Strong Orientation Research Articles

Microstructure and texture evolution of Ti–6Al–4V alloy T-joint fabricated by dual laser beam bilateral synchronous welding

The microstructure and microtexture evolution of Ti–6Al–4V T-joints produced by dual laser beam bilateral synchronous welding (DLBSW) were investigated using the optical microscopy (OM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and correlated with the mechanical properties of the joint. We demonstrate important differences in temperature field, grain morphology, misorientation angles and texture intensity between the base material (BM), the skin-side heat-affected zone (SK-HAZ), the stringer-side heat-affected zone (ST-HAZ) and the weld seam (WS). Through in-depth crystallographic analysis, we demonstrate that the kernel average misorientation curve of the WS is steeper and the peak misorientation angle is larger, revealing that the WS has a lower geometrically necessary dislocations density and a smaller residual strain. Due to the different orientation of each a-phase colony at the interface of the two phases, it is not conducive to the deformation mode of dislocation slip, so a large number of twins are generated in the WS. Furthermore, the WS has a strong crystal preferential orientation and the maximum polar density of the pole figure is 17.05, which is significantly higher than the polar density of the base material. It is found that the gradient of microstructure variation in the narrow HAZ is higher than that in the WS, which leads to more heterogeneous properties in the HAZ compared to the weld. This research result is consistent with the phenomenon that all the fractures of the resultant T-joints occurred in the HAZ.

Environmental Orientation, Green Supply Chain Management, and Corporate Performance: The Mediating Role of Green Supply Chain Management

As people have become more concerned about the environment's ability to sustain itself over the past few years, environmental orientation and environmentally responsible management of supply chains have become increasingly important. The approach that a company takes towards the preservation of the natural world and the part it plays in the introduction of environmentally responsible policies is what is meant by the term "environmental orientation." Green supply chain management, on the other hand, entails the incorporation of environmentally friendly practises throughout the entirety of the supply chain, beginning with the procurement of raw materials and continuing all the way through the delivery of finished goods. The objective of green supply chain management is to lessen the negative impact that a company's operations have on the surrounding environment while simultaneously maintaining or improving the company's level of performance. In this study, we investigate the connection between environmentally conscious business practises, environmentally conscious management of supply chains, and successful business operations. In addition to this, we investigate the role that green supply chain management plays as a mediator in this connection. According to our findings, an environmental orientation appears to have a positive influence on green supply chain management, which in turn appears to have a positive influence on corporate performance. In addition, we discovered that environmentally responsible management of supply chains acts as a moderating variable, thereby reinforcing the connection between environmental orientation and business performance. Our findings shed light on the significance of environmental orientation as well as environmentally responsible management of supply chains in the process of improving corporate performance. When it comes to supply chain management, businesses that have a strong environmental orientation are more likely to adopt environmentally friendly practises, which can lead to improved performance.

Effect of non-peripheral fluorosubstitution on the structure of metal phthalocyanines and their films

In this work, we study crystal structures and thin films of tetrasubstituted metal phthalocyanines with fluorine substituents in non-peripheral positions, MPcF4-np (M = Cu(II), Co(II), Pd(II), Fe(II), Pb(II), VO). The effect of fluorosubstitution in non-peripheral positions of the phthalocyanine macrocycle on the structure of single crystals and thin films, and intermolecular interactions is elucidated and compared with that of other fluorinated phthalocyanine derivatives. MPcF4-np (M = Cu(II), Pd(II), Fe(II)) are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic P21/c space group, while CoPcF4-np forms two polymorphs (P21 and P21/c). Monoclinic PbPcF4-np (P21/n) is packed in chains along the c axis, in which one PbPcF4-np molecule is oriented “up” and two neighboring molecules face “down”. Two triclinic (P-1) phases were obtained for VOPcF4-np. For the better visualization and comparison of intermolecular contacts in different MPcF4-np, the analysis of Hirshfeld surfaces (HS) was carried out. All investigated MPcF4-np derivatives form thin films with a strong preferred orientation. The effect of the positions of F-substituents on the electronic absorption spectra of MPcF4 solutions and thin films is also discussed.

