Strong Kinship Research Articles

Evidence for Strong Kinship Influence on the Extent of Linkage Disequilibrium in Cultivated Common Beans.

Phaseolus vulgaris is an important grain legume for human consumption. Recently, association mapping studies have been performed for the species aiming to identify loci underlying quantitative variation of traits. It is now imperative to know whether the linkage disequilibrium (LD) reflects the true association between a marker and causative loci. The aim of this study was to estimate and analyze LD on a diversity panel of common beans using ordinary and extensions which correct bias due to population structure (), kinship (), and both (). A total of 10,362 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by genotyping by sequencing (GBS), and polymorphisms were found to be widely distributed along the 11 chromosomes. In terms of , high values of LD (over 0.8) were identified between SNPs located at opposite chromosomal ends. Estimates for were lower than those for . Results for and were similar, suggesting that kinship may also include information on population structure. Over genetic distance, LD decayed to 0.1 at a distance of 1 Mb for . Inter-chromosomal LD was also evidenced. This study showed that LD estimates decay dramatically according to the population structure, and especially the degree of kinship. Importantly, the LD estimates reported herein may influence our ability to perform association mapping studies on P. vulgaris.

Genetic Diversity within Snap Beans and Their Relation to Dry Beans.

Two hundred forty-six snap bean genotypes and 49 dry beans representing both centers of domestication and six bean races with materials from Europe, Asia, and the Americas were genotyped using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The data was analyzed for expected heterozygosity, K-means clustering, principal components, phylogenetic relationships, and population substructure. When all gene pools of snap bean were assembled, the expected heterozygosity was roughly equivalent to a carefully chosen panel of dry beans representing all bean races and centers of domestication demonstrating the genetic richness of snap materials in total. K-means clustering and K = 2 structure analysis showed significant mixing of gene pools in the European and American commercial snap materials and the dominance of the Andean center of domestication among commercial contemporary snap beans. Conversely, the same analysis showed that Chinese, Iberian, and heirloom materials were underrepresented in contemporary materials. Further, Structure analysis revealed eight distinct groups within snap beans. Two showed strong kinship to the Middle American center of domestication, three to the Andean center of domestication, and three showed admixture between the two centers. Snap beans may have been independently derived from dry beans more than once and from both centers. Overall, we identified eight potential germplasm pools for snap bean.

Australian aboriginal and torres strait islanders' mental health issues: A litany of social causation

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) are the Indigenous people of Australia and constitute 3.3% of the Australian population, having been present in the country for more than 50,000 years before the colonization of Australia in 1788. Aboriginal culture/society is structured around the community, with strong kinship, belief systems, family ties, and networks. The colonization of Australia led to significant adversities for the ATSI population with loss of traditional way of life, land, and resources; marginalization, poverty, and being subject to racism and policies such as the “stolen generations” causing intergenerational trauma. These factors are considered as substrates for the subsequent increase in mental health and other health issues. ATSI people have poorer outcomes compared to other Australians in areas of physical health and life expectancy. They have higher rates of mental illness, suicide, alcohol/substance misuse, incarceration, and being subject to violence. Epidemiological research is lacking in ATSI population because of methodological difficulties. There are government policies/initiatives to reduce the disparity, which has been slow to bear results. The concepts of cultural safety and competence are important in the clinical management of ATSI population. Clinical presentation/management can be different in this group, and there is a need for more clinical guidelines. There have been a number of innovative strategies to improve mental illness outcomes. The paper illustrates the psychosocial impact of colonization on the ATSI population. There is an urgent need for research to understand and address the core issues that drive health inequalities in this group of disadvantaged Australians.

Social Practices of The Warok In Bhuwuhan Tradition in Taropan Community

Every celebration (hajatan) is related to the contribution custom or bhuwuh, especially the tradition in society of Taropan community in conducting routine Bhuwuhan. Bhuwuhan tradition is based on the Adep Asor value which is an attitude to honor the older relatives and the elder figures (Warok) during celebration. There is an agreement in Taropan community that is built by the Warok and the members to contribute and return the bhuwuhan during the celebration. This tradition is much conducted by the society in Pesawahan, Pedagangan and Tegalwatu villages. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to explain the routine bhuwuhan process that can be a tradition in Taropan community and analyze the social practices of Warok through the capital power-owned in order to preserve the bhuwuhan tradition in Taropan community. The research uses qualitative method by using case study approach through observation, interview and documentation. The research uses social practice theory of Pierre Bourdieu with structure analysis and agent through habitus discourse, arena and capital as the capacity of the actors. 1This custom is based on a strong kinship system and adep asor value between the members and the Warok by contributing and returning more bhuwuhan which are as a binder (investment) to make the kinship keep preserved. Moreover, social practices of the Warok to the members through the cultural, economic, social and symbolic capitals are determining the dominant position of the Warok in preserving the bhuwuhan tradition in Taropan community.

