Strong Linear Regression Research Articles

"On-off" elution mechanism facilitates the rapid LC/MS/MS-based analysis of peptide antibiotics in human plasma.

Individualized medication with peptide antibiotics, guided by therapeutic drug monitoring, is essential to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Peptide antibiotics exhibit an "on-off" elution mechanism on a C18 column, leading to adsorption at the column inlet in all-aqueous conditions. Unlike small molecules, column length minimally influences their retention, with longer columns simply broadening peptide antibiotic peaks due to unnecessary post-column volume. Our theory suggests short columns can achieve comparable separation quality and enable faster analysis. Consequently, we developed a rapid LC-MS/MS method using an ultra-short (4×2.0mm) column to quantify five peptide antibiotics in human plasma simultaneously. Calibration curves demonstrated strong linear regression (R2>0.996). The inter- and intra-accuracy at the three QC levels ranged from 86.7% to 109.1%, and at the LLOQ, it was between 87.6% and 116.0%. The precision for QCs and LLOQ was consistently below 11.7% and 18.5%, respectively. This method, characterized by simplicity and universality, was undoubtedly useful in clinically tailoring peptide antibiotic medication for individual patients.

Wireless Water Level Detection System

The irrigation system is crucial in ensuring that each field receives the necessary supply of water to meet the demands of the crops. It is essential to ensure that the water flow is consistent and uninterrupted, and the water levels are monitored and controlled. Therefore, this paper designs wireless water level detection system that works automatically by reading the height of the water level using an ultrasonic sensor. Then, the water level data is sent to an app so that the users can monitor the height of the water in real time. This system was designed using two main components: an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor and a NodeMCU microcontroller. The HC-SR04 periodically transmit data of water level in real time, then the NodeMCU upload this to the monitoring platform. Finally, the wireless water level detection system is tested under a laboratory environment. A very strong linear regression between the measured and actual water level height (R2=0.99) was obtained.

Identification of Novel Regulators of Leaf Senescence Using a Deep Learning Model.

Deep learning has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating intricate biological processes in plants by harnessing the potential of large-scale data. Gene regulation is a complex process that transcription factors (TFs), cooperating with their target genes, participate in through various aspects of biological processes. Despite its significance, the study of gene regulation has primarily focused on a limited number of notable instances, leaving numerous aspects and interactions yet to be explored comprehensively. Here, we developed DEGRN (Deep learning on Expression for Gene Regulatory Network), an innovative deep learning model designed to decipher gene interactions by leveraging high-dimensional expression data obtained from bulk RNA-Seq and scRNA-Seq data in the model plant Arabidopsis. DEGRN exhibited a compared level of predictive power when applied to various datasets. Through the utilization of DEGRN, we successfully identified an extensive set of 3,053,363 high-quality interactions, encompassing 1430 TFs and 13,739 non-TF genes. Notably, DEGRN's predictive capabilities allowed us to uncover novel regulators involved in a range of complex biological processes, including development, metabolism, and stress responses. Using leaf senescence as an example, we revealed a complex network underpinning this process composed of diverse TF families, including bHLH, ERF, and MYB. We also identified a novel TF, named MAF5, whose expression showed a strong linear regression relation during the progression of senescence. The mutant maf5 showed early leaf decay compared to the wild type, indicating a potential role in the regulation of leaf senescence. This hypothesis was further supported by the expression patterns observed across four stages of leaf development, as well as transcriptomics analysis. Overall, the comprehensive coverage provided by DEGRN expands our understanding of gene regulatory networks and paves the way for further investigations into their functional implications.

Validation of the Reichert® Tono-Vera® Vet rebound tonometer in normal exvivo canine eyes.