What Worked, What Did Not: University Instruction during a Pandemic

What Worked, What Did Not: University Instruction during a Pandemic

Behavioural and oceanographic isolation of an island-based jellyfish (Copula sivickisi, Class Cubozoa) population

Cubozoan jellyfish are classified as plankton despite the strong swimming and orientation abilities of cubomedusae. How these capabilities could affect cubozoan population structures is poorly understood. Medusae of the cubozoan Copula sivickisi can uniquely attach to surfaces with the sticky pads on their bells. Biophysical modelling was used to investigate the spatial scales of connectivity in a C. sivickisi population. When the medusae were active at night they could maintain their observed distribution on fringing reef if they attached to the reef when the current speed exceeded a moderate threshold. This behaviour facilitated the isolation of a C. sivickisi population on reefs fringing Magnetic Island, Queensland, Australia. Within this distribution, there was considerable within bay retention and medusae rarely travelled > 3 km. The few (< 0.1%) medusae lost from the island habitat were largely advected into open water and away from the mainland coast which lies 8 km from the island. Given that successful emigration is unlikely, the island population probably represents a stock that is ecologically distinct from any mainland populations. The cosmopolitan distribution of C. sivickisi could contain incipient or cryptic species given the small scales of connectivity demonstrated here.

THE DUAL COMMITMENT OF STUDENT ATHLETES IN LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN FINLAND

Student athletes are expected to succeed simultaneously in school and sports. Research findings mainly come from upper secondary and university students, while research on younger adolescent student athletes has been largely overlooked. Drawing upon rich qualitative data derived from individual interviews with student athletes from grade eight (n = 15), teachers (n = 4), principals (n = 2), and nonparticipant observations (n = 7) at five schools, this study examines how young student athletes succeed in school and sports and in combining these two. The data was analysed using collaborative qualitative data analysis to find themes describing these student athletes. The main findings indicated that most student athletes had high ambitions and showed strong orientations in their school approaches. For some student athletes, the student and athlete roles conflicted, and they prioritized sports over educational success. A similar variation in student athletes’ sport commitments was found: from having a goal to become a professional athlete to pursuing sport as a leisure activity. Student athletes in this study were in the beginning of a developmental dual career process, and they needed to be recognized as a heterogeneous group with individual pathways. Finally, the sport school provided more opportunities for practice and a flexibility in school-related issues. The findings indicated the demanding nature of the dual commitment of student athletes in lower secondary sport schools. Consequently, it is difficult to form a consistent picture that fit every context because the student athlete role is individual and to some extent conflicting.

Constraining the ductile deformation mechanisms of garnet across pressure-temperature space

Garnet is a common mineral at elevated pressures, and how it deforms plays an important role in the strength of lower crustal shear zones, subduction thrusts, and the mantle. Strong shape preferred orientations in elongate garnets at elevated temperatures and pressures attests to garnet's ability to deform through ductile mechanisms; however, how individual garnets deformed is frequently ambiguous or disputed. Garnet microstructures from the Morin shear zone and the Sulu ultra-high pressure terrane are revisited using fine-scale electron backscattered diffraction and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy mapping. The dominant deformation mechanism at each site is re-interpreted, and we show that garnet deformed through dissolution-precipitation creep at Sulu and through dislocation-assisted diffusion creep at Morin. These observations are integrated into a compilation of ductile deformation microstructures for garnet which reveals domains where dissolution-precipitation creep, recovery-accommodated dislocation creep (through subgrain rotation dynamic recrystallization), and dislocation-assisted diffusion creep dominate in P-T space. Garnet may deform through ductile deformation at temperatures as low as ~500 °C and deforms under low differential stresses in both eclogite and granulite facies conditions. The efficacy of deformation indicates that 1) garnet may not be the strongest phase in these environments, and 2) that at elevated temperatures, inclusion barometry may be affected by garnet's inability to maintain high differential stress.