Surviving the past, coping with the present, hoping for a future of justice: the dispute resolution practices of the Marrons of Suriname

This article set out to identify the dispute resolution practices that survived historic events such as slavery and colonialism that can add value to modern alternative dispute resolution (ADR) practices. A discussion on ADR and applying it to the African context set the framework for a discussion about the causal relationship between the ADR practices of the Marrons of Suriname and that of the Igbo of Nigeria. This relationship is explained in terms of the Atlantic slave trade and the customary dispute resolution practices of the Igbo. The ADR practices of the Marrons of Suriname are then explained. It was found that strong cohesiveness and kinship survived slavery, colonialism and serves as a value foundation to resolve disputes within a Marron community with a preference for mediation by the Elders and arbitration by leaders selected through customary processes. However, these practices are not yet part of modern jurisprudence and governance because it is not sufficiently codified or understood and accepted by people from outside the Marron culture.

DMZ Crossing: Performing Emotional Citizenship Along the Korean Border by Suk-Young Kim (review)

Reviewed by: DMZ Crossing: Performing Emotional Citizenship Along the Korean Border by Suk-Young Kim Jae Kyoung Kim DMZ CROSSING: PERFORMING EMOTIONAL CITIZENSHIP ALONG THE KOREAN BORDER. By Suk-Young Kim. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014. 205 pp. Cloth, $55.00. DMZ Crossing, Suk-Young Kim’s descriptive and informative book on the diverse genres related to inter-Korean border crossing, narrates the tragic and paradoxical history of the demilitarized zone (DMZ) through the performative acts of real or fictional border crossers in the South and North. Examining border crossing through the lens of performance studies, explaining performativity in connection with the trauma of the Korean War and the division, and gauging the ironic nature of the memorial and commercial tourism derived from the DMZ, the author considers a series of political, ideological, and cultural contradictions surrounding the border, border crossing, and border crossers. Offering a clear overview of the division since the 1950s, she introduces relevant stage plays, feature films, documentary films, and museum exhibitions; presents the DMZ in the context of lingering controversies associated with the Cold War; and ultimately appeals to a wide readership with her approach to border crossing as “a high-stakes performative act with consequences” (p. 7). Interpreting the DMZ as an active stage, each chapter details two relevant case studies: one from the South and the other from the North. The first two chapters focus on fictional genres, stage plays and feature films, reflecting the early notions of the division and border crossing in each state via stories about separated families who long to reunite. Chapter 1 examines two 1958 plays: Yu Chi-jin’s Thus Flows the Han River (South) and Sin Go-song’s [End Page 254] Ten Years (North). Both dramatize the tragic conflicts among family members (or potential family members) initiated by border crossing during the Korean War. In her treatment of Yu’s play, for example, the author focuses on the female characters with separated families (such as Huisuk, Jeongae, and Cleopatra) and underscores the hopelessness of physical and psychological unification, highlighted through the tragic ending of the young lovers, Cheol and Huisuk. Stressing the impossibility of family reunion, the author concludes that the two plays, following each state’s ideology within the broader scope of international Cold War politics, ultimately “alert citizens about the dangers of free crossing” (p. 18). Chapter 2 compares and contrasts the South Korean film The DMZ (1965) and the North Korean film The Fates of Geumhui and Eunhui (1975), both of which feature the tragic separation of siblings during the Korean War. While the first film tells the story of a boy and girl who, in process of finding their respective mothers, become like brother and sister, experience both separation and unification in the DMZ, and fail tragically to escape the DMZ, the second film presents twin sisters who are separated during their childhood and experience antithetical lives in the North (life of abundance) and the South (life of misery). The author states that despite the similar topic of separated siblings, the negative and hostile description of the opposing side reflects each state’s political regulation of the inter-Korean relationship in the 1960s and 1970s. The next two chapters analyze two documentary films and museum exhibitions that reflect historical people and events. Chapter 3 introduces stories of political border crossers from each side, using documentary films to trace their double border crossings, likely because access to these people directly would be difficult. The North Korean state documentary Praise to Lim Su-kyung, the Flower of Unification (1989) follows every step of South Korean Lim Su-kyung’s short illegal visit to the North participate in the World Festival of Youth and Students in 1989, praising her as a heroic martyr for unification. On the other hand, the South Korean independent documentary Repatriation (2003) follows a group of North Korean spies imprisoned in South Korea. Through their daily routines and austere relationships with South Koreans, as well as their unceasing request for repatriation to the North, the author asserts that strong kinship cannot be broken, even by the state. Chapter 4 examines the state museum exhibitions on both sides, focusing on...