To determine the accuracy of the Reichert® Tono-Vera® Vet rebound tonometer for canine intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. Five normal canine exvivo globes. The anterior chambers of five freshly enucleated normal canine eyes were cannulated and connected to a reservoir of Plasma-Lyte A and a manometer. Starting at a manometric IOP of 5 mmHg, the pressure was progressively increased to 80 mmHg by raising the reservoir. Triplicate IOP measurements were taken with the Tono-Vera® Vet from the central cornea using the dog setting and compared to the manometric pressure by linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots. There was a strong positive linear regression trend when comparing central corneal Tono-Vera® Vet IOPs to manometric pressures (r2 = .99) with solid agreement between the two methods. Compared to manometric IOPs, the Tono-Vera® Vet underestimated IOPs at higher pressures ≥70 mmHg. Measurement of IOPs from the central cornea with the Tono-Vera® Vet provided accurate results over a large range in normal canine globes compared to direct manometry. The mild to moderate underestimation of IOPs at high pressures was not considered clinically relevant.

The influence of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of pharmacists as frontline health care providers in Nepal

BackgroundDue to COVID-19, pharmacists have been exposed to a variety of dangers that have an impact on their mental health. The study highlights that impact of COVID-19 and work led to burnout among them. Thus, it is necessary to offer mental health services. AimsTo assess the impact of COVID-19 on the work of pharmacy professionals and ascertain the extent of the influence of burnout on mental health among pharmacists working as frontline health providers in Nepal. MethodsPharmacists from Province 2, 3, and 5 in Nepal participated in a self-administered questionnaire that assessed mental health and wellbeing and burnout using 16-item OLBI. Data was collected from January 2023–March 2023. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression were employed to identify any significant connections between burnout and mental health and wellbeing. ResultsOut of 243 participants, COVID-19 pandemic and work was found to have a negative impact on the mental health and wellbeing of a 33.7% of pharmacists. Participants reported having financial issues in 41.6% of cases and 9.5% considered leaving the profession and were concerned about the provision of service quality and making mistakes at work. A strong and meaningful positive relationship and linear regression were observed between exhaustion, disengagement, burnout, mental health and wellbeing. Pharmacists working part-time (p < 0.050) in hospital settings experienced burnout as a result of insufficient training, extended working hours, and stress both on and off the job. ConclusionsPharmacists are to prioritize a healthy work-life balance, which includes avoiding prolonged shifts >8 h, regular physical exercise and promote open communication among colleagues to address workplace concerns.

Minimally Invasive Method of Measuring Anti-Müllerian Hormone Level in Dried Blood Spots of Indonesian Infertile Population

This study aims to evaluate the certainty of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in dried blood spots (DBS) compared to serum AMH. A total of 109 infertile women who planned to undergo their controlled ovarian stimulation cycle were recruited. Serum and DBS samples were collected from each patient for the quantification of AMH levels. Serum AMH was measured with an automated clinical chemistry assay (Roche) while DBS AMH was measured using the Ansh Labs DBS AMH ELISA reagent kit. Mean AMH level in DBS was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ng/mL, which ranged from 0.01 to 17.3[Formula: see text]ng/mL, while the mean AMH in serum samples was [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ng/mL (0.01–10.8[Formula: see text]ng/mL). Comparable accuracy for low AMH quantification was observed between the two methods over basal antral follicle counts (AFC) as a clinical comparator (AUC 86%, cutoff [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ng/mL, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] vs. 85%, cutoff [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]ng/mL, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], respectively for DBS and serum sample). Likewise, DBS AMH achieved high concordance for low AMH discrimination in comparison to serum AMH method (AUC 99% vs. 93%, respectively). A strong linear Spearman regression ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) and sufficient agreement (94.5%, mean difference of −1.6, 2.7 to −5.9) was demonstrated among studied groups with mathematical Passing and Bablok regression equation of [Formula: see text]. The confidence interval of intercept (−0.12, 95% CI [−0.29 to −0.01]) and slope (1.80, 95% CI [1.66–1.94]) indicated a constant and proportional difference between the two methods but it was not significant ([Formula: see text]). AMH measurement in DBS could be useful as an alternative approach to screening ovarian reserve through a more convenient remote sample collection.

Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: a cost-effective method for analysing trace metals in deposited dust.

