from outright endorsement of the faith to questioning explorations of it. This is remarkable for two reasons. One, Sabbath was the first major rock band to explore Christian themes so thoroughly. Two, the band’s members are not practising Christians, although bassist and lyricist Geezer Butler did have a strong Roman Catholic upbringing. It is perhaps this background of But-ler’s that comes to the fore in the band’s music, infusing the songs with Christian topics that are all the more remarkable, given the atheism, or at least agnosticism, apparently manifested in the personal lives of the band’s members

Pentecostals in Luxetnbourg

After outlining the history of Luxembourg and noting its central place in the European Union and its strong Roman Catholic heritage, this paper considers recent changes to its culture and the slow and steady growth of different branches of Pentecostalism, often among migrants.