Peer Effects in the Diffusion of High-Value Crop on Rural Social Networks

We examine how adoption of a high-value crop diffuses through social networks, using detailed demographic, social network, and adoption data from ten villages in Central China. We develop a model of diffusion through a multiplex network that distinguishes the influence of sharing experiential resources by earlier adopters and that of externalities due to adoption behaviours. We find that the sharing of resources among family members and the production externalities arose between contiguous land plots both significantly influence farmers' adoption. Furthermore, the sharing of resources is more influential in the early stage of diffusion process, whereas the externalities mainly matter in the late stage. We also find that adopters give priority to those with a stronger kinship tie when deciding with whom to share their resources, and proximity in age can strengthen the kinship ties.

Perjalanan Perempuan Indonesia dalam “Mengejar” Kuota Kursi Parlemen

The affirmative action policy through the provision of a 30 % quota of parliamentary seats has been passed three times in legislative elections—2004, 2009, and 2014. Yet, the desired representation still cannot be achieved and even the figure of 20% has not been able to accomplish. Whereas, women representation in the parliamentary is something that very basic in order to meet women’s political rights in the state. Men and women should have the equal opportunity to participate and to have control in running the government. However, there are still few women who plunge into politics. In addition to the dominant role of the party elite and inadequate recruitment system of the legislative candidates, political education is also still very minimal and a strong kinship system have made politics to be the last choice for women. Thus, women’s lack of interest and desire to get involved in politics results in lack of women’s representation quota in parliament.

Comparison of Genetic Structure of Epixylic Liverwort Crossocalyx hellerianus between Central European and Fennoscandian Populations.

Patterns of genetic variation and spatial genetic structure (SGS) were investigated in Crossocalyx hellerianus, a strictly epixylic dioicous liverwort (Scapaniaceae s.l., Marchantiophyta). Studied populations were located in Fennoscandia and Central Europe, with localities differing in availability of substrate and the population connectivity, and their populations consequently different in size, density, and prevailing reproductive mode. A set of nine polymorphic microsatellites was successfully developed and used. Identical individuals were only found within populations. Especially in large populations, the majority of the individuals were genetically unique. Resampled number of genotypes, mean number of observed alleles per locus after rarefaction, and Nei’s gene diversity in large populations reached high values and ranged between 4.41–4.97, 3.13–4.45, and 0.94–0.99, respectively. On the contrary, the values in small populations were lower and ranged between 1.00–4.42, 1.00–2.73, and 0.00–0.95, respectively. As expected, large populations were found to be more genetically diverse than small populations but relatively big diversity of genotypes was also found in small populations. This indicated that even small populations are important sources of genetic variation in bryophytes and processes causing loss of genetic variation might be compensated by other sources of variability, of which somatic mutations might play an important role. The presence of SGS was discovered in all populations. Large populations possessed less SGS, with individuals showing a pronounced decrease in kinship over 50 cm of distance. Apparent SGS of small populations even at distances up to 16 meters suggests the aggregation of similar genotypes, caused predominantly by the deposition of asexually formed gemmae. Although no strong kinship was detectable at the distances over 16 meters in both small and large populations, identical genotypes were occasionally detected at longer distances (20–80 m), suggesting effective dispersal of asexual propagules.