For projects requiring extensive environmental sampling and rapid decision-making to identify trace metal contamination using dust wipes, the cost and time required for wet chemistry analysis can be prohibitive. Under such circumstances there is a need for a suitable screening method that is cost-effective, efficient, and portable. To address this need, this study investigated the utility of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) for the analysis of trace metals in dust wipes. Here, 316 dust wipe samples from three different geographical settings co-located with mining and smelting operations were investigated for their trace metal loadings (μg m-2) of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) using pXRF. Results collected using pXRF were compared against inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) concentrations using matched dust wipes (n = 87) to assess reproducibility. A subset of dust wipes (n = 4) were subject to different pXRF analytical scenarios (ranging from 1 to 12 pXRF measurements) using a standardised test duration of 30 seconds to identify the most efficient number of tests for analytical precision. Conducting four pXRF tests on a single wipe (total exposure time of 120 seconds) returned comparable results to ICP-MS and was adopted for analysis of all samples. Results from dust wipes analysed with both ICP-MS and pXRF (n = 87) showed moderate to strong Spearman Rho correlations (rs = 0.489-0.956, p < 0.01) and linear regression coefficients of variation demonstrated good agreement between methods (R2 = 0.432-0.989, p < 0.05). Linear regression equations were used to correct pXRF data to the ICP-MS dust wipe data for samples analysed by both approaches, and applied to pXRF data that were not subject to ICP-MS analysis (n = 229). Application of the correction formula resulted in a substantial improvement of pXRF's accuracy and precision, confirming its effectiveness for assessing trace metals in dust wipes.

Design and Analysis of an Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot Based on Multimodal Control

To address the rehabilitation needs of upper limb hemiplegic patients in various stages of recovery, streamline the workload of rehabilitation professionals, and provide data visualization, our research team designed a six-degree-of-freedom upper limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot inspired by the human upper limb’s structure. We also developed an eight-channel synchronized signal acquisition system for capturing surface electromyography (sEMG) signals and elbow joint angle data. Utilizing Solidworks, we modeled the robot with a focus on modularity, and conducted structural and kinematic analyses. To predict the elbow joint angles, we employed a back propagation neural network (BPNN). We introduced three training modes: a PID control, bilateral control, and active control, each tailored to different phases of the rehabilitation process. Our experimental results demonstrated a strong linear regression relationship between the predicted reference values and the actual elbow joint angles, with an R-squared value of 94.41% and an average error of four degrees. Furthermore, these results validated the increased stability of our model and addressed issues related to the size and single-mode limitations of upper limb rehabilitation robots. This work lays the theoretical foundation for future model enhancements and further research in the field of rehabilitation.

Tracing isotope precipitation patterns across Mexico

Mexico encompasses a large spectrum of landscapes with topographic, geographic, and climatic factors interacting in a complex ecohydrological setting. For decades, isotope hydrogeological tools have been applied in Mexico using short-term or seasonal local meteoric water lines as valid input functions. Yet, a systematic evaluation of meteoric isotope characteristics is still lacking. Here we report on the spatial and temporal isotope variations of 21 precipitation monitoring stations across Mexico. Our database includes 608 monthly samples collected from 2018 to 2021 over four regions (between 5 and 2,365 m asl): the Pacific coast, the Gulf of Mexico/Caribbean Sea region, and the Central and Northern plateaus. Precipitation δ18O seasonality from the dry (winter) to the wet season (summer) was characterized by a notable W-shaped variability. Monthly precipitation amounts and δ18O compositions exhibited poor to strong linear regressions (Adj. r2&lt;0.01 to 0.75), with inverse (positive) relationships over the northern monsoon-affected region. Low d-excess (5.1 to 9.7‰) corresponded with greater terrestrial moisture contributions (20.5%) over the arid northern regions. Moisture inputs from the Gulf of Mexico/Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean were associated with near-equilibrium or greater d-excess values (8.8 to 14.3‰), respectively. The best-fit linear models for δ18O (Adj. r2 = 0.85) and δ2H (Adj. r2 = 0.88) were determined for topographic and geographical predictors, resulting in an updated high-resolution precipitation isoscape (100 m2 grid) for Mexico. Orographic barriers (-2.10‰ in δ18O/km) coupled with the interaction of tropical cyclones and cold fronts, the evolution of the North American Monsoon system, and the passage of easterly trade winds play a remarkable role in controlling the spatial isotope rainfall variability. Our findings provide a robust baseline for ecohydrological, climatic, forensic, archeological, and paleoclimate studies in North America.