Cross‐Scale Seismic Anisotropy Analysis in Metamorphic Rocks From the COSC‐1 Borehole in the Scandinavian Caledonides

AbstractMetamorphic and deformed rocks in thrust zones show particularly high seismic anisotropy causing challenges for seismic imaging and interpretation. A good example is the Seve Nappe Complex in central Sweden, an old exhumed orogenic thrust zone that is characterized by a strong but incoherent seismic reflectivity and considerable seismic anisotropy. However, only little is known about their origin in relation to composition and structural influences on measurements at different seismic scales. Here, we present a new integrative study of cross‐scale seismic anisotropy analyses combining mineralogical composition, microstructural analyses, and seismic laboratory experiments from the COSC‐1 borehole, which sampled a 2.5‐km‐deep section of metamorphic rocks deformed in an orogenic root now preserved in the Lower Seve Nappe. While there is strong crystallographic preferred orientation in most samples in general, variations in anisotropy depend mostly on bulk mineral composition and dominant core lithology as shown by a strong correlation between these. This relationship enables to identify three distinct seismic anisotropy facies providing a continuous anisotropy profile along the borehole. Moreover, comparison of laboratory seismic measurements and electron‐backscatter diffraction data reveals a strong scale dependence, which is more pronounced in the highly deformed, heterogeneous samples. This highlights the need for comprehensive cross‐validation of microscale anisotropy analyses with additional lithological data when integrating seismic anisotropy over seismic scales.

Who Trusts the WHO? Heuristics and Americans' Trust in the World Health Organization During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ObjectiveWhy do some Americans trust the World Health Organization (WHO) during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but others do not? To date, there has been no examination of trust in the WHO. Yet the global nature of the pandemic necessitates expanding our scholarship to international health organizations. We test the effects of partisanship, ideology, the cooperative internationalist foreign policy orientation, and nationalism on trust in the WHO and subsequently examine how this trust relates to preventive health behavior.MethodsMultivariate analysis of original survey data from a representative sample of Americans.ResultsDemocrats, liberals, and those with a strong cooperative internationalist foreign policy orientation are more likely to trust the WHO's competence and integrity in responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic while Republicans, conservatives, and nationalists are less likely. Even though trust in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has the largest impact on preventive health behaviors, trust in the competence of the WHO is also an important factor. These results remain robust after controlling for other covariates.ConclusionPandemic politics in the United States is polarized along party and ideological lines. However, our results show that a fuller understanding Americans’ political trust and health behaviors during COVID‐19 requires taking the international dimensions of the pandemic seriously.

Effects of the Chemical and Structural Properties of Silane Monolayers on the Organization of Water Molecules and Ions at Interfaces, from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Understanding the organization of the hydration layer at functionalized silica surfaces is relevant for a large range of biosensing applications or surface phenomena such as biomolecule adsorption. Silane monolayers are widely used to functionalize silica surfaces. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the role of silane molecule head-group charge, alkyl chain length, and surface coverage in the structural organization and dynamic properties of Na+ ions, Cl- ions, and water molecules at the interface. The silane molecules studied are 3-aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane, n-propyldimethylmethoxysilane, octadecyldimethylmethoxysilane, and (dimethylamino)dimethylsilylundecanoate. Our results suggest that the distribution of interfacial ions is sensitive to the 2D dispersion of the silane-charged head groups. Also, while charged silane monolayers show a strong orientation of interfacial water molecules, which leads to a rupture in the hydrogen bond network and disturbs their tetrahedral organization, the arrangement of water molecules at the interface with uncharged silane monolayers seems to be related to the surface roughness and to alkyl chain length. In line with these results, the diffusion of ions and water molecules is higher at the CH3 long monolayer interface than at the CH3 short monolayer interface and at the charged monolayer interfaces. Also, whatever the silane molecules studied, bulk properties are recovered around 0.7 nm above the interface. The interfacial water organization is known to impact biomolecule adsorption. Therefore, these results could further help in optimizing the functionalization layers to capture analytes.