Drum Dream Girl: How One Girl’s Courage Changed Music by Margarita Engle (review)

Reviewed by: Drum Dream Girl: How One Girl’s Courage Changed Music by Margarita Engle Elizabeth Bush Engle, Margarita Drum Dream Girl: How One Girl’s Courage Changed Music; illus. by Rafael López. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015 42p ISBN 978-0-544-10229-3 $16.99 R 4-8 yrs “On an island of music/ in a city of drumbeats/ the drum dream girl/ dreamed.” The unnamed island is Cuba, and the unnamed girl, as explained in an historical note, is real-life musician Millo Castro Zaldarriaga. The dream is her desire to play the conga drums, bongo drums, and “moon bright timbales,” a privilege reserved for boys and men in 1920s Cuba. Her older sisters form an all-girl dance band and invite her to play, but her father forbids it. He does, however, agree to put the final decision in the hands of a percussion teacher, who recognizes the girl’s talent and guides her to public performance. Engle’s free-verse poem leaves Millo playing bongos for moonlit dancers, with the somewhat didactic commentary that “girls should always/ be allowed to play/ drums/ and both girls and boys/ should feel free/ to dream.” (A closing note adds that Millo eventually performed for President Theodore Roosevelt in 1932.) López’s acrylic paintings, with textured, knife-edged shapes layered onto dappled backdrops reminiscent of murals, are vivid and lush, offering symbolic imagery that is challenging yet accessible to children who are just beginning to figure out visual language. Even without the specifics offered in the closing note, young viewers will be able to reflect on the meaning of the winged drum in a bird cage, the father lassoing his girl down from the clouds with slender ribbons, the identity of the straw-hatted man who sits with his sketchpad on a cloud, observing Millo play her bongos. With its emphasis on artistry and visual metaphor, this title bears a strong kinship with Yuyi Morales’ Viva Frida (BCCB 12/14), but it also brings an accessibility that young viewers (and teachers) will appreciate. [End Page 444] Copyright © 2015 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Lifetime Influences for Cannabis Cessation in Male Incarcerated Indigenous Australians

Introduction: Urban non-indigenous populations report life events (marriages, employment) as influences for self-initiated cannabis cessation. However, this hasn’t been investigated in remote indigenous populations with different social paradigms. Methods: We investigate cannabis use, harms, and poly-substance misuse in 101 consenting male incarcerated indigenous Australians. Interviews applied quantitative and qualitative questions assessing demographic characteristics, criminal history, drug use, the Marijuana Problems Inventory (MPI), and cannabis-cessation influences. Comparisons used Chi Square, Analysis of Variance, and Nvivo software. Results: Cannabis use groups (current users, ex-users, and never users) were demographically similar except that current users reported more juvenile legal problems, younger school departure, and lower school achievement (p < 0.05). Mean cannabis consumption was 12.3 cones/day. Incarceration and family responsibilities were the strongest cessation influences. Employment responsibilities and negative self-image were rarely cited as influences. Discussion: High cannabis use, with its associated problems, is concerning. These identified influences indicate incarceration should be used for substance reduction programs, plus post-release follow-up. Community-based programs focusing on positive influences, such as family responsibilities and social cohesion, may be successful within indigenous populations with strong kinship responsibilities, rather than programs that focus solely on substance harms.

The Welsh and the shaping of early modern Ireland, 1558-1641

The colonial presence in early modern Ireland is usually viewed as being thoroughly English, and in places Scottish, with the Welsh hardly featuring at all. This book, based on extensive original research, demonstrates that there was in fact a significant Welsh involvement in Ireland between 1558 and 1641. It explores how the Welsh established themselves as soldiers, government officials and planters in Ireland. It also discusses how the Welsh, although participating in the 'English' colonisation of Ireland, nevertheless remained a distinct community, settling together and maintaining strong kinship and social and economic networks to fellow countrymen, including in Wales. It provides a detailed picture of the Welsh settler communities and their networks, and discusses the nature of Welsh settler identity. Overall, the book demonstrates how an understanding of the role of the Welsh in the shaping of early modern Ireland can offer valuable new perspectives on the histories of both countries and on the making of early modern Britain. Rhys Morgan completed his doctorate in history at Cardiff University.