Calibration of a novel rebound tonometer (Tono-Vera® vet) in the porcine eye.

Porcine models of ocular disease are becoming increasingly utilized. A recently commercialized ocular tonometer, the Reichert Tono-Vera® Vet, has not been evaluated for use in pigs. The purpose of this study was to calibrate this device for use in porcine eyes and to determine which settings are most appropriate for use in pigs. The anterior chambers of five freshly enucleated normal porcine eyes were cannulated then connected to a reservoir of balanced salt solution and a physiologic monitor. Triplicate measurements were obtained with the four available settings: dog, cat, horse, and rabbit at intraocular pressures ranging from 5- to 80 mmHg. Bland-Altman analysis was utilized to determine bias and 95% limits of agreement for each setting. There was a strong positive linear regression trend for all settings (dog r2 =0.986, horse r2 =0.947, cat r2 =0.977, and rabbit r2 =0.982). The linear regression equations for the dog, horse, cat, and rabbit setting were y=1.0168x - 2.6128, y=0.8743x - 3.4959, y=0.9394x - 7.3188, and y=1.1082x - 3.4077. The average bias and 95% limits of agreement for dog, horse, cat, and rabbit settings were - 2.00, -8.32, -9.58, and 0.57 mmHg, and (-7.52, 3.53), (-19.00, 2.37), (-16.66, -2.50), and (-7.79, 8.93), in mmHg. The Tono-Vera® Vet dog setting was most accurate and precise setting compared to true intraocular pressures. This setting is likely to be appropriate for in vivo use in pigs, with the appropriate correction formula applied.

An evaluation of volatiles and phenolic compounds in conjunction with the antioxidant capacity of endemic endangered species of Erodium hendrikii Alpinar

This study considers the chemical composition of an endemic endangered Erodium species (E. hendrikii), which grows naturally in the Turkish flora. The non-polar compounds and fatty acids from air-dried above-ground parts of the plant were analyzed using GC–MS, while phenolic acids and flavonoids were evaluated using UHPLC-MS/MS. Palmitic acid (5.23 mg/g dw) followed by linoleic acid (3.81 mg/g dw) were the major fatty acids, and n-hexadecanal (60.75%, dw) followed by n-tetradecanal (12.99%, dw) were the main non-polar compounds identified in the plant. The major phenolic acids (nmol/g dw) in the plant were protocatechuic acid (90.07) in free, ferulic acid (430.90) in ester, gallic acid (2450.51) in glycoside, and ester-bound (527.05) forms. The crude extract was represented by the highest caffeic acid (3189.56) content. In addition, hesperidin (259.56 nmol/g dw) was determined as the major flavonoid in the crude extract. This crude extract was further fractioned via solid-phase extraction and its three further partial fractions were obtained using water, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol fraction yielded the highest antioxidant capacity among the fractions. A strong correlation and linear regression were determined between the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity values of the crude extract and the three further partial fractions of the plant. These findings represent the first data concerning the phytochemical composition of E. hendrikii Alpinar and may be useful in the future development of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for food preservatives against problems of food deterioration.

Responses of Gut Microbial Community Composition and Function of the Freshwater Gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa to Cyanobacterial Bloom.