Re-examining the New Product Paradox: How Innovation Ambidexterity Mediates the Market Orientation and New Product Development Performance Relationship.

More and more well-documented failure of established companies which could not respond to rapid market changes, such as Kodak and Nokia, demonstrate the importance of transferring marketing information into real firm performance. While marketing strategy and management literature has long advocated the direct impact of strong firm market orientation (MO) on new product development (NPD) performance, limited research has discussed the mediating mechanism of this MO-NPD performance relationship. Using the traditional source–position–performance (SPP) framework, this study focuses on the innovation ambidexterity perspective to investigate the mediating mechanism between MO and NPD performance. Then, this study proposed a conceptual framework and propositions to examine the MO - NPD performance relationship further. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed.

Microstructure and seismic properties of amphibole-rich rocks from the deep crust in southern Tibet

The crust of southern Tibet shows strong azimuthal and radial seismic anisotropies. However, their origin has remained ambiguous. Here we characterized the composition, microstructure, and seismic properties of amphibole-rich deep-crust xenoliths and exhumed rocks from a deep-crust terrane in southern Tibet. The xenoliths show typical magmatic textures and have amphiboles with homogenous chemical composition, low intracrystalline deformation, but strong crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). We interpret these CPOs as products of rotation of non-equant amphibole crystals in a deforming magma. The exhumed amphibolites display evidence for amphibole deformation by dislocation creep. Plagioclase in all samples shows nearly random CPOs. The calculated seismic properties of the studied amphibolites indicate that amphibole is likely a major contributor to the deep-crustal seismic anisotropies observed in southern Tibet. However, these anisotropies do not necessarily record solid-state flow. They may also result from magmatic flow in large synkinematic mafic plutons.

Teaching and Leading for Exemplary STEM Learning

Exemplary science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning has been challenging to identify and replicate. Drawing on STEM literature by school level and an analytic framework for collective leadership, this multiple-case study of five exemplary STEM schools compares conditions, barriers, and variations by school level. Over 2 years, we used surveys, focus groups, interviews, and site visits to collect data on all schools (two elementary, one middle, and two high). The five schools were characterized by “STEM cultures” that demonstrated an engineering mindset exemplified by design thinking, prototyping, and strong orientations toward improvement. The two elementary schools in the study had particularly strong working relationships and shared influence among teachers that allowed for the spread of expertise and collective willingness to take risks. Strong teacher leadership, supported by administration, was particularly influential on STEM teaching that included improved social-emotional learning around collaboration and empathy.

ПОЛИТИКА СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ВЬЕТНАМ ПО РАЗВИТИЮ СЕЛЬСКИХ РАЙОНОВ

In connection with the development of the Republic of Vietnam, which is accompanied by the growth of its importance in the Asia-Pacific region, it becomes relevant to analyze the current state and prospects of the republic in various industries and regions, including in agriculture. In order to eliminate the imbalance between the declining share of agricultural production in the national economy and more than 60% of the population living in rural areas, a competent state policy in the field of integrated rural development is necessary. In addition to this disparity, there are growing problems associated with the income gap between the peasantry and urban residents, with a strong orientation of agriculture towards exports, and with the implementation of the idea of creating peasant cooperative farms. To date, the basis for working with rural areas is the resolution of the Communist Party of Vietnam “Agriculture, farmers and rural areas” adopted in August 2008. On its basis, the “National target program - New rural development” was created, designed for the period from 2010 to 2020. Data analysis showed that the area of agricultural land in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam gradually increase, and the cropping pattern change, for example, reduces the area of rice fields and increases the area occupied by permanent crops, especially fruit. Production of grain per capita has been steadily decreasing. In animal husbandry, there is a gradual transition from small-scale dispersed production to its concentration on large farms. The measures taken for the development of agriculture are aimed, among other things, at minimizing the negative impact on the environment and introducing modern achievements of science and technology in order to increase the economic efficiency of production. At the same time, Vietnam’s food security in general cannot be called sustainable, especially because of the need to import barley, without which Vietnam’s livestock farms cannot feed their existing livestock