Frederic Mompou: El eterno recomenzar by Adolf Pla i Garrigós (review)

COMPOSERS Frederic Mompou: El eterno recomenzar. By Adolf Pia i Garrigos. Sabadell: La Ma de Guido & Espai Imaginari, 2012. [232 p. ISBN 9788489757516. euro32.] Music examples, illustrations, appendices, bibliog- raphy, indexes. (Also in Catalan as Frederic Mompou: L'etern comencar, [ISBN 9788489757509. euro32.]) Frederic Mompou: Complete Works for Piano. Adolf Pia i Garrigos, pianist. La Ma de Guido [4 CDs. LMG 2118. euro17; book and CDs can be purchased together, euro49, or separately.]About ten years ago I visited the Trappist monastery of Gethsemani, near Bardstown, Kentucky, where Thomas Merton, the pro- lific spiritual writer, lived as a monk from 1941 until his untimely death in 1968. While in the reception area, I heard a man tell the monk at the desk that his uncle was a monk there for many years. When the monk heard the name, his eyes widened and a smile blossomed on his face. 'Your uncle was a very holy he said, adding that he was quiet and seldom spoke, but was always available with a healing presence and a generous heart when someone needed help. Then he added, 'You know, most people who come want to know about Merton, but many holy men have lived here, and your uncle was one of them. He was a very holy man.This encounter came to mind as I read Adolf Pla's revealing book on the intro- verted and humble Spanish Catalan com- poser Federico Mompou. Frederic Mompou: El eterno recomenzar (hereinafter El eterno recomenzar, which I render as Eternal Fresh Start, in place of the more literal re- beginning; translations throughout this view are my own). The book is Pla's invita- tion to listen to the music of this quiet man, which is overshadowed by that of his more well-known Spanish and French contempo- raries. Pla informs us that Mompou was a very pious and deeply spiritual composer.Mompou was born in Barcelona in 1893 and died there in 1987, although he spent two long, formative periods in Paris, return- ing to Barcelona for good in 1941. He wrote almost exclusively short pieces for pi- ano and songs for voice and piano, with his music showing the influence of, or kinship to, Chopin, Faure, Debussy, Ravel, and Satie, as well as the folk music of Spain. Yet Mompou found his own distinctive artistic voice early on, and spent the rest of his life refining and consolidating it as he gained more confidence, conviction, and skill.Pla, a professor of piano at ESMUC (Escola Superior de Musica de Catalunya), is an accomplished concert pianist and conductor with a long association with Mompou's music. His recordings of the complete music for piano solo accompany El eterno recomenzar as a four-CD set. (The book and CDs won the Spanish Codalario Prize from La revista de musica clasica for the Best Musical Product of 2013.) In 2002 Pla created, along with photographer Marc Llimargas, a multimedia concert called Sound of Light (El sonido de la luz [SoL]), which juxtaposes Mompou's piano music with Llimargas's photographs of the work of Antoni Gaudi, the renowned archi- tect from Barcelona. The concert is usually held in conjunction with an exhibition of Llimargas's photographs and a variety of effective and engaging installations- including sound and video-on Mompou and his music. Pla and Llimargas sense a strong kinship between the composer and the architect, and they offer SoL in part to open discussion about points of contact be- tween both artists. SoL has been presented in twenty countries since its inception. (For video excerpts of the concert and a guide to the exhibition, see Pla's Web site, http: //www.adolfpla.com/#!the-sound-of- light/clm4e [accessed 27June 2014]).The form and content of El eterno comenzar derive from the various presenta- tions of SoL and, with its dozens of pho- tographs and illustrations, make for a visu- ally beautiful and accessible book. Like SoL, it is intended for a broader, musically knowledgeable public, rather than a more specialized academic audience. …

Do Kinship Networks Strengthen Private Property? Evidence from RuralChina

This article finds that the existence of strong kinship networks tends to limit state interference with private property use in ruralChina by protecting villagers against unwanted government land takings. It then distinguishes kinship networks from other kinds of social networks by showing that their deterrence effect against coercive takings is far more significant and resilient under conditions of prevalent rural‐urban migration than deterrence by neighborhood cooperatives and religious groups. Finally, the article attempts to identify and differentiate between various possible mechanisms behind these effects: it argues that kinship networks protect private property usage mainly through encouraging social reciprocity between kinsmen, which facilitates collective action against coercive takings. Kinship networks are more effective than neighborhood cooperatives or religious groups at sustaining reciprocity over long distances and, therefore, are less affected by rural‐urban migration. Altruism between kinsmen, however, does not emerge from the data as a major factor.