Freshwater gastropods are widely distributed and play an important role in aquatic ecosystems. Symbiotic microorganisms represented by gut microbes can affect the physiological and biochemical activities of their hosts. However, few studies have investigated the response of the gut microbial community of snails to environmental stress. In this study, the dynamics of the gut microbiota of the gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa were tracked to explore their responses in terms of their composition and function to cyanobacterial bloom. Differences in gut microbial community structures during periods of non-cyanobacterial bloom and cyanobacterial bloom were determined. Results showed that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota exposed to cyanobacterial bloom was lower than that of the gut microbiota exposed to non-cyanobacterial bloom. The main genera differentiating the two periods were Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Ralstonia, and Pelomonas. Microcystins (MCs) and water temperature (WT) were the primary factors influencing the gut microbial community of B. aeruginosa; between them, the influence of MCs was greater than that of WT. Fourteen pathways (level 2) were notably different between the two periods. The pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, immune system, environmental adaptation, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism in these differential pathways exhibited a strong linear regression relationship with MCs and WT. Changes in the functions of the gut microbiota may help B. aeruginosa meet its immunity and energy needs during cyanobacterial bloom stress. These results provide key information for understanding the response pattern of freshwater snail intestinal flora to cyanobacterial blooms and reveal the underlying environmental adaptation mechanism of gastropods from the perspective of intestinal flora.

Modelling soil loss from surface erosion at high-resolution to better understand sources and drivers across land uses and catchments; a national-scale assessment of Aotearoa, New Zealand

Soil erosion is a significant challenge for agricultural regions, with cascading impacts to waterways, land productivity, soil carbon, and ecological health. We provide the first national-scale soil erosion model that incorporates the impacts of grazing on ground cover (Cgr) and soil erodibility (Ktr) into the RUSLE framework. Surface erosion rates for winter-forage paddocks (11 t ha−1 y−1) were substantially higher than pastoral grasslands (0.83 t ha−1 y−1), woody grasslands (0.098 t ha−1 y−1), forests (0.103 t ha−1 y−1) and natural soil production rates (≤1–2 t ha−1 y−1). Validation with empirical measurements from sediment traps, sediment cores, and chemical fingerprinting demonstrated strong linear regressions (r2 = 0.86). Terrain impacted soil erosion directly through slope steepness and flow convergence and indirectly through strong orographic effects on rainfall erosivity (r2 = 0.39–0.83). Annual surface erosion across Aotearoa New Zealand could reach 16.5-29.2 Mt y−1, representing ∼$20M annually and up to 24–31% of sediment yield for two catchments.

Bruise Susceptibility and Impact on Quality Parameters of Pears During Storage

Bruise damage is one of the mechanical injury problems that could appear in fresh produce during the post-harvest supply chain. The study investigated three main effects (drop impact level, storage temperature, and storage duration), which can expand the level of bruising and cause some quality changes that contribute to the damage of pear. Pear fruit samples were purchased from the market and delivered to the post-harvest laboratory. Each pear was impacted by a ball with a known mass at three different drop heights (20, 40, and 60 cm), stored at 22°C with 45 ± 5% RH and 10°C with 85 ± 5% RH for 14 days storage period. Bruise area (BA), bruise volume (BV), and bruise susceptibility (BS) were calculated. Different quality analyses were done like color, firmness, and total soluble solids (TSS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and pearson correlation coefficient were performed. With increasing drop height and temperature for 14 days storage, BA, BV, BS, lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), color saturation (Chroma), and total color difference increased. However, firmness was highly reduced (92.82%) due to the increase in drop height (60 cm), storage temperature (22°C), and storage duration (14 days). Color purity (Hue), redness (a*), and TSS were not affected by drop height (impact level). A strong relationship with a strong linear regression (R2) was found between BS and CIEL*,a*, andb*color coordinates. A positive and strong correlation was also found between BS and CIEL*a*b*color parameters with a strong and negative correlation with firmness. Overall, this study can be considered as guideline for horticulture researchers and in fresh produce supply chain during post-harvest operations.