Nonblind Image Deblurring via Deep Learning in Complex Field.

Nonblind image deblurring is about recovering the latent clear image from a blurry one generated by a known blur kernel, which is an often-seen yet challenging inverse problem in imaging. Its key is how to robustly suppress noise magnification during the inversion process. Recent approaches made a breakthrough by exploiting convolutional neural network (CNN)-based denoising priors in the image domain or the gradient domain, which allows using a CNN for noise suppression. The performance of these approaches is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the denoising CNN in removing magnified noise whose distribution is unknown and varies at different iterations of the deblurring process for different images. In this article, we introduce a CNN-based image prior defined in the Gabor domain. The prior not only utilizes the optimal space-frequency resolution and strong orientation selectivity of the Gabor transform but also enables using complex-valued (CV) representations in intermediate processing for better denoising. A CV CNN is developed to exploit the benefits of the CV representations, with better generalization to handle unknown noises over the real-valued ones. Combining our Gabor-domain CV CNN-based prior with an unrolling scheme, we propose a deep-learning-based approach to nonblind image deblurring. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed approach over the state-of-the-art ones.

COVID-19 in Southeast Asia: Implications for workers and unions

The labour market effects in Southeast Asia of the COVID-19 pandemic have attracted considerable analysis from both scholars and practitioners. However, much less attention has been paid to the pandemic’s impact on legal protections for workers’ and unions’ rights, or to what might account for divergent outcomes in this respect in economies that share many characteristics, including a strong export orientation in labour-intensive industries and weak industrial relations institutions. Having described the public health measures taken to control the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam, this article analyses governments’ employment-related responses and their impact on workers and unions in the first year of the pandemic. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the disruption caused to these countries’ economies, and societies, served to reproduce existing patterns of state–labour relations rather than overturning them.

Optical and electrical correlation effects in ZnO nanostructures: Role of pulsed laser annealing

This paper reports the preparation and characterization of some high quality polycrystalline ZnO nanofilms (ZNFs) deposited on silicon (Si) substrates via sol gel allied spin coating process. The properties of such deposited ZNFs were modified by Nd:YAG pulsed laser annealing at varied wavelengths. The impact of pulse laser wavelengths on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical characteristics of these nanofilms was evaluated. Annealing at third harmonic generation wavelength of 355 nm was found to produce ZNFs with much better polycrystallinity and strong lattice orientation than the one annealed at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. Furthermore, annealing at the second harmonic generation wavelength of 532 nm could produce a typical ZnO crystal with apparent orientation. The observed modifications in the films structure and morphology were attributed to the laser treatment-mediated thermal effect. FESEM analysis of the films revealed the existence of varied nanostructures depending on the laser wavelength. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra of ZNFs exhibited a broad UV excitonic band and a narrow visible band related to defects. The laser irradiation induced generation of the oxygen vacancies were observed to reduce the electrical resistivity of the films and altered the optical band gap energies. Sample annealed at 355 nm disclosed the lowest resistivity of 23.532 × 10−3 Ω cm. Raman spectra of ZNFs confirmed the existence of hexagonal ZnO wurtzite structure. The narrowing of the E2high (437 cm−1) Raman phonon mode due to further annealing indicated an improvement in the films crystallinity and reduction in the local atomic defects related to the oxygen vacancy (VO+2). XPS analyses showed an improvement crystallinity and chemisorption of oxygen into the grain boundaries of the films due to the laser treatment in air at lower wavelength. In short, the pulsed laser annealing of ZNFs were established to be far more efficient process for the oxidation of Zn to ZnO than conventional annealing procedures.