The Lost Letter of Mary Ann Battis: A Troubling Case of Gender and Race in Creek Country

Tiya Miles NAIS 1:1 SPRING 2014 88 Notes from the Field TIYA MILES The Lost Letter of Mary Ann Battis A Troubling Case of Gender and Race in Creek Country IN THE LATE 1990s, I was casting about for a dissertation topic in the subject area of nineteenth-century African American and Native American women’s history when I noticed a pattern of black women’s assertive activities in Muskogee Creek communities of present-day Georgia, Alabama, and Oklahoma. A few of the women who caught my eye moved out of slavery by marrying into Creek families. A couple of the women became hoteliers in Indian Territory at a time when neither Native nor white women were doing the same. And one of these women of African descent, a young adolescent, was distinguished as an extraordinary pupil at the first mission school in the Creek nation. I considered writing a dissertation about the composite experience of these African American women in the context of Creek society. However, upon realizing that the source material was extremely sparse, I set aside this topic and instead located my work within Cherokee society, where I concentrated on the experiences of enslaved blacks and Afro-Cherokee tribal members. Nevertheless, there was one person I had uncovered among the population of black women living in Creek communities who never left my imagination. This was Mary Ann Battis, a teenaged girl of Creek, black, and white ancestry, whose residency at the Alabama-based Asbury Mission School in the 1820s became a point of controversy for Battis, her family members, Protestant missionaries, and a U.S. Indian Agent. According to the Methodist administrators and teachers at the school, Battis chose to remain in the Southeast with them while her own mother, uncle, and siblings emigrated west with other Creeks during the Indian removal period. It took the intervention of Thomas McKenney, head of Indian affairs in the War Department, to settle the conflict. When I first encountered this story as a graduate student, it struck me as unusual that an Indigenous young woman would refuse the requests of her mother and uncle (who in Creek matrilineal kinship terms would have been like a father) to relocate with them in favor of staying behind with white mis- NAIS 1:1 SPRING 2014 The Lost Letter of Mary Ann Battis 89 sionaries. I pursued the matter and found that two historians had offered varying interpretations of Battis’s choice. Adele Logan Alexander, author of Ambiguous Lives, a lyrical history on free women of color in Georgia, had concluded that “Battis was raised a Christian and apparently felt a strong kinship with the settlers’ community because she remained at the Moravian [sic] mission near Milledgeville and chose not to go West when others in her tribe were forced out of Georgia.” In Alexander’s interpretation, Battis’s was an act of loyalty to “the missionaries who had raised her” and to “her own religious devotion.”1 Daniel F. Littlefield, a prolific chronicler of African American and Five Tribe Indian relations, argued in his book Africans and Creeks that Battis was a pawn in the political maneuverings between Indian Agent David Brearley, who was charged with overseeing Creek removal, and the missionary couple who had already lost students to this policy.2 While I admired the work of ­ Alexander and Littlefield, I was not fully satisfied with the explanations about Battis’s life that they had teased from the (admittedly) stingy historical record. Alexander had assumed an acculturative identity as the main push factor for Battis, while Littlefield had attributed the conflict to the white actors and allowed Battis’s own viewpoint to drop out of his analysis. I wondered at the time what might be uncovered about the intersectional dynamics of race, gender, and religion in Creek communities if Battis’s motivation were examined more closely. It would take more than a decade, though, for me to attempt such an examination. I have found through a renewal of my research on Mary Ann Battis that her story was even more unusual than I had perceived all those years ago—unusual enough for a key document in the case, Battis’s...