Advanced mineral magnetic and geochemical investigations of road dusts for assessment of pollution in urban areas near the largest copper smelter in SE Europe

This study aims to evaluate the urban pollution by combined magnetometric and geochemical analyses on road dusts from three towns in the vicinity of Cu-smelter and ore mining. A collection of 117 road dust samples was investigated for their magnetic characteristics (magnetic susceptibility (χ), frequency dependent susceptibility, anhysteretic and isothermal (IRM) remanences), IRM step-wise acquisition and thermal demagnetization. Coarse grained magnetite and hematite were identified as major iron oxides in the emissions from ore spills and smelter, while traffic-related magnetic minerals were finer magnetite grains. Degree of pollution is assessed by geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor and Pollution Load Index (PLI) for a set of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Using the geochemical data, we evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks for the population. Our results show that dust emissions from the industrial facilities likely pose significant health hazard for adults and children caused largely by Arsenic pollution in “hot spots”. Based on the strong correlation between χ and most of the PTEs, detailed variations in pollution degree inside the urban areas are inferred. Strong linear regression between χ and PLI allows designating limit susceptibility values, corresponding to the PLI categories. This approach can be successfully applied for monitoring and mapping purposes at high spatial and temporal resolution.

Cross Platform Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Selected Ion Flow Tube and Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry.

Volatile breath metabolites serve as potential disease biomarkers. Online mass spectrometry (MS) presents real-time quantification of breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The study aims to assess the relationship between two online analytical mass spectrometry techniques in the quantification of target breath metabolites: selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). The two following techniques were employed: (i) direct injection with bag sampling using SIFT-MS and PTR-ToF-MS and (ii) direct injection and thermal desorption (TD) tube comparison using PTR-ToF-MS. The concentration of abundant breath metabolites, acetone and isoprene, demonstrated a strong positive linear correlation between both mass spectrometry techniques (r = 0.97, r = 0.89, respectively; p < 0.001) and between direct injection and TD tube (r = 0.97, r = 0.92, respectively; p < 0.001) breath sampling techniques. This was reflected for the majority of short chain fatty acids and alcohols tested (r > 0.80, p < 0.001). Analyte concentrations were notably higher with the direct injection of a sampling bag compared to the TD method. All metabolites produced a high degree of agreement in the detection range of VOCs between SIFT-MS and PTR-ToF-MS, with the majority of compounds falling within 95% of the limits of agreement with Bland-Altman analysis. The cross platform analysis of exhaled breath demonstrates strong positive correlation coefficients, linear regression, and agreement in target metabolite detection rates between both breath sampling techniques. The study demonstrates the transferability of using data outputs between SIFT-MS and PTR-ToF-MS. It supports the implementation of a TD platform in multi-site studies for breath biomarker research in order to facilitate sample transport between clinics and the laboratory.

Assessing the uniaxial compressive strength and tangent Young’s modulus of basalt rock using the Leeb rebound hardness test

Basalt was used as an ornamental stone in any historic and ancient cities in Jordan. Measuring the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and the tangent Young’s modulus (Et) in the laboratory requires premium quality specimens with special core dimensions. This research focuses on correlations both UCS and Et with Leeb Rebound Hardness Test (LRH). In the laboratory, UCS, Et, and LRH were performed on 90 core samples extracted from 30 different rock boulders collected from the neighboring area of Umm al-Jimal, a historic city in northeastern Jordan. A strong power correlation with (R2 = 0.888, RMSE = 5.464) was found between non-destructive LRH value and UCS. On the other hand, a moderately strong linear regression with (R2 = 0.792, RMSE = 4.661) was found between Et and LRH. In conclusion, non-destructive LRHs can be used as indictors for evaluating both UCS and Et during the restoration of the historic city Umm al-Jimal and the rehabilitation of other existing structures.