Influence of an Elementary Methods Course and Early Field Experience on Preservice Teachers’ Value Orientations

Purpose: To determine the influence of an elementary methods course and early field experience on eight preservice teachers’ (PTs’) value orientations. Method: The theoretical perspective employed was occupational socialization. Data were collected with the short form of the value orientation inventory and five qualitative techniques (formal and informal interviews, nonparticipant observation, critical incidents, and stimulated recall). The value orientation inventory profiles for the instructor and PTs were visually inspected for similarities and changes. Analytic induction and constant comparison were employed to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Value orientations of PTs with teaching and moderate coaching orientations were influenced by the methods course and early field experience, while those of PTs with strong coaching orientations were not. Factors leading to this evolution were the curriculum model employed, the instructor, and PTs’ increased confidence and knowledge of students. Summary and Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of faculty facilitating reflection on connections between instructional models and value orientations and how these relate to PTs’ beliefs.

Study of Texture Evolution in Two-Phase Zr-2.5wt%Nb Pressure Tube Material Fabricated Through Double-Pass Pilgering Route

The present paper deals with the study of texture evolution during the fabrication of Pressure Tube through a double-pass pilgering route and correlated to its microstructure using Orientation Distribution Function in the double-pass pilgering route. Two-phase Zr-2.5 wt% Nb alloy is the material used for pressure tube manufacturing at Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC). This alloy develops strong textures on thermo-mechanical processing of HCP Zirconium metal, which in turn determines its in-service behavior. The study has shown that a strong orientation fibre parallel to working direction develops with hot working (extrusion). The texture thus formed after extrusion alone gets strengthened with increasing amount of deformation during subsequent cold-working. Presence of a soft secondary phase (β) at the α phase grain boundary is the reason for this phenomenon. However, new components of textures are generated with cold deformation after hot extrusion in single-phase Zircaloy-4 material due to interaction between grains.

Growth of AZTSe thin films by rapid thermal processing and numerical simulation of p-CZTSe/n-AZTSe thin film heterojunction

In this work, we adopted a rapid thermal processing (RTP) for selenization and studied the influence of selenization time on vacuum evaporated multi-stacked precursor’s to form Ag2ZnSnSe4 (AZTSe) thin films. The RTP selenization temperature, pre-annealing temperature and pre-annealing time were optimized in our previous study on Ag2ZnSnSe4 films and found to be 400 °C, 250 °C and 20 min, respectively. From energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) study, the Ag/(Zn + Sn), Zn/Sn, and Se/metals ratios are observed to vary in the range (0.81–0.99), (1.13–1.62), and (1.03–0.94) with an increase in selenization time from 1 to 5 min, respectively. The multi-stacked thin films selenized at 400 °C for 1 min was found to be nearly stoichiometric. The photoelectron spectroscopic analysis reveals that the elements Ag, Zn, Sn, and Se exhibit + 1, + 2, + 4, and -2 oxidation states, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study shows the formation of single-phase AZTSe with (112) plane as a strong orientation for 1-min RTP selenization. Morphological studies reveal the growth of larger grains with a mean grain size of ~ 0.5 µm. It was observed that the AZTSe thin film grown with 1-min RTP selenization has an optical band gap of 1.37 eV. These films have electrons as a majority charge carrier (n-type) with highest mobility and resistivity values of 79.4 cm2(Vs)−1 and 2.61 × 104 Ωcm, respectively. The numerical simulation was carried out on p-CZTSe/n-AZTSe-based solar cells with the obtained experimental data of AZTSe films in the present study using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) software, and it shows the maximum power conversion efficiency (ƞ) of 16.84%.