“A Very Poetical Town”: Newspaper Poetry and the Working-Class Poet in Victorian Dundee

In the assessment of Victorian periodical poetry, newspaper verse has received comparatively little attention. As Natalie M. Houston comments her important article on newspaper poems, this is partly due to the privileging of individual authorship literary criticism, meaning that anonymous poems tend to be devalued, and due to the fact that newspaper poems often function as topical commentary and are thus difficult to assess once extracted from their original contexts. (1) The sheer volume of newspaper verse is daunting: recent work the field, by Andrew Hobbs, estimates that around five million individual poems were published the nineteenth-century provincial press. (2) Spatially, as Houston notes, poetry is easily identifiable because its layout stands out on the page; but terms of content and form, the title of newspaper poems alone often gives little clue about their theme, and terms of authorship, pseudonyms acquire full significance only when situated within the content of the newspaper's readerly community. James Mussell's observation that without the shared cultural resources which contemporary readers took for granted, we struggle to realize the meanings and effects such texts had for their readers ... the familiarity or novelty of what was under discussion is as true for the poetry column of the newspaper as it is for reports on contemporary events. (3) This article approaches newspaper poetry via the local and (relatively) small-scale, by analyzing the presence of poetry three newspapers published Victorian Scotland--the Dundee Courier, the Dundee Advertiser, and the Dundee, Perth and Forfar People's Journal--in brief but vital period for their development, 1858-60. (4) These were not the only papers published from Dundee. While space precludes detailed consideration of more than three papers, I also reference their closest competitors, The Telegraph and the Weekly News, published by Park, Sinclair and Co., Dundee. All five newspapers had benefited from the repeal of the Stamp Duty 1855 (and would do so further from the repeal of the Paper Duties 1861), and were part of the massive expansion of the Scottish newspaper press after that period; these two years, the Courier, facing decreased circulation and competition from rivals, merged with the Daily Argus and moved from weekly to Mon-Wed-Fri publication, the Advertiser to daily publication, and the short-lived Telegraph began, failed, and merged with the Weekly News. The two major weekend papers Dundee, the older Weekly News and the new People's Journal, which began its run 1858 and still survives today, were the success stories of this period. Such expansion and development was mirrored by the general growth of the provincial newspaper industry across Britain. As Aled Jones comments, between 1855 and 1861 137 newspapers were established 123 towns England where there had previously been no local newspaper. (5) By studying publications from the same town and the same years, I argue that one of the most important directions for the study of newspaper poetry is an examination of its relations to the provincial press, which enabled remarkably strong kinship to develop between newspapers, the working-class poet, and local readership. The significance of the provincial press creating a sense of local identity and attachment, for working-class readers particular, has been recognized by recent scholars, notably Hobbs his work on the Lancashire press. (6) The role of poetry and the poetry column, however, still remains relatively unexplored. In publishing poetry, Victorian newspapers frequently relied upon what Meredith McGill, considering North American context, describes as the of reprinting, designed to redistribute elite culture in variety of mass-cultural formats. (7) Tennyson and Longfellow, who both had an international reputation by 1860, are the most cited poets the newspapers that I consider, and Tennyson s 1859 Riflemen, Form! …

When genes move farther than offspring: gene flow by male gamete dispersal in the highly philopatric bat species Thyroptera tricolor

For species characterized by philopatry of both sexes, mate selection represents an important behaviour for inbreeding avoidance, yet the implications for gene flow are rarely quantified. Here, we present evidence of male gamete-mediated gene flow resulting from extra-group mating in Spix's disc-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor, a species which demonstrates all-offspring philopatry. We used microsatellite and capture-recapture data to characterize social group structure and the distribution of mated pairs at two sites in southwestern Costa Rica over four breeding seasons. Relatedness and genetic spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated strong kinship within groups and over short distances (<50m), resulting from matrilineal group structure and small roosting home ranges (~0.2ha). Despite high relatedness among-group members, observed inbreeding coefficients were low (FIS =0.010 and 0.037). Parentage analysis indicated mothers and offspring belonged to the same social group, while fathers belonged to different groups, separated by large distances (~500m) when compared to roosting home ranges. Simulated random mating indicated mate choice was not based on intermediate levels of relatedness, and mated pairs were less related than adults within social groups on average. Isolation-by-distance (IBD) models of genetic neighbourhood area based on father-offspring distances provided direct estimates of mean gamete dispersal distances (r^)>10 roosting home range equivalents. Indirect estimates based on genetic distance provided even larger estimates of r^, indicating direct estimates were biased low. These results suggest extra-group mating reduces the incidence of inbreeding in T.tricolor, and male gamete dispersal facilitates gene flow in lieu of natal dispersal of young.