A smartphone-based multi-wavelength photometer for on-site detection of the liquid colorimetric assays for clinical biochemical analyses

A novel portable and cost-effective multi-wavelength smartphone colorimetric reader (MW-SCR) was designed for the quantitation of liquid colorimetric assays. Six light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different wavelengths were assembled in a roulette fashion to form the light detection source. An ambient light sensor of smartphone was applied as the detector. Using this MW-SCR, we detected six common serum analytes, including alkaline phosphatase(ALP), potassium(K+), chloride(Cl−), alanine aminotransaminase(ALT), glycated serum protein(GSP), and albumin, to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the MW-SCR. Strong linear regression (R2>0.99) analysis with a wide linear range and good limits of detection were found for this device, detection limits as low as 0.37 U/L, 0.0083 mmol/L, 0.78 mmol/L, 4.49 KarU, 0.023 mmol/L and 2.23 g/L for ALP, K+,Cl−, ALT, GSP and albumin, respectively, were achieved. It also had high repeatability that ranged from 0.20 to 0.61 % relative standard deviations (RSD), and the precision ranged of MW-SCR were from 0.26 to 1.17 % RSDs. Results demonstrated that our device showed remarkable stability, accuracy, and repeatability, presenting excellent consistency with a professional microplate reader. It can be redesigned for multiple indications, such as clinical biochemical analyses, food safety testing, environmental monitoring and so on, because it is open source, user friendly and easy manufacturing.

The emblematic Eurasian Villafranchian antelope Gazellospira (Mammalia: Bovidae): New insights from the Lower Pleistocene Dafnero fossil sites (Northern Greece)

A new sample of 65 specimens representing a minimum number of 15 individuals of the Eurasian antelope Gazellospira torticornis is described from the Lower Pleistocene fossil sites of Dafnero (DFN, N. Greece). The intrapopulation comparisons highlight that several cranial (frontal sinuses, inter-frontal sutures, longitudinal grooves, degree of the horn-cores torsion, and development of anterior keel) and postcranial features are likely subject to sexual dimorphism, suggesting a mixed-herd DFN population of both males and females with a social distribution estimated at a ∼1:2 ratio (seven females and three presumed males). The analysis also reveals that both cranial and postcranial elements of G. torticornis are subjected to a strong temporal linear regression during the Villafranchian; this trend appears more evident in western than eastern European territories. Furthermore, for contemporaneous samples, the metapodials of G. torticornis show higher dimensions in northern (above ca. 42.5° of latitude) than in meridional latitudes. A preliminary ecomorphological study suggests that open landscapes with plains and quite homogeneous substrates was the preferred habitat of Gazellospira from Dafnero. A revision of Eurasian specimens and taxa referred to several genera and species of heteronymous spiral horned antelopes spanning from the Late Pliocene to the Early Pleistocene, allows us to propose synonymizing Gazellospira gromovae with Antilospira? zdanskyi, and to recognize Parastrepsiceros sokolovi as an early eastern subspecies of G. torticornis. Our morphological analysis does not support recent results about close phylogenetic relationships of Gazellospira with either Antilospira or Spirocerus. A biogeographic scenario is proposed, in which Gazellospira originates in the peri-Black Sea region with a radiation westwards and eastwards during the early Villafranchian.

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONING ON STUDENT BASIC SKILLS GYMNASTICS

Physical conditioning was considered as a strong foundation for developing techniques from different fields. The aims of this study was to determine the impact of physical conditioning in parenting students or athletes gymnastic basic skills. The study was a surveyed research. The study sampling was 82 students aged between 18-19 years from Sport sciences, exactly coaching sciences. Data collection methods used checks and measurements of bio motor and gymnastic fundamental skills. Data analysis using correlation and linear regression to predict the future competence. The results showed that: there was significant correlation between the physical conditioning items and gymnastics basics skills, but there is also strong significant linear regression (p: .032&lt;.05) from physical conditioning with basic skill of Gymnastics. The standing balance (r = .728) and broad jump (r = .751) were found more influenced for gymnastic basic skills. There was a great significant different between the pre-test and posttest gymnastic basic skills means with p value &lt; .001. The high standard deviation between the items showed the different adaptation of the subjects according to the physical conditioning. In conclusion physical conditioning was found as parenting for developing the gymnastic basic skills.