Wolves, Lone and Pack: Ojibwe Treaty Rights and the Wisconsin Wolf Hunt

In 2012, Wisconsin authorized the first state hunt of gray wolves. Wisconsin’s interest in wolf depredation is legitimate: the growth in wolf population has exponentially increased human-wolf conflicts and state expense. Yet, Wisconsin shares these wolves; 83 percent of gray wolves reside on Ojibwe reservations or on territory ceded by the Ojibwe, where the Tribes still have resource rights. The Tribes vehemently oppose the wolf hunt. The Ojibwe maintain a strong cultural kinship with wolves and have traditionally prohibited wolf hunting. The Tribes named wolves a “tribally protected species,” asserting a right to protect all the wolves shared with Wisconsin. Historically, the Tribes and the State cooperatively managed shared resources. However, the State initiated the wolf hunt despite tribal protestations, instigating the first break from cooperative management in decades. Both sovereigns have legitimate and conflicting interests and appear to risk their first major treaty rights litigation in decades. This Comment analyzes the extent of each sovereign’s wolf rights in light of biological research and existing Indian law precedents. The first issue is the scope of the State’s obligation to respect the Tribes’ sovereign rights to protect and perpetuate reservation wolf packs. The second issue is the extent of the Tribes’ rights to protect ceded-territory wolves away from reservations. This Comment argues that the Tribes can protect and perpetuate reservation wolves as a component of inherent sovereignty. Wisconsin must implement a wolf policy that respects that sovereignty, including a hunt-free “buffer zone” of some wolf territory directly adjoining the reservation. However, the Tribes’ claim to protect all shared wolves is untenable, as tribal rights over wolves away from the reservation are much weaker. But the Tribes have rights correlated to those wolves and are entitled, at minimum, to a policy that ensures species survival; additionally, the Tribes can consider other options to protect wolves. Ultimately, this Comment proposes that both sovereigns can and should resolve this conflict through negotiation, continuing the tradition of cooperative management, and avoiding lengthy and expensive litigation.

Modelling the asymmetric wind of the luminous blue variable binary MWC 314

We present a spectroscopic analysis of MWC 314, a luminous blue variable (LBV) candidate with an extended bipolar nebula. The detailed spectroscopic variability is investigated to determine if MWC 314 is a massive binary system with a supersonically accelerating wind or a low-mass B[e] star. We compare the spectrum and spectral energy distribution to other LBVs (such as P Cyg) and find very similar physical wind properties, indicating strong kinship. We combined long-term high-resolution optical spectroscopic monitoring and V-band photometric observations to determine the orbital elements and stellar parameters and to investigate the spectral variability with the orbital phases. We developed an advanced model of the large-scale wind-velocity and wind-density structure with 3-D radiative transfer calculations that fit the orbitally modulated P Cyg profile of He I lam5876, showing outflow velocities above 1000 km/s. We find that MWC 314 is a massive semi-detached binary system of ~1.22 AU, observed at an inclination angle of i=72.8 deg. with an orbital period of 60.8 d and e=0.23. The primary star is a low-vsini LBV candidate of m1=39.6 Msun and R1=86.8 Rsun. The detailed radiative transfer fits show that the geometry of wind density is asymmetric around the primary star with increased wind density by a factor of 3.3, which leads the orbit of the primary. The variable orientation causes the orbital modulation that is observed in absorption portions of P Cyg wind lines. Wind accretion in the system produces a circumbinary disc. MWC 314 is in a crucial evolutionary phase of close binary systems, when the massive primary star has its H envelope being stripped and is losing mass to a circumbinary disc. MWC 314 is a key system for studying the evolutionary consequences of these effects.

Do Kinship Networks Strengthen Private Property Rights? Evidence from Rural China

This paper finds that the existence of strong kinship networks tends to limit state interference with private property use in rural China by protecting villagers against unwanted government land takings. It then distinguishes kinship networks from other kinds of social networks by showing that their deterrence effect against coercive takings is far more significant and resilient under conditions of prevalent rural-urban migration than deterrence by neighborhood cooperatives and religious groups. Finally, the paper attempts to identify and differentiate between various possible mechanisms behind these effects: It argues that kinship networks protect private property usage mainly through encouraging social reciprocity between kinsmen, which facilitates collective action against coercive takings. Kinship networks are more effective than neighborhood cooperatives or religious groups at sustaining reciprocity over long distances and, therefore, are less affected by rural-urban migration. Altruism between kinsmen, however, does not emerge from the data as a major factor.